Analysis of Long-Term Trends of Atmospheric Parameters and Zenith Neutrospheric Delay Including PWV in the Brazilian Region

Analysis of Long-Term Trends of Atmospheric Parameters and Zenith Neutrospheric Delay Including PWV in the Brazilian Region | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of Long-Term Trends of Atmospheric Parameters and Zenith Neutrospheric Delay Including PWV in the Brazilian Region M. J. S. Pompei, A. M. Albuquerque, T. A. F. Gouveia, D. B. M. Alves This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7199821/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The neutrosphere, extending from the Earth's surface to about 50 kilometers, includes the dense troposphere and consists mainly of gases and water vapor. Meteorological instruments track these elements, and models like the Global Pressure and Temperature (GPT), based on Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP), represent standard atmospheric conditions. However, these models, heavily reliant on Northern Hemisphere data, and it may often fail to accurately capture Brazil's atmospheric variability due to strong regional and seasonal differences in temperature and humidity. The Amazon rainforest further complicates modeling, making static models inadequate for local conditions. Improving accuracy requires integrating diverse data sources, such as surface weather stations and upper-air observations like radiosondes, to enhance spatial and temporal resolution. This study examines Brazil's neutrospheric variability over ten years, focusing on cities with distinct climates. Northern and Northeastern regions exhibit the highest average temperatures (up to 34.2°C) and air mixing ratios (up to 18.3 g/kg), resulting in significant zenithal delays (ZTD up to 2.5 meters) and high precipitable water vapor (PWV up to 46.8 mm). Southern regions, however, exhibit strong seasonal variability, with summer temperatures averaging 23.3°C and winter temperatures averaging dropping to 13.9°C. PWV varies widely, from 4.2 mm to 106.05 mm. While relative humidity inconsistently reflected seasonal trends, the air mixing ratio reliably captured climatic shifts, averaging 14.6 g/kg in summer and 8.6 g/kg in winter. These variations directly impact signal delay, with ZTD differing by up to 30 centimeters across regions, even within the same period. Neutrosphere Meteorology Radiosonde ZTD PWV Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7199821","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":531427263,"identity":"f5dd326a-d154-4db4-9513-e5e6e7bf073c","order_by":0,"name":"M. J. S. Pompei","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAx0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCAxCKjb0BwjAgXgvPAaK1wIBEApFadBsPsD34mHNHjk/yjdmDD3/uMJhLH8CvxezAAXbDmdueGbNJ55gbzmx7xmDZl0BQC5s077bDiW3SOWbSvA2HGQzOEHAYTEt9m+QZM+k/f0jQksAmwWMmzcBGlJaD7SC/GLbxpJVJ9rY947HsIaTlxuFjDz5uuyMv3354m8SPP3fkzHkIaGGQONjGAI9PIIOgBgYG/gY2FC2EdYyCUTAKRsGIAwAnfUdo7DQ+BwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"São Paulo State University (UNESP)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"J. S.","lastName":"Pompei","suffix":""},{"id":531427264,"identity":"7e31ac18-b90e-45eb-a0c5-5e86fd796a40","order_by":1,"name":"A. M. Albuquerque","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"São Paulo State University (UNESP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"A.","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Albuquerque","suffix":""},{"id":531427265,"identity":"f3d09cfb-d686-4b14-bc1f-0b585e878391","order_by":2,"name":"T. A. F. Gouveia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"São Paulo State University (UNESP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"T.","middleName":"A. F.","lastName":"Gouveia","suffix":""},{"id":531427266,"identity":"db8df261-f708-4d5e-aefb-dc82af0edbfe","order_by":3,"name":"D. B. M. Alves","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"São Paulo State University (UNESP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"D.","middleName":"B. M.","lastName":"Alves","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-23 21:53:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7199821/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7199821/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93901643,"identity":"7c400feb-4bac-47b5-bdaa-1238633ee1be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 05:52:57","extension":"tiff","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":754896,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig1.tiff","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7199821/v1/e46ae106afe6cd543140c7dc.tiff"},{"id":93902213,"identity":"3676f7de-e8bc-4dfc-af2c-372069d5b5f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 06:00:57","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1774671,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript2025technicalcheck.