Magnitude, levels of and factors associated with depression among adult individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending at diabetic follow up clinic in primary healthcare unit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023: A Facility Based Cross-Sectional study

Magnitude, levels of and factors associated with depression among adult individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending at diabetic follow up clinic in primary healthcare unit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023: A Facility Based Cross-Sectional study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Magnitude, levels of and factors associated with depression among adult individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending at diabetic follow up clinic in primary healthcare unit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023: A Facility Based Cross-Sectional study Assamin Demelash, Kemal Awol, Assefa Metekie, Haileleul Tilinty This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4973176/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background : Depression is a prevalent yet often under-recognized comorbidity among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), negatively affecting their quality of life, treatment adherence, and clinical outcomes. However, the prevalence, severity, and associated factors of depression among diabetic patients attending primary healthcare follow-ups in Ethiopia remain insufficiently studied. Objectives : This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among adults with T2DM attending the diabetic follow-up clinic at Mikililand Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2023. Methods : A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 159 adults with T2DM from July to August 2023. Data were collected using pretested interviewer-administered questionnaires and chart reviews via Kobo Toolbox. Depression was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 26, and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of depression (p < 0.05). Results : Of 159 participants (response rate: 98.15%), 41.5% were found to have depression. Significant factors associated with depression included living in rented housing [AOR = 5.93, 95% CI: 1.74–20.15], longer diabetes duration [AOR = 16.04, 95% CI: 1.64–111.30], family history of diabetes [AOR = 4.42, 95% CI: 1.04–18.70], diabetes-related complications [AOR = 9.17, 95% CI: 2.87–29.31], and alcohol use [AOR = 30.15, 95% CI: 4.67–194.63]. Conclusion and Recommendations : This study highlights the high prevalence of depression among adults with T2DM and identifies critical risk factors. Integrating mental health care into diabetes management in resource-limited settings is essential to improve overall well-being. Psychiatry Keywords: Diabetes mellitus Depression Primary healthcare unit Ethiopia. Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4973176","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":367175049,"identity":"b3b469b5-7297-415a-bc4c-fa01d6bc3b12","order_by":0,"name":"Assamin Demelash","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNACAwZmfhCdUECCFnbJBpAWAxLs4Tc4ANFLhNL+4w8/3Si4I218fnXihwcGDPL8Ygfwa5G4kWMsnWPwzNjsxtvNEkCHGc6cnUDAmhs8DEAth5PNbpzdANKSYHCbgBb588cf/wZqqd884+zmH0RpMTiQYAayhdmAv3cbcbYY3sgxswZpkbjBu80iwUCCsF/kgA67nfPnMDN//9nNN39U2MjzSxPQggASYJUSxCoHAf4DpKgeBaNgFIyCkQQAtdFE1jNdUAEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Addis Ababa university","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Assamin","middleName":"","lastName":"Demelash","suffix":""},{"id":367175050,"identity":"61488d51-56e1-4a08-a70d-8394d14b085e","order_by":1,"name":"Kemal Awol","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Werabe University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kemal","middleName":"","lastName":"Awol","suffix":""},{"id":367175051,"identity":"c70e559d-a99f-4a24-bb2d-c5ae672f3893","order_by":2,"name":"Assefa Metekie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Addis Ababa university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Assefa","middleName":"","lastName":"Metekie","suffix":""},{"id":367175052,"identity":"b286a783-277e-491b-94f9-50dce406fa60","order_by":3,"name":"Haileleul Tilinty","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Addis Ababa university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haileleul","middleName":"","lastName":"Tilinty","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-25 14:30:56","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4973176/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4973176/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":98430855,"identity":"8d357a11-4cb3-4228-8b0b-d0690bc9f976","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:46:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":451712,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AssaminAssafawManuscriptDepressionRevised.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4973176/v2_covered_a4eed688-fd7e-47c1-90d0-f9ee8066e82e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMagnitude, levels of and factors associated with depression among adult individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending at diabetic follow up clinic in primary healthcare unit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023: A Facility Based Cross-Sectional study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Depression, Primary healthcare unit, Ethiopia.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4973176/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4973176/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Depression is a prevalent yet often under-recognized comorbidity among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), negatively affecting their quality of life, treatment adherence, and clinical outcomes. However, the prevalence, severity, and associated factors of depression among diabetic patients attending primary healthcare follow-ups in Ethiopia remain insufficiently studied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives\u003c/strong\u003e: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among adults with T2DM attending the diabetic follow-up clinic at Mikililand Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 159 adults with T2DM from July to August 2023. Data were collected using pretested interviewer-administered questionnaires and chart reviews via Kobo Toolbox. Depression was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 26, and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of depression (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: Of 159 participants (response rate: 98.15%), 41.5% were found to have depression. Significant factors associated with depression included living in rented housing [AOR = 5.93, 95% CI: 1.74–20.15], longer diabetes duration [AOR = 16.04, 95% CI: 1.64–111.30], family history of diabetes [AOR = 4.42, 95% CI: 1.04–18.70], diabetes-related complications [AOR = 9.17, 95% CI: 2.87–29.31], and alcohol use [AOR = 30.15, 95% CI: 4.67–194.63].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion and Recommendations\u003c/strong\u003e: This study highlights the high prevalence of depression among adults with T2DM and identifies critical risk factors. Integrating mental health care into diabetes management in resource-limited settings is essential to improve overall well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Magnitude, levels of and factors associated with depression among adult individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending at diabetic follow up clinic in primary healthcare unit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023: A Facility Based Cross-Sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2025-12-12 20:17:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4973176/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-17 10:00:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4973176/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a64e9dd0-5bf4-4e4e-b051-558188a9f086","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":59371964,"name":"Psychiatry"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-28T16:23:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-12 20:17:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-4973176","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4973176","identity":"rs-4973176","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}