Predicting the Willingness of Nurses to Work with COVID-19 Patients: The Impact of Knowledge and Attitude

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Nashwan, Ahmad A. Abujaber, Ahmed S. Mohamed, Ralph C. Villar, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-60995/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Aug, 2020 Read the published version in Nursing Open → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Aim: This study aims to assess the impact of nurses’ knowledge and attitude toward Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a predictor for their willingness to work with patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Qatar. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: A self-administered, 35-item online survey was circulated to the registered nurses and midwives working in Hamad Medical Corporation; the principle healthcare provider in Qatar. Results: A total of 580 attempts to complete the survey. Of them, 377 completed surveys with a response rate of 65%. Logistic regression was used to predict nurses’ willingness to work with patients with COVID-19. Two main factors were found to be significant predictors for nurses’ willingness; knowledge level and the expected remuneration that is associated with the level of exposure to risk. The findings of this study may help nursing leaders design educational programs and remuneration models that may help boost nurses’ willingness to work with high-risk patient groups, especially during crisis situations. Nursing Willingness Attitude COVID-19 SARS-COV-2 Nurses Midwives Figures Figure 1 Introduction In December 2019, a novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) was first detected in Wuhan-China (Imai, 2020; WHO, 2020). Similar to other previous respiratory coronavirus infections (e.g., SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), patients presented with fever, dry cough, shortness of breathing, and lung infiltration in the most severe cases (Gralinski & Menachery, 2020). There is still no definitive cure and global pharmaceutical companies are rushing towards a vaccine. Since the initial detection of the virus, more than 7.6 million cases of Covid-19 have been confirmed worldwide. Qatar reported its first case on 27 February 2020. As of this writing (June 21, 2020), Qatar ranks fourth in the Eastern Mediterranean region having a total of 86,488 confirmed cases with 98 total deaths. In Qatar, nursing is the largest and the most diverse professional workforce within the healthcare system. Therefore, their role in defining the care and services is very instrumental. In Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC)- the principal healthcare provider in Qatar, more than 11,000 nurses and midwives working across different HMC hospitals, clinics, home care, and residential services. In different studies, nurses are fearful of acquiring or being infected by a highly contagious virus. However, the majority of them are still willing to work and accept it as an obligation and part of their job despite the risks. (Al-Hunaishi, Hoe, & Chinna, 2019; Liu et al., 2020; McMullan, Brown, & O'Sullivan, 2016) The primary factor that can impact the willingness of nurses is the hospital’s preparedness plans that consider the safety of their staff members (McMullan et al., 2016). Al-Hunashi et al. (2019) suggested improving self-efficacy through training can increase willingness to participate in a disaster, like a flu-pandemic (Al-Hunaishi et al., 2019). In 2004, research on the SARS epidemic has provided a preliminary understanding of some of the challenges related to looking after patients with SARS. Shiao et al. reported a significant majority of Taiwanese nurses believed that they should be looking after SARS patients (87.8%) and only (25.9%) were intended to leave nursing due to the perceived personal risk (mostly due to lack of PPEs). (Shiao, Koh, Lo, Lim, & Guo, 2007) Another study has investigated the relationship between hospital nurses’ attitudes towards SARS infection control measures and their professional care obligation. The findings showed that proper infection control measures were significant predictors of the nurses’ fulfilling of their professional care obligation. (Tzeng, 2004) On the other hand, the knowledge and attitude of nurses and other healthcare providers is expected to largely influence the degree of adherence to the proper use of personal protective measures and ultimately will be reflected on clinical outcomes for patients with COVID-19. Several studies were conducted on the awareness, knowledge, attitude, and practices of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Iran, Nemati et al. measured the awareness level among nurses. More than half of nurses (56.5%) had almost good knowledge about COVID-19 related information (e.g., sources, transmission, signs and symptoms, prognosis, treatment, and mortality rate). Mainly, most of nurses were getting COVID-19 related information from the World Health Organization (WHO) official reports and the Ministry of Health (55%), social media (48%), and traditional media (42%). However, the overall knowledge score was not significantly different according to age, education level, and work experience. The researchers suggested that providing more information might lead to better control of infectious diseases like COVID-19. (Ebrahimi & Nemati, 2020) Another two studies were done in China (Liu et al., 2020) and India (Ip et al., 2015), where both of them targeted the public rather than nurses or healthcare providers. Overall, they found a moderate to adequate awareness related to transmission, symptoms and preventive measures for COVID-19 infection. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the impact of knowledge and attitudes on the willingness of nurses and other healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods 2.1. Ethical approval The study was approved by the Medical Research Center (MRC-05-065) and in full conformance with principles of the “Declaration of Helsinki” for Good Clinical Practice (GCP). The online survey link was sent to all participants via their official corporate email where it was accompanied with a research information sheet explaining the expectations. Data was collected by the co-investigators, then it was coded and double checked by the PI (the PI was the link between data and code list); The data was stored in the protected computer by Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) in accordance with the corporate's policies and guidelines. 