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7199821/v1/3958bebdce6c73806203c989.docx"},{"id":93901646,"identity":"8e0c6629-36c1-4091-b23e-badfd54ede85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 05:52:57","extension":"tiff","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9841753,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig2.tiff","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7199821/v1/7fc0cc6fda1be8dd13a19cb0.tiff"},{"id":93901645,"identity":"bad6703d-c536-44cc-9d11-3036725e8a72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 05:52:57","extension":"tiff","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":751861,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig3.tiff","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7199821/v1/838236fbe8cb9d8766acf8c7.tiff"},{"id":93901647,"identity":"40131430-c98f-43d8-a6fd-a84ace287ff4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 05:52:57","extension":"tiff","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7775875,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig4.tiff","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7199821/v1/7436a87a132f09b6d31635cf.tiff"},{"id":93901649,"identity":"c53e43ca-fad4-49bd-959a-e814c23c84f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 05:52:57","extension":"tiff","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32101939,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig5.tiff","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7199821/v1/dd142b4174371c0a2158f5c7.tiff"},{"id":93901648,"identity":"bfd57b34-718d-4148-81e7-f6b76352e9d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 05:52:57","extension":"tiff","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21534413,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig6.tiff","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7199821/v1/386e89af45b94bb35e6e5e5e.tiff"},{"id":93901642,"identity":"2d7c6581-4b74-4679-bce0-d91b47daf67f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 05:52:57","extension":"json","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6259,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"f2c3741868334b94af18b57b1666db48.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7199821/v1/518314fb3fbffe7d0c34aea0.json"},{"id":97670647,"identity":"e2c52889-d999-46fd-9267-11fbf93fb9f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-08 09:31:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1109041,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript2025technicalcheck.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7199821/v1_covered_380d9705-9f65-40be-8bf1-a7643dd58447.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysis of Long-Term Trends of Atmospheric Parameters and Zenith Neutrospheric Delay Including PWV in the Brazilian Region","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Neutrosphere, Meteorology, Radiosonde, ZTD, PWV","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7199821/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7199821/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The neutrosphere, extending from the Earth's surface to about 50 kilometers, includes the dense troposphere and consists mainly of gases and water vapor. Meteorological instruments track these elements, and models like the Global Pressure and Temperature (GPT), based on Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP), represent standard atmospheric conditions. However, these models, heavily reliant on Northern Hemisphere data, and it may often fail to accurately capture Brazil's atmospheric variability due to strong regional and seasonal differences in temperature and humidity. The Amazon rainforest further complicates modeling, making static models inadequate for local conditions. Improving accuracy requires integrating diverse data sources, such as surface weather stations and upper-air observations like radiosondes, to enhance spatial and temporal resolution. This study examines Brazil's neutrospheric variability over ten years, focusing on cities with distinct climates. Northern and Northeastern regions exhibit the highest average temperatures (up to 34.2°C) and air mixing ratios (up to 18.3 g/kg), resulting in significant zenithal delays (ZTD up to 2.5 meters) and high precipitable water vapor (PWV up to 46.8 mm). Southern regions, however, exhibit strong seasonal variability, with summer temperatures averaging 23.3°C and winter temperatures averaging dropping to 13.9°C. PWV varies widely, from 4.2 mm to 106.05 mm. While relative humidity inconsistently reflected seasonal trends, the air mixing ratio reliably captured climatic shifts, averaging 14.6 g/kg in summer and 8.6 g/kg in winter. These variations directly impact signal delay, with ZTD differing by up to 30 centimeters across regions, even within the same period.","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of Long-Term Trends of Atmospheric Parameters and Zenith Neutrospheric Delay Including PWV in the Brazilian Region","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-20 05:52:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7199821/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0cfd7bda-6656-4f30-ae2f-c69258883823","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-04T23:38:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-20 05:52:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7199821","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7199821","identity":"rs-7199821","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}