Assessing boscalid efficacy and resistance in large-spored Alternaria pathogens of potato and tomato crops

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Berezov, Marina Pobedinskaya, Petr Balabko, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5256463/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The resistance of large-spored Alternaria species in the Porri section to boscalid was evaluated through laboratory assays. Most isolates had EC 50 values above 100 µg/mL, indicating widespread fungicide resistance. Only isolates of A. solani demonstrated sensitivity, with EC 50 values below 7 µg/mL. Isolates of A. linariae , A. protenta and A. alternariacida were resistant. A moderate level of resistance to the fungicide was detected in A. grandis (mean EC 50 = 76,8 µg/mL). Although the resistance levels varied among strains, sampling location did not appear to be a significant factor. One of the primary targets of boscalid within fungal cells is the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex, which consists of several subunits. Mutations in these genes have been identified as a key mechanism of boscalid resistance in various fungal pathogens. Our study revealed the absence of H134R and H278Y mutations within the SdhB gene among the Alternaria isolates. We further analysed the sequences of Sdh gene subunits B, C, and D in isolates originating from potato, including A. alternariacida , A. grandis , A. linariae , A. protenta , and A. solani . This analysis identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that effectively distinguished these isolates from tomato-derived A. linariae ones. Early blight brown leaf spot Solanum tuberosum Alternaria solani chemical control fungicide resistance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Potato and tomato plants are susceptible to early blight caused by fungi in the genus Alternaria . Globally, it affects all potato-growing regions and leads to considerable yield losses under favourable weather conditions. The stems of most potato varieties are severely affected by this disease, and yields in Russia can be reduced by 40% or more (Ivanyuk et al., 2005 ). Tubers infected with Alternaria blight have a low starch content (Leiminger, Hausladen, 2007 , 2009 ). Based on a concatenated multigene phylogeny, A. linariae (Neerg.) Simmons, A. solani Sorauer, A. alternariacida Woudenb. & Crous, A. protenta E.G. Simmons and A. grandis E.G. Simmons were described as pathogens of Solanaceae crops (Woudenberg, et al 2014 , Kokaeva et al., 2022, Kokaeva, Elansky, 2023 ). Different species of the genus Alternaria exhibit unique biological traits, varying in crucial aspects such as aggressiveness, virulence towards specific potato and tomato cultivars, and resistance to fungicides (Kapsa, 2009 , Pobedinskaya et al., 2012 ). Chemical protection with fungicides is the primary method for controlling Alternaria blight. Boscalid belongs to the class of carboxamide fungicides and has shown considerable efficacy against a broad spectrum of plant pathogens, including various Alternaria species (Bradshaw, 2007 ). The effectiveness of boscalid stems from its mode of action, which targets the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme (SDH) within fungal cells, disrupting energy production and ultimately leading to cell death (Stammler et al., 2008 ). The ability of this fungicide to inhibit SDH has made it a valuable tool for protecting potato and tomato crops from Alternaria blight (Miles et al., 2014 ). However, the sustained use of any fungicide most naturally raises concerns about the potential development of resistance in target pathogens (Pasche, et al., 2005 ). The development of resistance can compromise the effectiveness of boscalid, rendering it ineffective at controlling early blight. Resistance to boscalid has been first documented in A. solani in 2009 (Wharton et al., 2012 ). One of the primary boscalid targets within fungal cells is the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) multisubunit enzyme complex, which includes the SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD subunits (Pearce et al., 2019 ). Mutations in these SDH genes were identified as a key mechanism of resistance to boscalid in various fungal pathogens, including A. alternata (Landschoot et al, 2017 , Pearce et al., 2019 , Campbell et al., 2020 ). These mutations change the amino acid composition of the SDH subunits, disrupting the boscalid binding site and ultimately rendering the fungicide ineffective (Mostafanezhad et al., 2022 ). The mutations include two variants within the SdhB gene, known as H278R and H278Y; one in the SdhC gene, identified as H134R; and two in the SdhD gene, termed D123E and H133R (Mallik et al. in 2014). The H278Y mutation within the SdhB gene results in a histidine-to-tyrosine substitution at position 278 (H278Y), which disrupts the binding site of SDHIs within fungal cells and renders fungicides ineffective. The H278Y mutation poses a significant challenge to disease management in agriculture (Landschoot et al., 2017 ) because it compromises the efficacy of SDHI fungicides, which are vital tools in disease control strategies. Understanding the prevalence and impact of the H278Y mutation within the SdhB gene is essential for developing effective disease management practices and maintaining the utility of SDHI fungicides. These mutations within the Sdh genes of A. solani have raised questions about their role in the evolution and adaptation of this pathogen (Einspanier, et al., 2022 ), as well as their implications for disease management. Understanding the dynamics of these mutations is crucial for devising successful strategies to mitigate the impact of early blight on potato and tomato crops. In this study, we aimed to assess the boscalid resistance of Alternaria pathogens isolated from potato and tomato crops in different regions of Russia. Furthermore, the genes that could potentially harbor mutations were sequenced in strains of species exhibiting different levels of resistance. Materials and methods Isolates The Alternaria isolates were collected from various locations (Fig. 1 , Table 1 ) in Russia from both commercial potato and tomato fields as well as from smaller private gardens After 24 hours in the moisture chambers, the conidia from the plant material were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium supplemented with an antibiotic solution. The species of the Alternaria group were identified by sequencing the ITS-5.8S-ITS2, GAPDH, RPB2, TEF1, and Alt a1 genes. This approach follows the methodology detailed in our previous study (Kokaeva et al., 2022), where we conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Alternaria pathogens affecting potato and tomato in Russia Table 1 Isolates used in the study. Name Strain number Year of isolation Host / Substrate Locality GenBank accesion numbers sdhd sdhb Alternaria grandis A16UsPL21(Kokaeva et al., 2022) 2016 S. t.,leaf 3 MN517838 MN657254 A16PrPL22 2016 S. t.,leaf 3 MN684007 ------//------ A17VlPL41a 2017 S. t.,leaf 4 ------//-----* ------//------ A16KhPL41 2016 S. t.,leaf 2 ------//------ ------//------ A17SpbPL10 2017 S. t., leaf 7 A21KrTL8 2021 S. l., leaf 8 Alternaria solani A21MTSt3 2017 S. t., stem 12 MN684008 MN657255 A17SpbPL11 2021 S. t., leaf 7 ------//------ ------//------ A17SpbPL12 2021 S. t., leaf 7 ------//------ ------//------ Alternaria alternariacida A16PrPL21 (Kokaeva et al., 2022) 2016 S. t.,leaf 3 MN684009 MN657256 A16PrPL22 2016 S. t.,leaf 3 ------//------ ------//------ Alternaria protenta A16PrPL11 (Kokaeva et al., 2022) 2016 S. t.,leaf 3 MN684010 MN657257 A17VlPL41 2017 S. t.,leaf 4 ------//------ ------//------ A17KhPL51 2017 S. t.,leaf 2 ------//------ ------//------ A16PrPL45 2016 S. t.,leaf 3 MN684011 MN657258 A17VlPL31 2017 S. t.,leaf 4 MN657259 A16UsPL31 2016 S. t.,leaf 3 MN684012 ------//------ A17VlPL51 2017 S. t.,leaf 4 MN517838 MN657260 A16KhPL11 2016 S. t.,leaf 2 ------//------ ------//------ A17VlPL51a 2017 S. t.,leaf 4 ------//------ ------//------ Alternaria linariae 7АHTF 11а 2017 S.l., fruit 5 MN684013 MN657261 А17АHTL 14e/2 2017 S.l., leaf 5 ------//------ ------//------ A18MYKTL7 2018 S.l., leaf 1 ------//------ ------//------ A18MYKTL18/1 2018 S.l., leaf 1 ------//------ ------//------ А17АHTL3а* 2017 S.l., leaf 5 ------//------ ------//------ A17VlPL31a 2017 S. t.,leaf 4 MN684014 MN657262 A17MYKTL10/1 2017 S.l., leaf 1 MN684015 MN657263 A18MYKTL 25/2(1) 2018 S.l., leaf 1 MN517837 MN657264 A17MYKTL11/2 2017 S.l., leaf 1 ------//------ ------//------ A18BlTF1 2018 S.l., fruit 8 MN684016 MN657265 A18VTL10/2 2018 S.l., leaf 9 ------//------ ------//------ A16KhTL21 2016 S.l., leaf 2 ------//------ ------//------ А18АКTL117/7 2018 S.l., leaf 6 ------//------ ------//------ A20KrTL14 2020 S.l., leaf 10 ------//------ ------//------ A20KrTL16 2020 S.l., leaf 10 MN684020 A21KrTS1.2 2021 S.l., seed 10 ------//------ ------//------ A21KrTL3 2021 S.l., leaf 11 ------//------ ------//------ A21KrTL5 2021 S.l., leaf 11 ------//------ ------//------ A21KrTL6 2021 S.l., leaf 11 ------//------ ------//------ A21KrTL10 2021 S.l., leaf 11 ------//------ ------//------ A21KrTS22 2021 S.l., seed 10 ------//------ ------//------ A21MTSt2 2021 S.l., stem 12 ------//------ ------//------ A21MTSt6 2021 S.l., stem 13 ------//------ ------//------ A21MTSt7 2021 S.l., stem 13 ------//------ ------//------ * sequences identical to the numbers above In vitro fungicide efficacy assay and quantitative fungicide sensitivity estimation based on EC 50 values Sensitivity of Alternaria isolates to boscalid was determined using mycelial growth assays. Technical grade boscalid (Cantus, BASF Corporation, Germany) was dissolved in 100% sterile water, adjusted to a concentration of 10000 mg/ml, and added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium (200 g potato, 20 g dextrose, 20 g agar and 1 L water) after sterilization to achive final concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/mL. PDA medium not supplemented with boscalid served as the negative control. To determine sensitivity of isolates to boscalid, a 5-mm mycelial plug was taken from the edge of a 7-day-old colony using a sterile cork bore and placed on the center of PDA plates amended with boscalid at each of the above concentrations. Three replicates of each concentration were used for each isolate. After the plates were incubated at 23°C for 7 days at daylight cycle, the mycelial growth was recorded. The experiment was repeated three times. The EC50 value was calculated in order to demonstrate how fungicides affect colony growth, which represents the concentration needed to reduce the growth by 50% compared to that of a nonfungicide control. DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing The CTAB method was used to extract DNA from fungal cultures, as described in the previous study (Elansky et al. 2022 ). Amplification and sequencing of three distinct subunits of succinate dehydrogenase gene, SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD, were conducted using primers SdhB-F/SdhB-R, SdhC-F1/SdhC-R2 (Malik et al 2014), and SdhD-F1/SdhD-R2 listed in Table 2 . The 50 µL PCR reaction mixture consisted of 25 µL of BioMaster HS-Taq PCR-Spec (2×) reaction mix (LLC Biolabmix, Novosibirsk, Russia), 50 mmol MgCl2, 0.1 nmol of each primer, 1–100 ng of isolated DNA, and nuclease-free water. PCR was carried out on a Thermal Cycler 2720 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) with