2.2. Online survey This cross-sectional study was conducted in Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) in June 2020. The 35-item self-administered survey was adapted from Shi et. al. [7]. The original version was a 33‐item, Likert‐style questionnaire which included different levels of questions about the knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 among medical staff in psychiatric hospitals in China. Permission to use the tool was granted and obtained by the principal investigator. The survey link was circulated to all the nursing services at HMC; approximately 11000 nurses via the corporate nursing e-mail group. We assigned a two-week period for completing the survey. During this period, we counted how many persons clicked the link. The response rate (65%) was calculated based on the number of completed surveys (377) divided by the number of staff who opened the link (580). The survey includes the participants’ demographics; gender, age, marital status, living status, hospital, unit, job title, level of education, and COVID-19 risk category. The participants were asked to report the source of information and any relevant official training they had received with relation to COVID-19. They were also asked to evaluate their level of knowledge and confidence in protecting themselves and others while working with COVID-19 patients. The options were categorized into a 5-point Likert-scale (completely disagree, disagree, neither agree nor disagree, agree, and completely agree). Lastly, the participants were requested to express their willingness to take care of patients with the COVID-19 if/when they have the opportunity. 2.3. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed for descriptive and inferential statistics at a confidence level of 95% using SPSS v25. The scale reliability was evaluated for internal consistency and revealed satisfactory reliability (α above 0.6). Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors for nurses’ willingness to work with patients with COVID-19. 2.4. Outcome variable The outcome variable in this study is the nurse’s willingness to care for patients with COVID-19. The variable is binary where [yes=0] reflects staff willingness to work with COVID-19 patients, while [No=1] means that the staff is unwilling to work with COVID-19 patients. The statistical model was designed to predict unwillingness [No=1]. 2.5. Conceptual framework H 1 : there is a significant negative relationship between the level of knowledge and the unwillingness to care. H 2 : there is a significant negative relationship between the attitude and the unwillingness to care. H 3 : there is a significant difference in the impact of demographic characteristics and the unwillingness to care Results 3.1. Participants’ characteristics A total of 377 questionnaires were collected and included in the final analysis out of 580; the response rate was 65%. The mean age of participants was 35.53 ± 6.32 years. Of them, 61.5 are females. (Table 1). 88.1% of the participants expressed their willingness to work with COVID-19 patients compared to 11.9% who were unwilling. Table 1. Demographic data of respondents (N=377) Demographics N (%) Gender Male 139 36.9 Female 232 61.5 Not declared 6 1.6 Age Mean SD 35.53 6.32 Marital Status Single 81 21.5 Married 292 77.5 Others 4 1.1 Living Status Living with children 56 14.9 Living with spouse 69 18.3 Living alone 109 28.9 Living with children and spouse 126 33.4 Living with parents, children, and spouse 17 4.5 HMC Facility* AWH 44 11.7 HGH 79 21.0 HMGH 111 29.4 WWRC 40 10.6 Others 103 27.3 Job Title Registered Nurse 244 64.7 Charge Nurse 33 8.8 Others 100 26.5 Education Level Diploma 41 10.9 BSN 300 79.6 MSN 36 9.5 Risk Category** High risk (I) 46 12.2 Moderate (II) 84 22.3 Low (III) 247 65.5 Willingness to treat and/or care for patients with COVID-19 Yes 332 88.1 No 45 11.9 *AWH: Al Wakra Hospital, HGH: Hamad General Hospital, HMGH: Hazm Mebaireek General Hospital, WWRC: Women Wellness and Research Center **High risk (I): all staff who are directly exposed to COVID-19 positive cases and are at the highest risk areas. These include specific hospitals/wards and some quarantine zones that have positive cases. Moderate (II): all staff who are currently working across all our Quarantine zones with suspected COVID-19 cases. These exclude those who fall under Category-1 in Quarantine zones. Low (III): all staff who are indirectly supporting the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., office work). 3.2. The reliability analysis As the reliability of Shi et. al. [7] study was not reported. In this study, the scale was evaluated for reliability and internal consistency and revealed satisfactory results (α ranged between 0.61 and 0.74). (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016) 3.3. COVID-19 related knowledge More than half of the respondents (53%) reported their overall level of knowledge related to COVID-19 as “competent”. The sources of their knowledge included the internet, medical journals, television, and newspapers) and hospital training. They reported other sources such as the World Health Organization (WHO) website, hospital intranet, Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), social media, System-Wide Incident Command Committee (SWICC) updates, personal experience, experience with affected staff, webinars, and podcasts) (Table 2). Table 2. Knowledge of nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak. N (%) Overall level of knowledge Novice 2 0.5 Advanced Beginner 28 7.5 Competent 200 53 Proficient 129 34.3 Expert 18 4.7 Sources of knowledge Television 241 64 Newspaper 170 45 Internet 350 93 Medical journals 249 66 Hospital training program 12 3 Others 26 7 3.4. Predictors of nurses’ willingness A total of 332 participants (88.1%) showed their willingness to work with COVID-19 patients. Logistic regression showed that the level of knowledge and the risk category that the staff is exposed to are the key predictors for nurses’ willingness to work with COVID-19 patients. Nurses with a higher level of knowledge were more willing to work with COVID-19 patients (OR .874). Interestingly, the risk category is a strong predictor for nurses’ willingness. Nurses who reported ranked their level of risk exposure as low are less willing to take care of patients with COVID-19. The analysis shows that people who categorized themselves as low risk are less willing to care of patients with COVID-19 (OR 8.322). No significant difference was found between demographics and staff willingness to care for patients with COVID-19 (Table 3). Table 3. Predictors of willingness to care for patients with COVID-19 Willingness to care of patients with COVID-19 B Std. Error df Sig. Exp(B) 95% CI Knowledge -.135 .067 1 .044 .874 .766 .996 Risk Category (Low) 2.119 .520 1 .000 8.322 3.001 23.076 