Characterizing the magnetic signal generated in the magnetosphere from 1996 to 2024 using ground geomagnetic data

Characterizing the magnetic signal generated in the magnetosphere from 1996 to 2024 using ground geomagnetic data | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Characterizing the magnetic signal generated in the magnetosphere from 1996 to 2024 using ground geomagnetic data YALEI SHI, Vincent Lesur, Erwan Thébault This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7262458/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Earth, Planets and Space → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The geomagnetic field, as observed at the Earth's surface or LEO satellite altitudes (between 300 km and 800 km), is the combination of signals generated by various internal and external sources. The internal sources are mainly associated to the liquid outer core flow, magnetized rocks in the lithosphere and induced electric currents in the crust and mantle. External sources are electric currents flowing in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. We focus on the contributions from the magnetospheric fields and describe a modeling approach in Spherical Harmonics (SH) based on magnetic observatory vector field measurements. The aim of this study is to model the magnetospheric field contributions observed during geomagnetically quiet time up to SH degree 6, with a one-hour temporal resolution for the period covering years 1996.0 to 2024.8. The adopted modeling approach is based on the Kalman filter and the correlation-based technique, which leads to series of hourly snapshot models together with robust error estimates. The series of models in time compare well with the global magnetospheric Ring Current index (RC) We observed and described various magnetospheric field structures, including local time asymmetries and contributions from ring and magnetotail currents. We also examined annual, semi-annual, monthly and daily variations in magnetospheric field Gauss coefficients in the Fourier domain. Magnetosphere Geomagnetic field Kalman filter Ground-based observatory Full Text Supplementary Files Graphicalabstract1.png Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Earth, Planets and Space → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 18 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 15 Sep, 2025 Editorial decision: Minor Revision 06 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7262458","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":516992437,"identity":"0d91e02e-8e28-4eb4-bc50-244e88a6b7de","order_by":0,"name":"YALEI 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AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Magnetosphere, Geomagnetic field, Kalman filter, Ground-based observatory","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7262458/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7262458/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The geomagnetic field, as observed at the Earth's surface or LEO satellite altitudes (between 300 km and 800 km), is the combination of signals generated by various internal and external sources. The internal sources are mainly associated to the liquid outer core flow, magnetized rocks in the lithosphere and induced electric currents in the crust and mantle. External sources are electric currents flowing in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. We focus on the contributions from the magnetospheric fields and describe a modeling approach in Spherical Harmonics (SH) based on magnetic observatory vector field measurements. The aim of this study is to model the magnetospheric field contributions observed during geomagnetically quiet time up to SH degree 6, with a one-hour temporal resolution for the period covering years 1996.0 to 2024.8. The adopted modeling approach is based on the Kalman filter and the correlation-based technique, which leads to series of hourly snapshot models together with robust error estimates. The series of models in time compare well with the global magnetospheric Ring Current index (RC) We observed and described various magnetospheric field structures, including local time asymmetries and contributions from ring and magnetotail currents. We also examined annual, semi-annual, monthly and daily variations in magnetospheric field Gauss coefficients in the Fourier domain.","manuscriptTitle":"Characterizing the magnetic signal generated in the magnetosphere from 1996 to 2024 using ground geomagnetic data","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-29 05:48:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7262458/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-09-18T11:07:32+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-18T09:49:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-18T07:23:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Earth, Planets and Space","date":"2025-09-15T07:27:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor Revision","date":"2025-08-06T21:00:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"earth-planets-and-space","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"epsp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Earth, Planets and Space](http://earth-planets-space.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/epsp/default.aspx","title":"Earth, Planets and Space","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2a5f3ffe-5ac3-409b-8382-6d7f51af7e30","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-19T16:50:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7262458","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02363-x","journal":{"identity":"earth-planets-and-space","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Earth, Planets and Space"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-17 16:31:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 17th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-29 05:48:49","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40623-025-02363-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02363-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7262458","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7262458","identity":"rs-7262458","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}