Macroeconomic Effects of Energy Efficiency Measures and Carbon Tax in Thailand: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

Macroeconomic Effects of Energy Efficiency Measures and Carbon Tax in Thailand: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Macroeconomic Effects of Energy Efficiency Measures and Carbon Tax in Thailand: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis Bijay B. Pradhan, Salony Rajbhandari, Achiraya Chaichaloempreecha, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2856951/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Energy efficiency improvement is one of the measures undertaken by government of Thailand to achieve its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) by 2030 and contribute towards carbon neutrality 2050. The objective of this study is to compare the economy of Thailand before and after the implementation of energy efficiency improvement. This study also assessed the rebound effects of energy efficiency improvement and further analyzed the role of carbon tax in minimizing the rebound effects. In addition, the effects of GHG emissions with energy efficiency improvement and carbon tax were also assessed. The study was analyzed by developing a static computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of Thailand. The CGE model consists of 27 non-energy sectors and 5 energy sectors. This study finds that the energy efficiency improvement in the production sectors would lower the energy consumption in the overall production sectors but increase the consumption in the household sector and its associated GHG emissions from the energy use. However, energy efficiency improvement in both households and production sectors would cause a decline in the overall energy consumption and GHG emissions. Results show the rebound effects in the aforementioned energy efficiency improvement cases. It is found that the implementation of carbon tax of $ 5/tCO 2 e would not be enough to neutralize the rebound effects, however, carbon tax of $ 10/tCO 2 e would be sufficient to neutralize the rebound effects with GDP gain. Carbon tax Computable general equilibrium Energy efficiency improvement Rebound effect Thailand Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2856951","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":195195421,"identity":"c8bb361a-2c50-4fdc-8fba-7751125fa064","order_by":0,"name":"Bijay B. Pradhan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, THAMMASAT University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bijay","middleName":"B.","lastName":"Pradhan","suffix":""},{"id":195195424,"identity":"ec02b663-b0fe-4f2c-816f-91c609feb310","order_by":1,"name":"Salony Rajbhandari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"THAMMASAT University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Salony","middleName":"","lastName":"Rajbhandari","suffix":""},{"id":195195425,"identity":"bdf8975d-95c0-43cb-847a-1c26aa81e11c","order_by":2,"name":"Achiraya Chaichaloempreecha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, THAMMASAT University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Achiraya","middleName":"","lastName":"Chaichaloempreecha","suffix":""},{"id":195195426,"identity":"43ad6151-72e3-4424-ab00-73106ab8e3f8","order_by":3,"name":"Bundit Limmeechokchai","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAyCWSGCwYWBjRgiyEaElIQ2oBajnAFiMmQgtDAmHQSqJ1GIukXvwxsMf5+352PkPMH9sY5Dnb+A/9gCfFssZeckWCQm3E9tADjvYxmA44wAzuwFeh93IMQP65XYCG1QL4wagwySI0HLOHqbFnlgtBxhhDkskqMWy542xRUJaMsgvBgfOnJNInnGY2QyvFnP2HMObP2zs7OX7Dz58UFFmY9vf3vgMrxYUcAAURwzMBNWNglEwCkbBKCAEAAPqPUJbJdp0AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"THAMMASAT University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bundit","middleName":"","lastName":"Limmeechokchai","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-04-25 02:29:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2856951/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2856951/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85148285,"identity":"758ac1d0-1805-40de-96e2-b86b39452886","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-22 14:31:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":819020,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ThailandCGEpaper11.04.2023.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2856951/v1_covered_d4443086-6a12-497a-bbeb-b6a0dcef1e65.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Macroeconomic Effects of Energy Efficiency Measures and Carbon Tax in Thailand: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Carbon tax, Computable general equilibrium, Energy efficiency improvement, Rebound effect, Thailand","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2856951/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2856951/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEnergy efficiency improvement is one of the measures undertaken by government of Thailand to achieve its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) by 2030 and contribute towards carbon neutrality 2050. The objective of this study is to compare the economy of Thailand before and after the implementation of energy efficiency improvement. This study also assessed the rebound effects of energy efficiency improvement and further analyzed the role of carbon tax in minimizing the rebound effects. In addition, the effects of GHG emissions with energy efficiency improvement and carbon tax were also assessed. The study was analyzed by developing a static computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of Thailand. The CGE model consists of 27 non-energy sectors and 5 energy sectors. This study finds that the energy efficiency improvement in the production sectors would lower the energy consumption in the overall production sectors but increase the consumption in the household sector and its associated GHG emissions from the energy use. However, energy efficiency improvement in both households and production sectors would cause a decline in the overall energy consumption and GHG emissions. Results show the rebound effects in the aforementioned energy efficiency improvement cases. It is found that the implementation of carbon tax of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e5/tCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ee would not be enough to neutralize the rebound effects, however, carbon tax of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e10/tCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ee would be sufficient to neutralize the rebound effects with GDP gain.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Macroeconomic Effects of Energy Efficiency Measures and Carbon Tax in Thailand: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-04-28 18:20:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2856951/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"68da0f95-8ec3-4467-831c-dc6bf3767867","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 28th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-22T14:23:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-04-28 18:20:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2856951","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2856951","identity":"rs-2856951","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}