Risk Category (Moderate) 1.167 .471 1 .013 3.213 1.275 8.095 Risk Category (High) 0 0 Discussion The study reveals a very important aspect of nurses’ willingness to manage high-risk patients. The nurses who reported low-risk category expressed less willingness to care for patients with COVID-19. It is very important to indicate that this variable was adopted from the risk categorization that was used by the organization for monetary compensation purposes. The organization announced that the nurses who provide direct care to patients with COVID-19 would have higher risk allowance than those who don’t provide direct care for patients with COVID-19 e.g., nursing support and admin staff. Accordingly, this may implicitly indicate a relationship between the level of monetary gain and the risk that the nurse is willing to expose him/herself to. Dezzani et al examined potential predictors of nurses’ intentions to work during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic where nurses were significantly more likely to work if certain incentives were offered (e.g., risk allowance, family protection, priority for vaccination/antiviral treatment). (Martin, Brown, & Reid, 2013) Another study revealed that the most influential factors that motivated people to work were feeling that they were being protected by their country, local government, and hospital. (Imai, 2020) A possible explanation of this phenomenon is that the vast majority of the nurses who work in Qatar are expatriates and particularly from Asia (El-Jardali et al., 2013). Very importantly, nurses from different countries may have different value sets that influence their motivation. For example, Asian nurses are mostly motivated by financial rewards and it is the main reason that makes them leave their countries to pursue better commercial packages overseas. (Henderson & Tulloch, 2008) Nevertheless, an experiment was discovered that incentive compensation should reward specific strategies (must be clear and known in advance) to improve communication and engage employees which ultimately leads to enhance leaders’ efforts to improve teamwork in large organizations. (Lazear, 2018) Also, incentives can have adverse effects on individual motivation, especially when extrinsic motivation significantly displaces the intrinsic motivation of the subject. (Ryan & Deci, 2000) In this study, we found out that more than half of the respondents (53%) reported their overall level of knowledge related to COVID-19 as “competent” and 34.3% rated themselves as “proficient”. The result is consistent with other studies (Huynh, Nguyen, Vo, & Pham, 2020; Nemati et al., 2020; Nepal et al., 2020; Saqlain et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020) where most healthcare workers reported having good knowledge about COVID-19. This high percentage of knowledge among nurses and midwives regarding COVID-19 is due to the immense volume of information that was made public by social media. The utilization of the internet has drastically increased over the years. It has been reported that the average hours spent on the internet by an individual is 6 hours 49 minutes a day, 2 hours and 16 minutes on social media and that is before the COVID-19 pandemic. ("Digital 2019: Global Internet Use Accelerates," 2020) According to The New York Times, internet traffic in America has drastically increased during the pandemic with people seeking more information on COVID-19. (Times, 2020) In China, one online medical service had exceeded 4.26 million consultations on COVID-19 from January 22 to February 25, which is a 278% increase. (Sun, Yu, Xie, & Pan, 2020) One of the strategies to stop the spread of the virus is knowledge and information; for this reason authorized governing body, like the WHO (World Health Organization), CDC (Communicable Disease Center) and MoPH (Ministry of Public Health Qatar), have been consistently uploading COVID-19 facts through their websites and different social media platforms. In Qatar, nurses and midwives receive daily updates from the System-Wide Incident Command Committee Chair (SWICC) through SMS and emails and are granted free access to online medical journals. Table 2 shows that most of the respondents in this study obtain information from the internet (93%), medical journals (66%), and television (64%). This is also true in the study on the assessment of COVID-19 knowledge among nurses in Iran where most information was obtained from the internet: 55% from the World Health Organization (WHO) and their Ministry of Health, 88% from social media, and 42% from traditional media. In comparison to one study in Taiwan, health care workers generally receive information about COVID-19 through formal lessons which resulted in greater self-confidence. (Wang et al., 2020) Different hospitals in Qatar have initiated programs to prepare nurses for COVID-19; however, only 12 out of 377 (3%) of our respondents have completed hospital-based training programs. A probable reason for this is that those who are less exposed did not find the urgency to attend such programs or that the training was confined to nurses and midwives who are directly working with COVID-19 patients. Still, the respondents claimed to have good knowledge and high willingness (88.1%) to treat and care for patients with COVID-19 among nurses and midwives. This is also, in contrast to the study of Al Hunashi, et.al. where training healthcare workers improve the willingness to participate in the pandemic crisis. [5] The perception of occupational exposure may lead to an unwillingness to go to work, especially when they witness their colleagues acquire the disease [5,8]. In Thailand, most healthcare professionals were not willing to accept new patients or take care of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. (Apisarnthanarak et al., 2020) Because of fear of acquiring the virus, nurses and midwives may hesitate to provide the usual care or they minimize their caring hours. There have been studies on previous flu epidemics where an increase in absenteeism is noticeable among nurses and other health care workers, which may or may not be related to sickness. (Considine et al., 2011; Ip et al., 2015; Holly Seale, Leask, Po, & MacIntyre, 2009; H Seale, MacIntyre, Booy, & Leask, 2008) Importantly, we found no significant difference between demographics and staff willingness to care for patients with COVID-19. 