Polyploidization Increases the Lipid Content and Improves the Nutritional Quality of Rice

Abstract Background: Plant polyploidization is frequently associated with changes in nutrient contents. However, the possible contribution of metabolites to this change has not been investigated by characterizing the metabolite contents of diploid and tetraploid forms of rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Results: We compared the metabolites of a group of diploid–tetraploid japonica brown rice and a group of diploid–tetraploid indica brown rice based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 401 differential expression metabolites were identified between diploids and tetraploids; of these, between the japonica and indica groups, 180 showed opposite expression trends but 221 showed the same trends (141 up-regulated vs 69 down-regulated). Hierarchical cluster analysis of differential metabolites between diploid and tetraploid species showed a clear grouping pattern, in which the relative contents of lipids, amino acids and derivatives, and phenolic acids increased in tetraploids. Further analysis revealed that the lipids in tetraploid rice increased significantly, especially unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids. Conclusions: This study provides more basis for the changes in rice nutritional quality following polyploidization, and may serve as a new theoretical reference for breeding eutrophic or functional rice varieties via polyploidization.