the following protocol: (1) 95°C for 5 min, (2) 33 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 1 min, annealing at 60°C for 1 min, extension at 72°C for 1 min, and (3) final extension at 72°C for 7 min. The resulting amplicon sizes were 1060 bp for SdhB, 622 bp for SdhC, and 633 bp for SdhD. After amplification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)products were run on a 1.5% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide or GelRed staining (Biotium, Fremont, California) and visualized under ultraviolet(UV) light. PCR products were purified from agarose gels using a Fermentas Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts). Sequencing reactions were performed on an Applied Biosystems 3500 Series Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Beverly, MA, USA) by Eurogen (Moscow, Russia). A further effort was made to sequence the three SDH subunits of A. alternata for sequence comparison. Sequences generated from the strains were compared with those from the mutant strains KC517310-KC517316 mentioned in Malik's (2014) article. Table 2 Primers used for sequencing Alternaria Sdh genes (Malik et al., 2014) Primer name Sequence (5`-3`) SdhB-F ATGGCCTCCATACGCGCTTT SdhB-R CTAGGTGAAGGCCATGCTCTT SdhC-F1 ATGGCTTCTCAGCGGGTATTTCAGC SdhC-R2 TCCATCCAGTGCGGATAACC SdhD-F1 ATGGCCTCCGTCATGCGT SdhD-R2 CCTCGGTGATACCAACATCGTTTGTC Results Fungicide resistance To assess boscalid resistance in Alternaria species commonly found in the primary potato and tomato cultivation regions of Russia, we carried out an extensive screening of isolates collected over a six-year period from 2016 to 2021. The study included a total of 42 isolates distributed among various Alternaria species as follows: 16 isolates of A. linariae , 5 of A. solani , 9 of A. grandis , 10 of A. protenta , and 2 of A. alternariacida . Early Blight, a significant disease in potato and tomato crops, is primarily associated with A. solani in many regions. However, A. linariae and other Alternaria species such as A. grandis and A. protenta have also been implicated in field infections in certain geographical areas. These species, though less studied than A. solani , are increasingly recognized for their potential role in disease outbreaks. Therefore, assessing their resistance to fungicides is crucial for understanding the broader dynamics of Early Blight development in the field. For most of these isolates, the EC 50 values were beyond the detectable range of the standard plate dilution series, indicating considerable variation in susceptibility (Table 3 ). Most Alternaria isolates were resistant to boscalid at all sampling sites and in all years, indicating that fungicide resistance is widespread. The levels of resistance differed considerably among strains of the same species and locality. Taken together, these results indicate that only several isolates of A. solani demonstrated sensitivity, with EC 50 values less than 5 µg/mL. The maximum EC 50 value of the A. solani isolates was 6.7 µg/mL (Table 3 ). Highly resistant strains with an EC 50 exceeding 100 µg/mL were identified within all other tested groups. Isolates of A. linariae showed increased boscalid sensitivity, with a mean EC 50 of 182.5 µg/mL. A. protenta and A. alternariacida were also resistant, with average EC 50 values of 118,1 and 132,0 µg/mL, respectively. A moderate level of resistance to the fungicide was detected in A. grandis (average EC 50 of 76,8 µg/mL, Table 3 ). While the EC 50 values offer valuable insights into the fungicide sensitivity or resistance of these fungi, providing essential information for their management and control, we opted to present the colony diameters in Table 3 . These measurements offer a concise overview of the overall resistance, providing additional context for interpreting our findings. Table 3 The EC 50 values, mean values, and standard deviations of Alternaria spp. isolates cultivated on agar media supplemented with boscalid. Species Colony growth diameter on media with the addition of boscalid, mm EC 50 , µg/mL Strain control 1 µg/mL 10 µg/mL 100 µg/mL Alternaria grandis A16UsPL21 59 49 45 30 103.0 A16PrPL22 62 49 40 20 60.5 A17VlPL41a 59 52 43,6 21,7 68.0 A16KhPL41 61 50 44,5 25,3 75.6 mean values 60,25 ± 1,5 50 ± 1,4 43 ± 2,25 24,25 ± 4,4 76.8 Alternaria solani A17SpbPL10 66,5 36 20 5,5 2.6 A21KrTL8 61,8 30,5 20,2 6,2 1.0 A21MTSt3 61 41,5 23,6 9,9 6.5 A17SpbPL11 60,7 39,9 24,8 9,3 6.7 A17SpbPL12 60,9 37,8 24 14,5 5.8 mean values 62,18 ± 2,45 37,14 ± 4,2 22,52 ± 2,2 9,08 ± 3,3 4.5 Alternaria alternariacida A16PrPL21 61,5 40 40 36 133.8 A16PrPL22 60 45 40 35 130,09 mean values 60,75 ± 1 42,5 ± 3,5 40 35,5 ± 0,7 132,0 Alternaria protenta A16PrPL11 44,5 45 45 20 90.0 A17VlPL41 44,3 44,1 44,3 16,1 79.0 A17KhPL51 44,3 44,1 44,1 17,6 83.9 A16PrPL45 44,3 44,1 44 17,9 85.3 A17VlPL31 44,3 44,2 44,4 25 117.1 A16UsPL31 44,3 44 44,3 34 210.5 A17VlPL51 44,2 44,3 44,2 27,2 127.0 A16KhPL11 44 44,4 44,3 26,2 135.0 A17VlPL51a 44,3 44 44,1 29,1 157.4 mean values 44,27 ± 0,1 44,24 ± 0,3 44,3 ± 0,3 18,04 ± 1,44 118.1 Alternaria linariae 7АHTF 11а 60 57,6 55 40 160.0 А17АHTL 14e/2 68 55 50 41 170.0 A18MYKTL7 58,5 55,8 50,9 41 206.8 A18MYKTL18/1 57,2 54,4 53 40,8 207.6 А17АHTL3а* 64,1 57,2 52,5 40,5 163.3 A17VlPL31a 64,4 56,6 50,3 40,3 172.9 A17MYKTL10/1 55,3 55,2 52,7 40,9 201.0 A18MYKTL25/2(1) 55,7 55 50,8 40,5 210.5 A17MYKTL11/2 54,8 57,1 50,2 40,2 215.2 A18BlTF1 62,8 57,1 52,5 40,3 165.7 A18VTL10/2 61,4 56,1 53 40,3 168.0 A16KhTL21 55,5 57,8 51,8 40,8 206.8 А18АКTL117/7 61,6 56,3 53,4 41 174.0 A20KrTL14 63,6 55,3 53 40,8 166.4 A20KrTL16 59,6 58,9 54,3 40,3 167.5 A21KrTS1.2 66,6 59,8 54,6 40,8 148.9 A21KrTL3 52 56,2 50,3 40,8 240.2 A21KrTL5 63,5 55,7 50,3 40,9 187.6 A21KrTL6 56,2 56,2 54,5 40,9 184.7 A21KrTL10 55,8 55,6 52 40,5 198.6 A21KrTS22 62,2 55,7 52,5 40,8 174.6 A21MTSt2 59,3 59,4 53,2 40,5 176.9 A21MTSt6 59,8 56,3 53,9 40,2 167.7 A21MTSt7 56,5 59,1 54,4 40,2 175.7 А21АHTL5 61,5 56,3 53,4 40,9 173.1 А21АHTL7 64,8 55,4 52,2 40,5 162.3 mean values 59,68 ± 4,3 56,91 ± 1,5 52,56 ± 1,6 40,60 ± 0,3 182.5 Sequence variation in the partial Sdh genes of Alternaria species We sequenced 42 isolates of Alternaria species collected from both potato and tomato plants between 2016 and 2021. We obtained the complete sequence of the SdhB gene, which consists of 1082 base pairs, including three introns and an open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a protein of 308 amino acids. Within this gene, the analysed sequences did not contain any known mutations associated with resistance, such as H278Y or H278R, when compared to the mutant and wild-type sequence of the A. solani (sequences for all species are not available). However, several substitutions were identified within the gene, some of which were common among all the isolates obtained from tomato plants. Nucleotide substitution at position 95 occurs within non-coding regions and introns and does not result in amino acid alterations. The other substitutions identified don't alter in the amino acid sequence, indicating that no SNPs resulted in amino acid changes within the species. After sequencing a portion of the SdhC gene, we obtained sequences of 570 base pairs. These sequences consist of a single intron and an ORF that encodes a protein containing 160 amino acids. We discovered two substitutions in strains isolated from both potato and tomato plants. The G to A substitution at nucleotide 123 occurs within an intron and does not impact protein translation. Similarly, the C→T substitution at position 518 does not lead to changes in the protein sequence. Notably, no instances of the H134R substitution, which is associated with resistance, were found in the strains we examined. The complete sequence of the SdhD gene spans 607 base pairs, comprising a single intron and an ORF encoding a 185-amino acid protein. Despite the absence of the H133R substitution associated with increased boscalid resistance, the gene exhibited a series of other substitutions. Specifically, the SDHD gene coding region harbors eight unique SNPs (Fig. 3 , Table 2 ). Notably, these substitutions were consistently exclusive to all 16 strains of A. linariae isolated from tomato hosts. A non-synonymous SNP at codon 48 resulted in a dichotomous encoding of amino acids: valine for potato-derived isolates and isoleucine for A. linariaea originating from tomato (Fig. 5 , Table 4). Such differences may arise from underlying divergence in DNA sequences between species, leading to slight but biologically relevant variations in the encoded amino acids. Furthermore, while this substitution is not associated with known mutations linked to resistance development, it may exemplifies species-level variation in amino acid sequences. Consequently, our findings revealed that three SNPs within SdhB and eight within SdhD effectively discriminated between isolates collected from potato and tomato hosts (Table 6 ). Sequence analysis of the Sdh gene subunits highlighted a high degree of phylogenetic relatedness among these isolates within the same species, compared to their correlations with other Alternaria species ( A. alternata and A. brassicae ). Table 6 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected in coding and non-coding regions of sdh genes, distinguishing species and strains derived from tomato and potato hosts. Amino acid Amino acid position Polymorphism Host Alternaria species Location Threonine (T) 28 ACT S. tuberosum A. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol. sdhD exon ACC S. lycopersicum A. linariaea Serine (S) 46 TCA S. tuberosum A. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol. sdhD exon TCC S. lycopersicum A. linariaea Valine (V) 48 GTC S. tuberosum A. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol. sdhD exon Isoleucine (I) ATC S. lycopersicum A. linariaea Proline (P) 67 CCA S. tuberosum A. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol. sdhD exon CCC S. lycopersicum A. linariaea Proline (P) 80 CCC S. tuberosum A. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol. sdhD exon CCA S. lycopersicum A. linariaea Isoleucine (I) 106 ATT S. tuberosum A. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol. sdhD exon ATC S. lycopersicum A. linariaea Leucine (L) 126 CTA S. tuberosum A. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol. sdhD exon CTC S. lycopersicum A. linariaea Leucine (L) 130 CTC S. tuberosum A. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol. sdhD exon CTG S.lycopersicum A. linariaea Proline (P) 176 CCG S. tuberosum A. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol. SdhB exon CCA S. lycopersicum A. linariaea Aspartic acid (D) 257 CGA S. tuberosum A. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol. SdhB exon CGC S. lycopersicum A. linariaea Asparagine (N) 270 AAC S. tuberosum A. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol. SdhB exon AAT S. lycopersicum A. linariaea Discussion A broad range of mycelial growth ratios for strains of Alternaria species were observed at the selected threshold boscalid concentrations. Mallik et al. ( 2014 ) categorized Alternaria isolates with mutations in SdhB, C, and D into four distinct groups based on spore germination EC 50 values: sensitive (EC 50 ≤ 5 µg/mL), moderately resistant (EC 50 = 5.1 to 20 µg/mL), highly resistant (EC 50 = 20.1 to 100 µg/mL), and very highly resistant (EC 50 > 100 µg/mL) phenotypes (Mallik et al. 2014 ). This categorization based on EC 50 values provides valuable insights into resistance levels, though it's not directly transferable to your mycelial growth assay data. While a direct correlation between spore germination and mycelial growth EC 50 values might not always exist, there's often a general trend: an isolate that exhibits high sensitivity in one assay is more likely to show some level of sensitivity in the other. However, the degree of sensitivity can differ significantly. The categorization of Alternaria isolates based on their mycelial sensitivity to boscalid can be summarized as follows. Highly sensitive isolates, with an EC 50 of ≤ 0.1 µg/mL (Förster et al., 2022 ), exhibit the most significant sensitivity, showing minimal resistance. Moderately sensitive isolates have EC 50 values ranging from 0.1 to 1 µg/mL (Mostafanezhad et al., 2022 ), indicating a moderate response with noticeable but not extreme resistance. Moderately resistant isolates, with EC 50 values between 1 and 10 µg/mL (Förster et al., 2022 , Mostafanezhad et al., 2022 ), show substantial resistance, although they are still affected by fungicide concentrations. Highly resistant isolates, with EC 50 values of 10 to 40 µg/mL (Förster et al., 2022 , Mostafanezhad et al., 2022 ), require significantly higher fungicide concentrations for inhibition. Finally, very highly resistant isolates, with EC 50 values greater than 40 µg/mL (Miles et al., 2014 , Mallik et al., 2014 ), are extremely resistant and show minimal growth reduction even at high fungicide concentrations. Based on this categorization, most studied isolates showed resistance to the fungicide, while others were sensitive. The discovery of boscalid-resistant Alternaria isolates emphasizes the high risk of resistance development to fungicides containing these compounds. Although in vitro insensitivity may not directly correlate with resistance to commercially produced fungicides, the decreased efficacy of boscalid-containing compositions against early blight in specific regions, as documented by Fairchild study (2013), highlights the importance of rotation strategies. These strategies help prevent the development of resistance to boscalid, penthiopyrad, and other related chemistries. Our data underscore the increasingly widespread resistance to boscalid, even in northern regions with limited potato cultivation. With respect to potato farming, boscalid-containing products are relatively rare in Russia. Meanwhile, European seed material accounts for most of the seed imports, which may be related to the spread of resistant pathogens. Notably, all locations in the Far East exhibited numerous Alternaria grandis isolates resistant to boscalid, further emphasizing the urgency of managing resistance in these pathogens. The variation in boscalid sensitivity profiles indicates a potential differential response of Alternaria solani compared to other Alternaria species when exposed to boscalid. This nuanced divergence in sensitivity profiles accentuates the complex interplay between fungal species and fungicidal compounds, highlighting the importance of further investigation into the underlying mechanisms that govern these differential responses. In Russia, among the boscalid-containing fungicides, Cantus and Signum are used on potato cultivars. The boscalid concentration in the working fluids of Cantus falls within the range of 0.5 to 0.75 grams per liter (g/l), while that in Signum varies from 0.44 to 1 milliliter per liter (ml/l). The significance of the increasing concentrations of active fungicide substances can be better understood by comparing them to the resistance thresholds set in other countries, such as the USA, where resistant isolates have been detected. This trend suggests that higher concentrations may be required to control resistant populations, highlighting the growing challenge of managing fungicide resistance. If resistance levels continue to increase, they may eventually surpass the concentration range found in the working fluid, potentially rendering the fungicide less effective in controlling the target pathogen. At the molecular level, the development of fungicide resistance can be attributed to single mutations or insertion sequences within the promoter regions of fungicide target genes. Five site-specific mutations in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits B, C, and D have been linked to boscalid resistance in A. alternata . Additionally, the boscalid resistance observed in B. cinerea on apples was associated with two mutations in SDH subunit B (Yin et al., 2011 ). Similarly, multiple mutations in the SDH subunits B, C, and D confer resistance to Corynespora cassiicola on cucumber plants (Zhu et al., 2022 ). These findings highlight the multifaceted nature of resistance development in various fungal species. While our study did not identify any of the known mutations associated with fungicide resistance in the Alternaria isolates from Russia, it is important to contextualize these results with findings from other regions. For example, surveys conducted in 2011–2012 across various potato-producing regions in the United States revealed that SdhB H278Y and H278R mutants were prevalent among A. solani isolates (Fairchild et al., 2013 ). In contrast, SdhC and SdhD mutants (H133R, H134R, and D123E) were less frequent at that time and exhibited greater regional specificity. Subsequent surveys showed a shift in the prevalence of these mutants. The H134R mutant became predominant, accounting for 50% of the isolates, while the presence of the H278Y mutant increased steadily over these three years, reaching 40%. In contrast, the occurrence of the H278R mutant decreased during the same period. The frequency of the H133R mutant increased slightly from 14–16%, and that of the D123E mutant increased from 4–12%. Interestingly, researchers did not detect any significant fitness penalties among A. solani isolates carrying these SDH mutations, as reported by Bauske and Gudmestad in 2018. However, none of these mutations were present in our population, suggesting possible geographical differences in SDH mutation spread and development. The absence of these resistance-related mutations in our isolates might indicate that the emergence and spread of SDHI resistance in Russian potato fields are currently at a different stage compared to other regions, like the US. This highlights the importance of continued monitoring for resistance mutations, especially in areas where SDHIs are heavily used. Within the scope of the present study, we came across a set of specific nucleotide substitutions in the genes SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD that were confined exclusively to tomato-derived isolates of A. linariae . These genes encode the iron-sulfur protein and anchor proteins of the Sdh complex (Malik et al., 2014). Notably, our investigation revealed five distinct point mutations in these Sdh genes, leading to consequential alterations in the amino acid composition of the Sdh subunits. Our results align well with the work of Olaya et al. ( 2017 ). Moreover, we suggest that sdhD could serve as an informative phylogenetic marker. Our findings strongly indicate the widespread presence of boscalid fungicide resistance in various Alternaria species across Russia. Moreover, our results indicate that resistant isolates were detected across multiple distant locations, regardless of whether boscalid had been used. To solidify our understanding of this growing resistance issue, additional isolates from diverse regions of Russia should be collected and comprehensively analysed. Declarations Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Ethical Statement: This manuscript does not involve research on humans or animals, nor does it include vulnerable populations. Funding This work was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science of the Russian Federation (agreement № 075-15-2021-1396). The work by L.Y. Kokaeva was carried out as part of the Scientific Project of the State Order of the Government of the Russian Federation to Lomonosov Moscow State University (no. 121041300098-7) Authors Contribution: The first author contributed to the experimental work and the preparation of the manuscript, while the remaining authors contributed equally to the manuscript regarding the design of the experiments and revision of the manuscript before submission. Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the students and staff of Lomonosov Moscow State University and RUDN University who provided assistance or support during the research process. References Bauske MJ, Mallik I, Yellareddygari S, Gudmestad NC (2018) Spatial and temporal distribution of mutations conferring QoI and SDHI resistance in Alternaria solani across the United States. Plant Dis 102(2):349–358. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS- 06-17-0852- RE Bradshaw NJ (2007) Report of the fungicide sub-group: Discussion of potato early and late blight fungicides, their properties & characteristics and harmonised protocols for evaluating these. PPO-Special Rep 12:107–111 Campbell SE, Brannen PM, Scherm H, Eason N, MacAllister C (2020) Efficacy of fungicide treatments for Plasmoparaviticola control and occurrence of strobilurin field resistance in vineyards in Georgia, USA. Crop Protection 139, 105371. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j. cropro. 2020. 105371 Einspanier S, Susanto T, Metz N, Wolters PJ, Vleeshouwers VGAA, Lankinen Å, Stam R (2022) Whole-genome sequencing elucidates the species-wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani . Evol Appl 15(10):1605–1620. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13350 Elansky SN, Chudinova EM, Elansky AS, Kah MO, Sandzhieva DA, Mukabenova BA, Dedov AG (2022) Microorganisms in spent water-miscible metalworking fluids as a resource of strains for their disposal. J Clean Prod 350:131438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131438 Fairchild KL, Miles TD, Wharton PS (2013) Assessing fungicide resistance in populations of Alternaria in Idaho potato fields. Crop Prot 49:31–39 Förster H, Luo Y, Hou L, Adaskaveg JE (2022) Mutations in Sdh gene subunits confer different cross-resistance patterns to SDHI fungicides in Alternaria alternata causing Alternaria leaf spot of almond in California. Plant Dis 106(7):1911–1918 Gudmestad NC, Arabiat S, Miller JS, Pasche JS (2013) Prevalence and impact of SDHI fungicide resistance in Alternaria solani . Plant Dis 97(7):952–960. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS- 12-12-1176- RE Ivanyuk VG, Banadysev SA, Zhuromsky GK (2005) Protection of potato from diseases, pests and weeds. Minsk Belprint– 696 p Kapsa J (2009) Effectiveness of some fungicides in control of Alternaria alternata and Alternaria solani . PPO-Special Rep 13:127–134 Kokaeva LY, Elansky SN (2023) First report of Alternaria alternariacida causing potato leaf blight in the Far East, Russia. Plant Dis 107(3):938–939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0291-PDN Kokaeva LYu, Yarmeeva MM, Kokaeva ZG, Chudinova EM, Balabko PN, Elansky SN (2022) Phylogenetic Study of Alternaria Potato and Tomato Pathogens in Russia. Diversity 14(8):685. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080685 Landschoot S, Carrette J, Vandecasteele M, De Baets B, Höfte M, Audenaert K, Haesaert G (2017) Boscalid-resistance in Alternaria alternata and Alternaria solani populations: An emerging problem in Europe. Crop Protection 92: 49–59. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j. cropro. 2016. 10. 011 Leiminger J, Hausladen H (2007) Early blight: influence of different varieties. PPO Special Rep 12:195–203 Leiminger J, Hausladen H (2009) Efficacy of different fungicides for the control of early blight. PPO-Special Rep 13:123–126 Mallik I, Arabiat S, Pasche JS, Bolton MD, Patel JS, Gudmestad NC (2014) Molecular characterization and detection of mutations associated with resistance to succinate dehydrogenase-inhibiting fungicides in Alternaria solani. Phytopathology 104(1):40–49. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-02-13-0041-R Miles TD, Miles LA, Fairchild KL, Wharton PS (2014) Screening and characterization of resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors in Alternaria solani . Plant Pathol 63(1):155–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa. 12077 Mostafanezhad H, Edin E, Grenville-Briggs LJ, Lankinen Å, Liljeroth E (2022) Rapid emergence of boscalid resistance in Swedish populations of Alternaria solani revealed by a combination of field and laboratory experiments. Eur J Plant Pathol 162(2):289–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10658-021-02403-8/FIGURES/7 Olaya G, Stuerm C, Linley R, Edlebeck K, Torriani SFF (2017) Detection of the G143A Mutation that Confers Resistance to QoI Fungicides in Alternaria tomatophila from Tomato. Mod Fungicides Antifungal Compd 8:225–231 Pasche JS, Piche LM, Gudmestad NC (2005) Effect of the F129L mutation in Alternaria solani on fungicides affecting mitochondrial respiration. Plant Dis 89(3):269–278. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-89-0269 Pearce TL, Wilson CR, Gent DH, Scott JB (2019) Multiple mutations across the succinate dehydrogenase gene complex are associated with boscalid resistance in Didymella tanaceti in pyrethrum. PLoS ONE 14(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218569 Pobedinskaya MA, Plutalov PN, Romanova SS, Kokaeva LYu, Nikolaev AV, Alexandrova AV, Elansky SN (2012) Resistance of potato and tomato early blight pathogens to fungicides. Mikologiya I Fitopatologiya 46(6):402–408 Stammler G, Brix H, Nave B, Gold R, Schoefl U (2008) Studies on the biological performance of boscalid and its mode of action. In Modern fungicides and antifungal compounds V (Eds. Dehne HW, Deising HB, Gisi U, Kuck KH, Russell PE, Lyr H) 5th Inter- national reinhardsbrunn symposium, Germany. 45–51 Wharton P, Fairchild K, Belcher A, Wood E (2012) First report of in vitro boscalid resistant isolates of Alternaria solani causing early blight of potato in Idaho. Plant Dis 96:454 Woudenberg JHC, Truter M, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2014) Large-spored Alternaria pathogens in section Porri disentangled. Stud Mycol 79(1):1–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2014.07.003 Yin YN, Kim YK, Xiao CL (2011) Molecular characterization of boscalid resistance in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from apple. Phytopathology 101:986–995 Zhu J, Li J, Ma D, Gao Y, Cheng J, Mu W, Liu F (2022) SDH mutations confer complex cross-resistance patterns to SDHIs in Corynespora cassiicola . Pestic Biochem Physiol 186:105–157 Supplementary Files Line1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 03 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Nov, 2024 Editor invited by journal 18 Oct, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 18 Oct, 2024 First submitted to journal 13 Oct, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5256463","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":373265674,"identity":"70fe095b-6f72-4375-b607-f45d4ee52b0f","order_by":0,"name":"Lyudmila Kokaeva","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQY2MC3DDyITCkjQwiPZANJiQIoWgwMgihgtku1tiR8+ttnxGJ9fnfjhgQGDPL/YAfxapHmOHZac2ZbMY3bj7WYJoMMMZ85OwK9FTiK9QZrnDDNQy9kNIC0JBrcJa2n+/edMPY/xjLObfxClRVoi7Zg0Q8VhHgP+3m3E2SLZcyzNsqfiOI/EDd5tFgkGEoT9InG8zfjGD4NqOf7+s5tv/qiwkeeXJqAFSTNYpQSxykGA/wApqkfBKBgFo2AkAQBJckBnIal7bwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-3552","institution":"Lomonosov Moscow State University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lyudmila","middleName":"","lastName":"Kokaeva","suffix":""},{"id":373265675,"identity":"c51485c5-f10a-45af-906a-437ff36fd42e","order_by":1,"name":"Alexander A. Berezov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alexander","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Berezov","suffix":""},{"id":373265676,"identity":"3000ca61-de35-4822-96a1-0525f5179bbb","order_by":2,"name":"Marina Pobedinskaya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marina","middleName":"","lastName":"Pobedinskaya","suffix":""},{"id":373265677,"identity":"92d77412-ee2f-457d-9f67-860f06f10704","order_by":3,"name":"Petr Balabko","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Petr","middleName":"","lastName":"Balabko","suffix":""},{"id":373265678,"identity":"f62d1827-2af6-4240-8826-675359e4e568","order_by":4,"name":"Sergey Elansky","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sergey","middleName":"","lastName":"Elansky","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-13 17:39:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5256463/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5256463/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-025-01086-1","type":"published","date":"2025-04-12T16:05:45+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69027374,"identity":"53b64a49-3419-4d23-9527-5b3a3f4586cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-14 17:27:45","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":516740,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection sites for the \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003eisolates were as follows: 1 — Mari El Republic; 2 — Khabarovsky Krai; 3 — Primorsky Krai, Ussurijsk district; 4 — Primorsky Krai, Vladivostok district; 5 — Astrakhan region, Harabali district; 6 — Astrakhan region, Kamyzyak district; 7 — Leningrad region; 8 — Republic of Belarus; 9 — Voronezh region; 10 — Krasnodar region, Strelka village; 11 — Krasnodar region, Temryuk district; 12 — Moscow region; and 13 — Krasnodar region, Anapa district (Kokaeva et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5256463/v1/d0e93efca494c719d41e5ab0.png"},{"id":69027636,"identity":"e36ad4bd-e396-42d8-be61-6fbb7a59935e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-14 17:35:45","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":108834,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSingle nucleotide substitutions in the SdhB gene among isolates of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003especies.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5256463/v1/158e2b141b4cdce5a3af3aa4.png"},{"id":69027377,"identity":"3e3c0757-50a3-45d3-a99a-f6e650dd74bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-14 17:27:45","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":222287,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSingle nucleotide substitutions in the SdhC gene among isolates of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003especies.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5256463/v1/a422b04aabbbe4a0ca8caaba.png"},{"id":69027376,"identity":"33b889b8-d444-4b57-9934-55af5436f508","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-14 17:27:45","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":262775,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSingle nucleotide substitutions in the SdhD gene among isolates of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003especies.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5256463/v1/6014c25973210702fddc64c1.png"},{"id":69027379,"identity":"37d8a5e4-39a6-46d8-9e89-98e35686c6f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-14 17:27:45","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":258352,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTranslated amino acid sequences of the SdhD gene.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5256463/v1/ea4816ff64c1952d239a65ac.png"},{"id":80559161,"identity":"010a94d3-6489-4a9d-8e5e-242d92eceba7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 16:18:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2614657,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5256463/v1/01bde01e-f4c4-4e99-8bd4-493ba11114da.pdf"},{"id":69027378,"identity":"b5a54442-6caf-4048-b83b-1541cb5eb6f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-14 17:27:45","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":19902,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Line1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5256463/v1/71f068fbea4aca05e51b4096.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Assessing boscalid efficacy and resistance in large-spored Alternaria pathogens of potato and tomato crops","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePotato and tomato plants are susceptible to early blight caused by fungi in the genus \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e. Globally, it affects all potato-growing regions and leads to considerable yield losses under favourable weather conditions. The stems of most potato varieties are severely affected by this disease, and yields in Russia can be reduced by 40% or more (Ivanyuk et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Tubers infected with \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e blight have a low starch content (Leiminger, Hausladen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Based on a concatenated multigene phylogeny, \u003cem\u003eA. linariae\u003c/em\u003e (Neerg.) Simmons, \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e Sorauer, \u003cem\u003eA. alternariacida\u003c/em\u003e Woudenb. \u0026amp; Crous, \u003cem\u003eA. protenta\u003c/em\u003e E.G. Simmons and \u003cem\u003eA. grandis\u003c/em\u003e E.G. Simmons were described as pathogens of Solanaceae crops (Woudenberg, et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Kokaeva et al., 2022, Kokaeva, Elansky, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Different species of the genus \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e exhibit unique biological traits, varying in crucial aspects such as aggressiveness, virulence towards specific potato and tomato cultivars, and resistance to fungicides (Kapsa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, Pobedinskaya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical protection with fungicides is the primary method for controlling \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e blight. Boscalid belongs to the class of carboxamide fungicides and has shown considerable efficacy against a broad spectrum of plant pathogens, including various \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e species (Bradshaw, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The effectiveness of boscalid stems from its mode of action, which targets the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme (SDH) within fungal cells, disrupting energy production and ultimately leading to cell death (Stammler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The ability of this fungicide to inhibit SDH has made it a valuable tool for protecting potato and tomato crops from \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e blight (Miles et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the sustained use of any