5. Limitations There are two significant limitations in this study that could be addressed in future research—first, the possibility of selection bias. Although we sent the invitation to over 11,000 nurses via the corporate e-mail, the respondents were, directly and indirectly, working with COVID-19 patients. Second, the cross-sectional nature of the study was limited, and self-reported questionnaires are dependent on the participants' honesty as well as the validity and reliability of the tool. Conclusion In conclusion, knowledge and expected monetary compensation that is associated with the level of risk exposure impact the nurses’ willingness to take care of patients with COVID-19. The findings of this study could inform the policy makes HMC and in the healthcare sector in Qatar invest in training and improving staff’s knowledge and to consider satisfactory remuneration systems to boost their willingness to work in a hazardous environment. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the Medical Research Center (MRC) – Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Hamad Medical Corporation (MRC-05-065). Availability of data and material All data generated during this study is included in this published article. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This study was funded by the Medical Research Center at Hamad Medical Corporation. Authors' contributions AJN*, AAA*, ASM, RCV, MMA: Research design, Data collection, Statistical analysis, Literature search, Manuscript preparation. *AJN & AAA equal author contribution. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-60995","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":1484273,"identity":"6ef09911-6abf-4b7e-8a4f-fc88e41ed98b","order_by":0,"name":"Abdulqadir J. Nashwan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIie3PMQrCMBSA4cCDuES6RpCeoRBoFS/TLHFpb6Auhbrp6jE6FcdCsC49QFcpdHCqCIKLmIhzm1Ew//B4Qz6SIGSz/WohQq4DUKiVTo0Jm2xxqAkxvohne+LpZZgENG66y3HNPCD3a72aETSSp6yPzA9Ln/Lq7AYwzhdRqR5GhKj7iFcLjHhasnkyzlmEFaHEHyLQKcIzSVoWvcwIojxdaQJNnJqQqsWKFGySYB/iHSV48C9nAbdnunEdRzb36KGWkSx7yTepB6afaXBct9EDOsPTNpvN9me9AVGQRdUF/6DlAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4845-4119","institution":"Hamad Medical Corporation","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdulqadir","middleName":"J.","lastName":"Nashwan","suffix":""},{"id":1484283,"identity":"e9abdb1e-f53c-4c3c-be64-12d9c6467bbf","order_by":1,"name":"Ahmad A. Abujaber","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hamad Medical Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmad","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Abujaber","suffix":""},{"id":1484284,"identity":"e1896cbc-0cde-44bb-9de5-bf40dbe731f2","order_by":2,"name":"Ahmed S. Mohamed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hamad Medical Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Mohamed","suffix":""},{"id":1484285,"identity":"1cb3fa99-f861-4993-bfa1-d2b55f82ded6","order_by":3,"name":"Ralph C. Villar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hamad Medical Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ralph","middleName":"C.","lastName":"Villar","suffix":""},{"id":1484286,"identity":"fdb409bf-866c-4fbc-a061-7b1058dcdc81","order_by":4,"name":"Mahmood M. Al-Jabry","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hamad Medical Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahmood","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Al-Jabry","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-08-17 11:43:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":true,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"coiExplicitlySet":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-60995/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-60995/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.674","type":"published","date":"2020-08-20T18:11:55+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":2014391,"identity":"a66d447b-619f-41e7-b246-b2dedaab6459","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-08-20 20:46:17","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":8772,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":" Conceptual framework ","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-60995/v1/Fig1.png"},{"id":23196875,"identity":"f1426103-d8f1-45b7-9b05-58471bc729c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-28 18:12:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":383623,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-60995/v1/a8526c80-5990-4b94-b6ef-d4a92a02b17a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003ePredicting the Willingness of Nurses to Work with COVID-19 Patients: The Impact of Knowledge and Attitude\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn December 2019, a novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) was first detected in Wuhan-China (Imai, 2020; WHO, 2020). Similar to other previous respiratory coronavirus infections (e.g., SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), patients presented with fever, dry cough, shortness of breathing, and lung infiltration in the most severe cases (Gralinski \u0026amp; Menachery, 2020). There is still no definitive cure and global pharmaceutical companies are rushing towards a vaccine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince the initial detection of the virus, more than 7.6 million cases of Covid-19 have been confirmed worldwide. Qatar reported its first case on 27 February 2020. As of this writing (June 21, 2020), Qatar ranks fourth in the Eastern Mediterranean region having a total of 86,488 confirmed cases with 98 total deaths. In Qatar, nursing is the largest and the most diverse professional workforce within the healthcare system. Therefore, their role in defining the care and services is very instrumental. In Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC)- the principal healthcare provider in Qatar, more than 11,000 nurses and midwives working across different HMC hospitals, clinics, home care, and residential services.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn different studies, nurses are fearful of acquiring or being infected by a highly contagious virus. However, the majority of them are still willing to work and accept it as an obligation and part of their job despite the risks. (Al-Hunaishi, Hoe, \u0026amp; Chinna, 2019; Liu et al., 2020; McMullan, Brown, \u0026amp; O'Sullivan, 2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary factor that can impact the willingness of nurses is the hospital\u0026rsquo;s preparedness plans that consider the safety of their staff members (McMullan et al., 2016). Al-Hunashi et al. (2019) suggested improving self-efficacy through training can increase willingness to participate in a disaster, like a flu-pandemic (Al-Hunaishi et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 2004, research on the SARS epidemic has provided a preliminary understanding of some of the challenges related to looking after patients with SARS.