Fitness of reciprocal F1hybrids betweenRhinanthus minorandRhinanthus majorunder controlled conditions and in the field

The performance of first-generation hybrids determines to a large extent the long-term outcome of hybridization in natural populations. F 1 hybrids can facilitate further gene flow between the two parental species, especially in animal-pollinated flowering plants. We studied the performance of reciprocal F 1 hybrids between Rhinanthus minor and R. major , two hemiparasitic, annual, self-compatible plant species, from seed germination to seed production under controlled conditions and in the field. We sowed seeds with known ancestry outdoors before winter and followed the complete life cycle until plant death in July the following season. While germination under laboratory conditions was much lower for the F 1 hybrid formed on R. major compared to the reciprocal hybrid formed on R. minor , this difference disappeared under field conditions, pointing at an artefact caused by the experimental conditions during germination in the lab rather than at an intrinsic genetic incompatibility. Both F 1 hybrids performed as well as or sometimes better than R. minor , which had a higher fitness than R. major in one of the two years in the greenhouse and in the field transplant experiment. The results confirm findings from naturally mixed populations, where F 1 hybrids appear as soon as the two species meet and which leads to extensive advanced-hybrid formation and introgression in subsequent generations.