Particle lability drives degradation dynamics and bacterial community assembly during a Phaeocystis bloom decline

Abstract Microbial degradation of suspended and sinking organic carbon regulates long-term oceanic carbon storage by controlling the efficiency of the biological pump. Yet microbial controls on carbon export and remineralization remain poorly constrained, limiting predictions of how ocean carbon cycling will respond to climate change. Here, we combined in situ sampling with ship-based incubations to quantify prokaryote-driven removal rates of suspended and sinking total organic carbon (TOC). Samples were collected below the mixed layer during three stages of a spring Phaeocystis pouchetii bloom in the Labrador Sea. Phaeocystis blooms can dominate regional phytoplankton biomass and are expected to increase under future climate. Removal rates were used as a proxy for carbon lability and combined with 16S rRNA metabarcoding and carbon composition analyses to link microbial community structure with substrate characteristics. Removal rates of sinking particles (0.02–0.06 d−1) were an order of magnitude higher than those of suspended TOC (0.002 d−1) during bloom-decline and non-bloom. In contrast, during late-bloom, suspended carbon exhibited rates of 0.01 d−1, comparable to sinking particles, and was enriched in exopolymer-rich colonies. Prokaryotic community composition varied primarily among bloom stages rather than carbon fractions, indicating that bloom stage— and thus particle origin and composition—was the dominant control on bacterial degradation and assembly. Bacterial diversity peaked where carbon was refractory and originated from mixed phytoplankton. Together, these results demonstrate that suspended Phaeocystis-derived carbon can be rapidly remineralized when blooms produce exopolymer-rich colonies and highlight bloom stage as key regulator of microbial carbon processing and biological pump efficiency. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.