\u0026nbsp;Shiao et al.\u0026nbsp; reported a significant majority of Taiwanese nurses believed that they should be looking after SARS patients (87.8%) and only (25.9%) were intended to leave nursing due to the perceived personal risk (mostly due to lack of PPEs). (Shiao, Koh, Lo, Lim, \u0026amp; Guo, 2007) Another study has investigated the relationship between hospital nurses\u0026rsquo; attitudes towards SARS infection control measures and their professional care obligation. The findings showed that proper infection control measures were significant predictors of the nurses\u0026rsquo; fulfilling of their professional care obligation. (Tzeng, 2004)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the knowledge and attitude of nurses and other healthcare providers is expected to largely influence the degree of adherence to the proper use of personal protective measures and ultimately will be reflected on clinical outcomes for patients with COVID-19.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral studies were conducted on the awareness, knowledge, attitude, and practices of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Iran, Nemati et al. measured the awareness level among nurses. More than half of nurses (56.5%) had almost good knowledge about COVID-19 related information (e.g., sources, transmission, signs and symptoms, prognosis, treatment, and mortality rate). Mainly, most of nurses were getting COVID-19 related information from the World Health Organization (WHO) official reports and the Ministry of Health (55%), social media (48%), and traditional media (42%). However, the overall knowledge score was not significantly different according to age, education level, and work experience.\u0026nbsp;The researchers suggested that providing more information might lead to better control of infectious diseases like COVID-19. (Ebrahimi \u0026amp; Nemati, 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother two studies were done in China (Liu et al., 2020) and India (Ip et al., 2015), where both of them targeted the public rather than nurses or healthcare providers. Overall, they found a moderate to adequate awareness related to transmission, symptoms and preventive measures for COVID-19 infection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, it is crucial to explore the impact of knowledge and attitudes on the willingness of nurses and other healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e2.1. Ethical approval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Medical Research Center (MRC-05-065) and in full conformance with principles of the \u0026ldquo;Declaration of Helsinki\u0026rdquo; for Good Clinical Practice (GCP). The online survey link was sent to all participants via their official corporate email where it was accompanied with a research information sheet explaining the expectations. Data was collected by the co-investigators, then it was coded and double checked by the PI (the PI was the link between data and code list); The data was stored in the protected computer by Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) in accordance with the corporate's policies and guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.2.\u0026nbsp;Online survey\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study was conducted in Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) in June 2020. The 35-item self-administered survey was adapted from Shi et. al. [7]. The original version was a 33‐item, Likert‐style questionnaire which included different levels of questions about the knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 among medical staff in psychiatric hospitals in China. Permission to use the tool was granted and obtained by the principal investigator.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe survey link was circulated to all the nursing services at HMC; approximately 11000 nurses via the corporate nursing e-mail group. We assigned a two-week period for completing the survey. During this period, we counted how many persons clicked the link. The response rate (65%) was calculated based on the number of completed surveys (377) divided by the number of staff who opened the link (580).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe survey includes the participants\u0026rsquo; demographics; gender, age, marital status, living status, hospital, unit, job title, level of education, and COVID-19 risk category.\u0026nbsp;The participants were asked to report the source of information and any relevant official training they had received with relation to COVID-19. They were also asked to evaluate their level of knowledge and confidence in protecting themselves and others while working with COVID-19 patients.\u0026nbsp;The options were categorized into a 5-point Likert-scale (completely disagree, disagree, neither agree nor disagree, agree, and completely agree). Lastly, the participants were requested to express their willingness to take care of patients with the COVID-19 if/when they have the opportunity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.3.\u0026nbsp;Statistical analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed for descriptive and inferential statistics at a confidence level of 95% using SPSS v25. The scale reliability was evaluated for internal consistency and revealed satisfactory reliability (\u0026alpha; above 0.6). Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors for nurses\u0026rsquo; willingness to work with patients with COVID-19.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.4.\u0026nbsp;Outcome variable\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe outcome variable in this study is the nurse\u0026rsquo;s willingness to care for patients with COVID-19. The variable is binary where [yes=0] reflects staff willingness to work with COVID-19 patients, while [No=1] means that the staff is unwilling to work with COVID-19 patients. The statistical model was designed to predict unwillingness [No=1].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.5.\u0026nbsp;Conceptual framework\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eH\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: there is a significant negative relationship between the level of knowledge and the unwillingness to care.\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: there is a significant negative relationship between the attitude and the unwillingness to care.\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: there is a significant difference in the impact of demographic characteristics and the unwillingness to care\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch3\u003e3.1.