fungicide most naturally raises concerns about the potential development of resistance in target pathogens (Pasche, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The development of resistance can compromise the effectiveness of boscalid, rendering it ineffective at controlling early blight. Resistance to boscalid has been first documented in \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e in 2009 (Wharton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). One of the primary boscalid targets within fungal cells is the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) multisubunit enzyme complex, which includes the SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD subunits (Pearce et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Mutations in these SDH genes were identified as a key mechanism of resistance to boscalid in various fungal pathogens, including \u003cem\u003eA. alternata\u003c/em\u003e (Landschoot et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Pearce et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, Campbell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). These mutations change the amino acid composition of the SDH subunits, disrupting the boscalid binding site and ultimately rendering the fungicide ineffective (Mostafanezhad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mutations include two variants within the SdhB gene, known as H278R and H278Y; one in the SdhC gene, identified as H134R; and two in the SdhD gene, termed D123E and H133R (Mallik et al. in 2014). The H278Y mutation within the SdhB gene results in a histidine-to-tyrosine substitution at position 278 (H278Y), which disrupts the binding site of SDHIs within fungal cells and renders fungicides ineffective. The H278Y mutation poses a significant challenge to disease management in agriculture (Landschoot et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) because it compromises the efficacy of SDHI fungicides, which are vital tools in disease control strategies. Understanding the prevalence and impact of the H278Y mutation within the SdhB gene is essential for developing effective disease management practices and maintaining the utility of SDHI fungicides. These mutations within the Sdh genes of \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e have raised questions about their role in the evolution and adaptation of this pathogen (Einspanier, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), as well as their implications for disease management. Understanding the dynamics of these mutations is crucial for devising successful strategies to mitigate the impact of early blight on potato and tomato crops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we aimed to assess the boscalid resistance of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e pathogens isolated from potato and tomato crops in different regions of Russia. Furthermore, the genes that could potentially harbor mutations were sequenced in strains of species exhibiting different levels of resistance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eIsolates\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e isolates were collected from various locations (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) in Russia from both commercial potato and tomato fields as well as from smaller private gardens After 24 hours in the moisture chambers, the conidia from the plant material were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium supplemented with an antibiotic solution. The species of the \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e group were identified by sequencing the ITS-5.8S-ITS2, GAPDH, RPB2, TEF1, and Alt a1 genes. This approach follows the methodology detailed in our previous study (Kokaeva et al., 2022), where we conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e pathogens affecting potato and tomato in Russia\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolates used in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrain number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear of isolation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost / Substrate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenBank accesion numbers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esdhd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esdhb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria grandis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16UsPL21(Kokaeva et al., 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN517838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN657254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16PrPL22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN684007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17VlPL41a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//-----*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16KhPL41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17SpbPL10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTL8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria solani\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21MTSt3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t., stem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN684008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN657255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17SpbPL11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17SpbPL12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria alternariacida\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16PrPL21 (Kokaeva et al., 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN684009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN657256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16PrPL22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria protenta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16PrPL11 (Kokaeva et al., 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN684010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN657257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17VlPL41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17KhPL51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16PrPL45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN684011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN657258\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17VlPL31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN657259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16UsPL31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN684012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17VlPL51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN517838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN657260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16KhPL11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17VlPL51a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"23\" rowspan=\"24\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria linariae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7АHTF 11а\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., fruit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN684013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN657261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eА17АHTL 14e/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA18MYKTL7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA18MYKTL18/1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eА17АHTL3а*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17VlPL31a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;t.,leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN684014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN657262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17MYKTL10/1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN684015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN657263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA18MYKTL 25/2(1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN517837\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN657264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17MYKTL11/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA18BlTF1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., fruit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN684016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN657265\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA18VTL10/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16KhTL21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eА18АКTL117/7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA20KrTL14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA20KrTL16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN684020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTS1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., seed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTL3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTL5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTL6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTL10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTS22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., seed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21MTSt2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., stem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21MTSt6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., stem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21MTSt7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.l., stem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------//------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* sequences identical to the numbers above\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn vitro fungicide efficacy assay and quantitative fungicide sensitivity estimation based on EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e isolates to boscalid was determined using mycelial growth assays. Technical grade boscalid (Cantus, BASF Corporation, Germany) was dissolved in 100% sterile water, adjusted to a concentration of 10000 mg/ml, and added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium (200 g potato, 20 g dextrose, 20 g agar and 1 L water) after sterilization to achive final concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 \u0026micro;g/mL. PDA medium not supplemented with boscalid served as the negative control. To determine sensitivity of isolates to boscalid, a 5-mm mycelial plug was taken from the edge of a 7-day-old colony using a sterile cork bore and placed on the center of PDA plates amended with boscalid at each of the above concentrations. Three replicates of each concentration were used for each isolate. After the plates were incubated at 23\u0026deg;C for 7 days at daylight cycle, the mycelial growth was recorded. The experiment was repeated three times. The EC50 value was calculated in order to demonstrate how fungicides affect colony growth, which represents the concentration needed to reduce the growth by 50% compared to that of a nonfungicide control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA extraction, PCR and sequencing\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CTAB method was used to extract DNA from fungal cultures, as described in the previous study (Elansky et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Amplification