A single dietary factor, daily consumption of a fermented beverage, can modulate the gut microbiome within the same ethnic community

In this study, the impact of traditional rice-based fermented alcoholic beverages ( Apong ) on the gut microbiome and health of the Mishing community in India was examined. Two groups that consumed one of these beverages were compared to a control group that did not consume either beverage. Gut microbial composition was analyzed by sequencing 16S rRNA of fecal metagenomes and analyzing untargeted fecal metabolites, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We also collected data on anthropometric measures and serum biochemical markers. Our results showed that Apong drinkers had higher blood pressure, but lower blood glucose and total protein levels than other non-drinkers. Also, gut microbiome composition was found to be affected by the choice of Apong , with Apong drinkers having a more diverse and distinct microbiome compared to non-drinkers. Apong drink type or being a non-drinker explained even a higher variation of fecal metabolome composition than microbiome composition and Apong drinkers had lower levels of the SCFA isovaleric acid than non-drinkers. Overall, this study shows that a single dietary factor can significantly impact the gut microbiome of a community and highlights the potential role of traditional fermented beverages in maintaining gut health.