\u0026nbsp;Participants\u0026rsquo; characteristics\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 377 questionnaires were collected and included in the final analysis out of 580; the response rate was 65%. The mean age of participants was 35.53\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;6.32 years. Of them, 61.5 are females. (Table 1). 88.1% of the participants expressed their willingness to work with COVID-19 patients compared to 11.9% who were unwilling.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTable 1. Demographic data of\u0026nbsp;respondents (N=377)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:331.15pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDemographics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e(%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eGender\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eMale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e139\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e36.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eFemale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e232\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e61.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eNot declared\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e1.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eMean\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eSD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e35.53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e6.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eMarital Status\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eSingle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e21.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eMarried\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e292\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e77.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eOthers\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e1.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eLiving Status\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eLiving with children\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e14.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eLiving with spouse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e18.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eLiving alone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e109\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e28.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eLiving with children and spouse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e126\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e33.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eLiving with parents, children, and spouse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e4.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eHMC Facility*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eAWH\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e11.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eHGH\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e21.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eHMGH\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e111\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e29.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eWWRC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e10.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eOthers\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e103\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e27.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eJob Title\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eRegistered Nurse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e244\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e64.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eCharge Nurse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e8.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eOthers\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e26.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eEducation Level\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eDiploma\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e10.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eBSN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e300\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e79.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eMSN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e9.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eRisk Category**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eHigh risk (I)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e12.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eModerate (II)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e84\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e22.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eLow (III)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e247\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e65.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eWillingness to treat and/or care for patients with COVID-19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e332\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e88.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eNo\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e11.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 257.15pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csub\u003e*AWH: Al Wakra Hospital, HGH: Hamad General Hospital, HMGH: Hazm Mebaireek General Hospital, WWRC: Women Wellness and Research Center\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csub\u003e**High risk (I): all staff who are directly exposed to COVID-19 positive cases and are at the highest risk areas. These include specific hospitals/wards and some quarantine zones that have positive cases. Moderate (II): all staff who are currently working across all our Quarantine zones with suspected COVID-19 cases. These exclude those who fall under Category-1 in Quarantine zones. Low (III): all staff who are indirectly supporting the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., office work).\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.2. The reliability analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the reliability of Shi et. al. [7] study was not reported. In this study, the scale was evaluated for reliability and internal consistency and revealed satisfactory results (\u0026alpha; ranged between 0.61 and 0.74). (Sekaran \u0026amp; Bougie, 2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.3.