and sequencing of three distinct subunits of succinate dehydrogenase gene, SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD, were conducted using primers SdhB-F/SdhB-R, SdhC-F1/SdhC-R2 (Malik et al 2014), and SdhD-F1/SdhD-R2 listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The 50 \u0026micro;L PCR reaction mixture consisted of 25 \u0026micro;L of BioMaster HS-Taq PCR-Spec (2\u0026times;) reaction mix (LLC Biolabmix, Novosibirsk, Russia), 50 mmol MgCl2, 0.1 nmol of each primer, 1\u0026ndash;100 ng of isolated DNA, and nuclease-free water. PCR was carried out on a Thermal Cycler 2720 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) with the following protocol: (1) 95\u0026deg;C for 5 min, (2) 33 cycles of denaturation at 95\u0026deg;C for 1 min, annealing at 60\u0026deg;C for 1 min, extension at 72\u0026deg;C for 1 min, and (3) final extension at 72\u0026deg;C for 7 min. The resulting amplicon sizes were 1060 bp for SdhB, 622 bp for SdhC, and 633 bp for SdhD. After amplification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)products were run on a 1.5% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide or GelRed staining (Biotium, Fremont, California) and visualized under ultraviolet(UV) light. PCR products were purified from agarose gels using a Fermentas Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts). Sequencing reactions were performed on an Applied Biosystems 3500 Series Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Beverly, MA, USA) by Eurogen (Moscow, Russia). A further effort was made to sequence the three SDH subunits of \u003cem\u003eA. alternata\u003c/em\u003e for sequence comparison. Sequences generated from the strains were compared with those from the mutant strains KC517310-KC517316 mentioned in Malik's (2014) article.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimers used for sequencing \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e Sdh genes (Malik et al., 2014)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimer name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequence (5`-3`)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSdhB-F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eATGGCCTCCATACGCGCTTT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSdhB-R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTAGGTGAAGGCCATGCTCTT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSdhC-F1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eATGGCTTCTCAGCGGGTATTTCAGC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSdhC-R2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCCATCCAGTGCGGATAACC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSdhD-F1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eATGGCCTCCGTCATGCGT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSdhD-R2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCTCGGTGATACCAACATCGTTTGTC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eFungicide resistance\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess boscalid resistance in \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e species commonly found in the primary potato and tomato cultivation regions of Russia, we carried out an extensive screening of isolates collected over a six-year period from 2016 to 2021. The study included a total of 42 isolates distributed among various \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e species as follows: 16 isolates of \u003cem\u003eA. linariae\u003c/em\u003e, 5 of \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e, 9 of \u003cem\u003eA. grandis\u003c/em\u003e, 10 of \u003cem\u003eA. protenta\u003c/em\u003e, and 2 of \u003cem\u003eA. alternariacida\u003c/em\u003e. Early Blight, a significant disease in potato and tomato crops, is primarily associated with \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e in many regions. However, \u003cem\u003eA. linariae\u003c/em\u003e and other \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e species such as \u003cem\u003eA. grandis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. protenta\u003c/em\u003e have also been implicated in field infections in certain geographical areas. These species, though less studied than \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e, are increasingly recognized for their potential role in disease outbreaks. Therefore, assessing their resistance to fungicides is crucial for understanding the broader dynamics of Early Blight development in the field. For most of these isolates, the EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values were beyond the detectable range of the standard plate dilution series, indicating considerable variation in susceptibility (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e isolates were resistant to boscalid at all sampling sites and in all years, indicating that fungicide resistance is widespread. The levels of resistance differed considerably among strains of the same species and locality. Taken together, these results indicate that only several isolates of \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated sensitivity, with EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values less than 5 \u0026micro;g/mL. The maximum EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of the \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e isolates was 6.7 \u0026micro;g/mL (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Highly resistant strains with an EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e exceeding 100 \u0026micro;g/mL were identified within all other tested groups. Isolates of \u003cem\u003eA. linariae\u003c/em\u003e showed increased boscalid sensitivity, with a mean EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of 182.5 \u0026micro;g/mL. \u003cem\u003eA. protenta\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. alternariacida\u003c/em\u003e were also resistant, with average EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of 118,1 and 132,0 \u0026micro;g/mL, respectively. A moderate level of resistance to the fungicide was detected in \u003cem\u003eA. grandis\u003c/em\u003e (average EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of 76,8 \u0026micro;g/mL, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile the EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values offer valuable insights into the fungicide sensitivity or resistance of these fungi, providing essential information for their management and control, we opted to present the colony diameters in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. These measurements offer a concise overview of the overall resistance, providing additional context for interpreting our findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values, mean values, and standard deviations of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e spp. isolates cultivated on agar media supplemented with boscalid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColony growth diameter on media with the addition of boscalid, mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e, \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlternaria grandis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16UsPL21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16PrPL22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17VlPL41a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16KhPL41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003emean values\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlternaria solani\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17SpbPL10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTL8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21MTSt3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17SpbPL11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17SpbPL12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003emean values\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62,18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22,52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlternaria alternariacida\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16PrPL21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16PrPL22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003emean values\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlternaria protenta\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16PrPL11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17VlPL41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17KhPL51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16PrPL45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17VlPL31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16UsPL31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17VlPL51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA16KhPL11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e 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colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"25\" rowspan=\"26\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlternaria linariae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7АHTF 11а\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA18MYKTL7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA18MYKTL18/1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eА17АHTL3а*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17VlPL31a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA17MYKTL10/1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA18BlTF1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA18VTL10/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e 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colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA20KrTL16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTS1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTL3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTL5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTL6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTL10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21KrTS22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21MTSt2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21MTSt6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA21MTSt7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eА21АHTL5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eА21АHTL7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003emean values\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59,68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52,56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSequence variation in the partial Sdh genes of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eAlternaria\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003especies\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe sequenced 42 isolates of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e species collected from both potato and tomato plants between 2016 and 2021. We obtained the complete sequence of the SdhB gene, which consists of 1082 base pairs, including three introns and an open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a protein of 308 amino acids. Within this gene, the analysed sequences did not contain any known mutations associated with resistance, such as H278Y or H278R, when compared to the mutant and wild-type sequence of the \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e (sequences for all species are not available). However, several substitutions were identified within the gene, some of which were common among all the isolates obtained from tomato plants. Nucleotide substitution at position 95 occurs within non-coding regions and introns and does not result in amino acid alterations. The other substitutions identified don't alter in the amino acid sequence, indicating that no SNPs resulted in amino acid changes within the species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter sequencing a portion of the SdhC gene, we obtained sequences of 570 base pairs. These sequences consist of a single intron and an ORF that encodes a protein containing 160 amino acids. We discovered two substitutions in strains isolated from both potato and tomato plants. The G to A substitution at nucleotide 123 occurs within an intron and does not impact protein translation. Similarly, the C\u0026rarr;T substitution at position 518 does not lead to changes in the protein sequence. Notably, no instances of the H134R substitution, which is associated with resistance, were found in the strains we examined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe complete sequence of the SdhD gene spans 607 base pairs, comprising a single intron and an ORF encoding a 185-amino acid protein. Despite the absence of the H133R substitution associated with increased boscalid resistance, the gene exhibited a series of other substitutions. Specifically, the SDHD gene coding region harbors eight unique SNPs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Notably, these substitutions were consistently exclusive to all 16 strains of \u003cem\u003eA. linariae\u003c/em\u003e isolated from tomato hosts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA non-synonymous SNP at codon 48 resulted in a dichotomous encoding of amino acids: valine for potato-derived isolates and isoleucine for \u003cem\u003eA. linariaea\u003c/em\u003e originating from tomato (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;4). Such differences may arise from underlying divergence in DNA sequences between species, leading to slight but biologically relevant variations in the encoded amino acids. Furthermore, while this substitution is not associated with known mutations linked to resistance development, it may exemplifies species-level variation in amino acid sequences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsequently, our findings revealed that three SNPs within SdhB and eight within SdhD effectively discriminated between isolates collected from potato and tomato hosts (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Sequence analysis of the Sdh gene subunits highlighted a high degree of phylogenetic relatedness among these isolates within the same species, compared to their correlations with other \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e species (\u003cem\u003eA. alternata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. brassicae\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected in coding and non-coding regions of sdh genes, distinguishing species and strains derived from tomato and potato hosts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino acid position\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolymorphism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThreonine (T)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esdhD exon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. linariaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerine (S)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esdhD exon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. linariaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValine (V)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGTC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esdhD exon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsoleucine (I)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eATC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. linariaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProline (P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esdhD exon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. linariaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProline (P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esdhD exon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. linariaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsoleucine (I)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eATT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esdhD exon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eATC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. linariaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeucine (L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esdhD exon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. linariaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeucine (L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esdhD exon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. linariaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProline (P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSdhB exon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. linariaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAspartic acid (D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSdhB exon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. linariaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsparagine (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alternar., A. gr., A. prot., A. sol.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSdhB exon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. linariaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA broad range of mycelial growth ratios for strains of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e species were observed at the selected threshold boscalid concentrations. Mallik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) categorized \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e isolates with mutations in SdhB, C, and D into four distinct groups based on spore germination EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values: sensitive (EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 \u0026micro;g/mL), moderately resistant (EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.1 to 20 \u0026micro;g/mL), highly resistant (EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.1 to 100 \u0026micro;g/mL), and very highly resistant (EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100 \u0026micro;g/mL) phenotypes (Mallik et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). This categorization based on EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values provides valuable insights into resistance levels, though it's not directly transferable to your mycelial growth assay data. While a direct correlation between spore germination and mycelial growth EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values might not always exist, there's often a general trend: an isolate that exhibits high sensitivity in one assay is more likely to show some level of sensitivity in the other. However, the degree of sensitivity can differ significantly. The categorization of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e isolates based on their mycelial sensitivity to boscalid can be summarized as follows. Highly sensitive isolates, with an EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.1 \u0026micro;g/mL (F\u0026ouml;rster et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), exhibit the most significant sensitivity, showing minimal resistance. Moderately sensitive isolates have EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values ranging from 0.1 to 1 \u0026micro;g/mL (Mostafanezhad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), indicating a moderate response with noticeable but not extreme resistance. Moderately resistant isolates, with EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values between 1 and 10 \u0026micro;g/mL (F\u0026ouml;rster et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Mostafanezhad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), show substantial resistance, although they are still affected by fungicide concentrations. Highly resistant isolates, with EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of 10 to 40 \u0026micro;g/mL (F\u0026ouml;rster et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Mostafanezhad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), require significantly higher fungicide concentrations for inhibition. Finally, very highly resistant isolates, with EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values greater than 40 \u0026micro;g/mL (Miles et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Mallik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), are extremely resistant and show minimal growth reduction even at high fungicide concentrations. Based on this categorization, most studied isolates showed resistance to the fungicide, while others were sensitive. The discovery of boscalid-resistant \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e isolates emphasizes the high risk of resistance development to fungicides containing these compounds. Although \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e insensitivity may not directly correlate with resistance to commercially produced fungicides, the decreased efficacy of boscalid-containing compositions against early blight in specific regions, as documented by Fairchild study (2013), highlights the importance of rotation strategies. These strategies help prevent the development of resistance to boscalid, penthiopyrad, and other related chemistries. Our data underscore the increasingly widespread resistance to boscalid, even in northern regions with limited potato cultivation. With respect to potato farming, boscalid-containing products are relatively rare in Russia. Meanwhile, European seed material accounts for most of the seed imports, which may be related to the spread of resistant pathogens. Notably, all locations in the Far East exhibited numerous \u003cem\u003eAlternaria grandis\u003c/em\u003e isolates resistant to boscalid, further emphasizing the urgency of managing resistance in these pathogens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe variation in boscalid sensitivity profiles indicates a potential differential response of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria solani\u003c/em\u003e compared to other \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e species when exposed to boscalid. This nuanced divergence in sensitivity profiles accentuates the complex interplay between fungal species and fungicidal compounds, highlighting the importance of further investigation into the underlying mechanisms that govern these differential responses. In Russia, among the boscalid-containing fungicides, Cantus and Signum are used on potato cultivars. The boscalid concentration in the working fluids of Cantus falls within the range of 0.5 to 0.75 grams per liter (g/l), while that in Signum varies from 0.44 to 1 milliliter per liter (ml/l). The significance of the increasing concentrations of active fungicide substances can be better understood by comparing them to the resistance thresholds set in other countries, such as the