Impact of dual-phase treatment on the mechanical and machinability aspects of phase-altered AISI 1040 steel

Impact of dual-phase treatment on the mechanical and machinability aspects of phase-altered AISI 1040 steel | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Impact of dual-phase treatment on the mechanical and machinability aspects of phase-altered AISI 1040 steel Y M Shivaprakash, B M Gurumurthy, Suhas Kowshik, Pavan Hiremath, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7516442/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The influence of dual-phase treatment on both the tool life and surface roughness of AISI 1040 steel was thoroughly investigated here. The dual-phase treatment was carried out at three distinct intercritical temperatures 750, 770, and 790°C under both conditions of prior phase (normalising and isothermal annealing) alterations to modify the room temperature structure. The results indicate that the prior heat treatments had a beneficial effect on machinability, enhancing both tool life and surface finish. This improvement is primarily attributed by the alteration in the martensite morphology, confirmed by scanning electron microscope images. The morphological changes observed were further corroborated by microhardness, which provided quantitative support for the quantitative analysis of phase distribution. Specifically, the martensite islands formed during dual-phase treatment appeared to have a significant influence on wear and machinability. Dual-phase steel that had undergone prior normalising treatment, processed at 750°C showed a remarkable increase in tool life by 73% while maintaining almost similar surface roughness. This suggests that lower processing temperatures favor the devel opment of phase with higher ferrite and less martensite content, which contributes to prolonged tool life during machining. The reduction in tool life is due to the increase in martensite content which makes the material more brittle. The surface roughness also decreases with the increase in tool life across different temperatures, but the tool's lifespan was clearly impacted by the increasing martensite content. This study highlights the requirement of optimising heat treatment processing temperatures to balance both machinability and tool life in dual-phase steel applications. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Physics Dual phase tool life surface roughness ferrite martensite microstructure Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7516442","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":516670383,"identity":"cc595658-a203-4937-9f05-e9c631123eda","order_by":0,"name":"Y M Shivaprakash","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Y","middleName":"M","lastName":"Shivaprakash","suffix":""},{"id":516670384,"identity":"098bb8da-1a8d-49f2-a9a4-19a9de233fde","order_by":1,"name":"B M 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The dual-phase treatment was carried out at three distinct intercritical temperatures 750, 770, and 790\u0026deg;C under both conditions of prior phase (normalising and isothermal annealing) alterations to modify the room temperature structure. The results indicate that the prior heat treatments had a beneficial effect on machinability, enhancing both tool life and surface finish. This improvement is primarily attributed by the alteration in the martensite morphology, confirmed by scanning electron microscope images. The morphological changes observed were further corroborated by microhardness, which provided quantitative support for the quantitative analysis of phase distribution. Specifically, the martensite islands formed during dual-phase treatment appeared to have a significant influence on wear and machinability. Dual-phase steel that had undergone prior normalising treatment, processed at 750\u0026deg;C showed a remarkable increase in tool life by 73% while maintaining almost similar surface roughness. This suggests that lower processing temperatures favor the devel opment of phase with higher ferrite and less martensite content, which contributes to prolonged tool life during machining. The reduction in tool life is due to the increase in martensite content which makes the material more brittle. The surface roughness also decreases with the increase in tool life across different temperatures, but the tool's lifespan was clearly impacted by the increasing martensite content. This study highlights the requirement of optimising heat treatment processing temperatures to balance both machinability and tool life in dual-phase steel applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of dual-phase treatment on the mechanical and machinability aspects of phase-altered AISI 1040 steel","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-19 15:03:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7516442/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"504e9577-1c41-4c28-9af4-c4f713596c98","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":54897670,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":54897671,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":54897672,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-06T16:10:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-19 15:03:47","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7516442","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7516442","identity":"rs-7516442","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}