\u0026nbsp;COVID-19 related knowledge\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMore than half of the respondents (53%) reported their overall level of knowledge related to COVID-19 as \u0026ldquo;competent\u0026rdquo;. The sources of their knowledge\u0026nbsp;included the internet, medical journals, television, and newspapers) and hospital training. They reported other sources such as the World Health Organization (WHO) website, hospital intranet, Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), social media, System-Wide Incident Command Committee (SWICC) updates, personal experience, experience with affected staff, webinars, and podcasts) (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2.\u0026nbsp;Knowledge of nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak.\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e(%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eOverall level of knowledge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eNovice\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eAdvanced Beginner\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e7.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eCompetent\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e200\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eProficient\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e129\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e34.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eExpert\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e4.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSources of knowledge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eTelevision\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e241\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eNewspaper\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e170\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eInternet\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e350\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eMedical journals\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e249\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eHospital training program\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eOthers\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.1pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.4.\u0026nbsp;Predictors of nurses\u0026rsquo; willingness\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 332 participants (88.1%) showed their willingness to work with COVID-19 patients. Logistic regression showed that the level of knowledge and the risk category that the staff is exposed to are the key predictors for nurses\u0026rsquo; willingness to work with COVID-19 patients. Nurses with a higher level of knowledge were more willing to work with COVID-19 patients (OR .874). Interestingly, the risk category is a strong predictor for nurses\u0026rsquo; willingness. Nurses who reported ranked their level of risk exposure as low are less willing to take care of patients with COVID-19.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis shows that people who categorized themselves as low risk are less willing to care of patients with COVID-19 (OR 8.322). No significant difference was found between demographics and staff willingness to care for patients with COVID-19 (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTable 3. Predictors of willingness to care for patients with COVID-19\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:6.5in;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eWillingness to care of patients with COVID-19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eB\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eStd. Error\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003edf\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSig.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eExp(B)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 73.65pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e95% CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214.9pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eKnowledge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.9pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e-.135\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e.067\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.9pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e.044\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.15pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e.874\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e.766\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e.996\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eRisk Category (Low)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e2.119\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e.520\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e8.322\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.3pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e3.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.35pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e23.076\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eRisk Category (Moderate)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.9pt;border-top:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e1.167\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.5pt;border-top:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e.471\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:33.0pt;border-top:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.9pt;border-top:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e.013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.15pt;border-top:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e3.213\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.3pt;border-top:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e1.275\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.35pt;border-top:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e8.095\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214.9pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003eRisk Category (High)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid #7F7F7F 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.9pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.15pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3 style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:18px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study reveals a very important aspect of nurses\u0026rsquo; willingness to manage high-risk patients. The nurses who reported low-risk category expressed less willingness to care for patients with COVID-19. It is very important to indicate that this variable was adopted from the risk categorization that was used by the organization for monetary compensation purposes. The organization announced that the nurses who provide direct care to patients with COVID-19 would have higher risk allowance than those who don\u0026rsquo;t provide direct care for patients with COVID-19 e.g., nursing support and admin staff. Accordingly, this may implicitly indicate a relationship between the level of monetary gain and the risk that the nurse is willing to expose him/herself to.