USA, where resistant isolates have been detected. This trend suggests that higher concentrations may be required to control resistant populations, highlighting the growing challenge of managing fungicide resistance. If resistance levels continue to increase, they may eventually surpass the concentration range found in the working fluid, potentially rendering the fungicide less effective in controlling the target pathogen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the molecular level, the development of fungicide resistance can be attributed to single mutations or insertion sequences within the promoter regions of fungicide target genes. Five site-specific mutations in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits B, C, and D have been linked to boscalid resistance in \u003cem\u003eA. alternata\u003c/em\u003e. Additionally, the boscalid resistance observed in \u003cem\u003eB. cinerea\u003c/em\u003e on apples was associated with two mutations in SDH subunit B (Yin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, multiple mutations in the SDH subunits B, C, and D confer resistance to \u003cem\u003eCorynespora cassiicola\u003c/em\u003e on cucumber plants (Zhu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). These findings highlight the multifaceted nature of resistance development in various fungal species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile our study did not identify any of the known mutations associated with fungicide resistance in the \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e isolates from Russia, it is important to contextualize these results with findings from other regions. For example, surveys conducted in 2011\u0026ndash;2012 across various potato-producing regions in the United States revealed that SdhB H278Y and H278R mutants were prevalent among \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e isolates (Fairchild et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, SdhC and SdhD mutants (H133R, H134R, and D123E) were less frequent at that time and exhibited greater regional specificity. Subsequent surveys showed a shift in the prevalence of these mutants. The H134R mutant became predominant, accounting for 50% of the isolates, while the presence of the H278Y mutant increased steadily over these three years, reaching 40%. In contrast, the occurrence of the H278R mutant decreased during the same period. The frequency of the H133R mutant increased slightly from 14\u0026ndash;16%, and that of the D123E mutant increased from 4\u0026ndash;12%. Interestingly, researchers did not detect any significant fitness penalties among \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e isolates carrying these SDH mutations, as reported by Bauske and Gudmestad in 2018. However, none of these mutations were present in our population, suggesting possible geographical differences in SDH mutation spread and development. The absence of these resistance-related mutations in our isolates might indicate that the emergence and spread of SDHI resistance in Russian potato fields are currently at a different stage compared to other regions, like the US. This highlights the importance of continued monitoring for resistance mutations, especially in areas where SDHIs are heavily used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the scope of the present study, we came across a set of specific nucleotide substitutions in the genes SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD that were confined exclusively to tomato-derived isolates of \u003cem\u003eA. linariae\u003c/em\u003e. These genes encode the iron-sulfur protein and anchor proteins of the Sdh complex (Malik et al., 2014). Notably, our investigation revealed five distinct point mutations in these Sdh genes, leading to consequential alterations in the amino acid composition of the Sdh subunits. Our results align well with the work of Olaya et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, we suggest that sdhD could serve as an informative phylogenetic marker.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings strongly indicate the widespread presence of boscalid fungicide resistance in various \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e species across Russia. Moreover, our results indicate that resistant isolates were detected across multiple distant locations, regardless of whether boscalid had been used. To solidify our understanding of this growing resistance issue, additional isolates from diverse regions of Russia should be collected and comprehensively analysed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interest\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEthical Statement:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis manuscript does not involve research on humans or animals, nor does it include vulnerable populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science of the Russian Federation (agreement № 075-15-2021-1396). The work by L.Y. Kokaeva was carried out as part of the Scientific Project of the State Order of the Government of the Russian Federation to Lomonosov Moscow State University (no. 121041300098-7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthors Contribution:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first author contributed to the experimental work and the preparation of the manuscript, while the remaining authors contributed equally to the manuscript regarding the design of the experiments and revision of the manuscript before submission.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe would like to acknowledge the students and staff of Lomonosov Moscow State University and RUDN University who provided assistance or support during the research process.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBauske MJ, Mallik I, Yellareddygari S, Gudmestad NC (2018) Spatial and temporal distribution of mutations conferring QoI and SDHI resistance in \u003cem\u003eAlternaria solani\u003c/em\u003e across the United States. 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Stud Mycol 79(1):1\u0026ndash;47. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2014.07.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.simyco.2014.07.003\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYin YN, Kim YK, Xiao CL (2011) Molecular characterization of boscalid resistance in field isolates of \u003cem\u003eBotrytis cinerea\u003c/em\u003e from apple. Phytopathology 101:986\u0026ndash;995\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhu J, Li J, Ma D, Gao Y, Cheng J, Mu W, Liu F (2022) SDH mutations confer complex cross-resistance patterns to SDHIs in \u003cem\u003eCorynespora cassiicola\u003c/em\u003e. Pestic Biochem Physiol 186:105\u0026ndash;157\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-plant-diseases-and-protection","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jpdp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection](https://www.springer.com/journal/41348)","snPcode":"41348","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jpdp","title":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Early blight, brown leaf spot, Solanum tuberosum, Alternaria solani, chemical control, fungicide resistance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5256463/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5256463/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe resistance of large-spored \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e species in the \u003cem\u003ePorri\u003c/em\u003e section to boscalid was evaluated through laboratory assays. Most isolates had EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values above 100 \u0026micro;g/mL, indicating widespread fungicide resistance. Only isolates of \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated sensitivity, with EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values below 7 \u0026micro;g/mL. Isolates of \u003cem\u003eA. linariae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. protenta\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. alternariacida\u003c/em\u003e were resistant. A moderate level of resistance to the fungicide was detected in \u003cem\u003eA. grandis\u003c/em\u003e (mean EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76,8 \u0026micro;g/mL). Although the resistance levels varied among strains, sampling location did not appear to be a significant factor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the primary targets of boscalid within fungal cells is the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex, which consists of several subunits. Mutations in these genes have been identified as a key mechanism of boscalid resistance in various fungal pathogens. Our study revealed the absence of H134R and H278Y mutations within the SdhB gene among the \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e isolates. We further analysed the sequences of Sdh gene subunits B, C, and D in isolates originating from potato, including \u003cem\u003eA. alternariacida\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. grandis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. linariae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. protenta\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eA. solani\u003c/em\u003e. This analysis identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that effectively distinguished these isolates from tomato-derived \u003cem\u003eA. linariae\u003c/em\u003e ones.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessing boscalid efficacy and resistance in large-spored Alternaria pathogens of potato and tomato crops","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-14 17:27:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5256463/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2024-12-03T06:44:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-11-02T12:49:49+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-02T12:34:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","date":"2024-10-18T12:03:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-10-18T09:22:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","date":"2024-10-13T13:38:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-plant-diseases-and-protection","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jpdp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection](https://www.springer.com/journal/41348)","snPcode":"41348","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jpdp","title":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dc22bbca-5ed6-4050-ae9f-bcf2dd7296bc","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-14T16:17:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5256463","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-025-01086-1","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-plant-diseases-and-protection","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection"},"publishedOn":"2025-04-12 16:05:45","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 12th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-14 17:27:40","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s41348-025-01086-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-025-01086-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5256463","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5256463","identity":"rs-5256463","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}