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDezzani\u0026nbsp;et al examined potential predictors of nurses\u0026rsquo; intentions to work during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1)\u0026nbsp;pandemic where nurses were significantly more likely to work if certain incentives were offered (e.g., risk allowance, family protection, priority for vaccination/antiviral treatment). (Martin, Brown, \u0026amp; Reid, 2013) Another study revealed that the most influential factors that motivated people to work were feeling that they were being protected by their country, local government, and hospital.\u0026nbsp;(Imai, 2020) A possible explanation of this phenomenon is that the vast majority of the nurses who work in Qatar are expatriates and particularly from Asia (El-Jardali et al., 2013). Very importantly, nurses from different countries may have different value sets that influence their motivation. For example, Asian nurses are mostly motivated by financial rewards and it is the main reason that makes them leave their countries to pursue better commercial packages overseas. (Henderson \u0026amp; Tulloch, 2008)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNevertheless, an experiment was discovered that incentive compensation should reward specific strategies (must be clear and known in advance) to improve communication and engage employees which ultimately leads to enhance leaders\u0026rsquo; efforts to improve teamwork in large organizations. (Lazear, 2018) Also, incentives can have adverse effects on individual motivation, especially when extrinsic motivation significantly displaces the intrinsic motivation of the subject. (Ryan \u0026amp; Deci, 2000)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we found out that more than half of the respondents (53%) reported their overall level of knowledge related to COVID-19 as \u0026ldquo;competent\u0026rdquo; and 34.3% rated themselves as \u0026ldquo;proficient\u0026rdquo;. The result is consistent with other studies (Huynh, Nguyen, Vo, \u0026amp; Pham, 2020; Nemati et al., 2020; Nepal et al., 2020; Saqlain et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020) where most healthcare workers reported having good knowledge about COVID-19. This high percentage of knowledge among nurses and midwives regarding COVID-19 is due to the immense volume of information that was made public by social media. The utilization of the internet has drastically increased over the years. It has been reported that the average hours spent on the internet by an individual is 6 hours 49 minutes a day, 2 hours and 16 minutes on social media and that is before the COVID-19 pandemic. (\"Digital 2019: Global Internet Use Accelerates,\" 2020) According to The New York Times, internet traffic in America has drastically increased during the pandemic with people seeking more information on COVID-19. (Times, 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn China, one online medical service had exceeded 4.26 million consultations on COVID-19 from January 22 to February 25, which is a 278% increase. (Sun, Yu, Xie, \u0026amp; Pan, 2020) One of the strategies to stop the spread of the virus is knowledge and information; for this reason authorized governing body, like the WHO (World Health Organization), CDC (Communicable Disease Center) and MoPH (Ministry of Public Health Qatar), have been consistently uploading COVID-19 facts through their websites and different social media platforms. In Qatar, nurses and midwives receive daily updates from the System-Wide Incident Command Committee Chair (SWICC) through SMS and emails and are granted free access to online medical journals. Table 2 shows that most of the respondents in this study obtain information from the internet (93%), medical journals (66%), and television (64%). This is also true in the study on the assessment of COVID-19 knowledge among nurses in Iran where most information was obtained from the internet: 55% from the World Health Organization (WHO) and their Ministry of Health, 88% from social media, and 42% from traditional media. In comparison to one study in Taiwan, health care workers generally receive information about COVID-19 through formal lessons which resulted in greater self-confidence. (Wang et al., 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent hospitals in Qatar have initiated programs to prepare nurses for COVID-19; however, only 12 out of 377 (3%) of our respondents have completed hospital-based training programs. A probable reason for this is that those who are less exposed did not find the urgency to attend such programs or that the training was confined to nurses and midwives who are directly working with COVID-19 patients. Still, the respondents claimed to have good knowledge and high willingness (88.1%) to treat and care for patients with COVID-19 among nurses and midwives. This is also, in contrast to the study of Al Hunashi, et.al. where training healthcare workers improve the willingness to participate in the pandemic crisis. [5]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe perception of occupational exposure may lead to an unwillingness to go to work, especially when they witness their colleagues acquire the disease [5,8]. In Thailand, most healthcare professionals were not willing to accept new patients or take care of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. (Apisarnthanarak et al., 2020) Because of fear of acquiring the virus, nurses and midwives may hesitate to provide the usual care or they minimize their caring hours. There have been studies on previous flu epidemics where an increase in absenteeism is noticeable among nurses and other health care workers, which may or may not be related to sickness. (Considine et al., 2011; Ip et al., 2015; Holly Seale, Leask, Po, \u0026amp; MacIntyre, 2009; H Seale, MacIntyre, Booy, \u0026amp; Leask, 2008)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImportantly, we found no significant difference between demographics and staff willingness to care for patients with COVID-19.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e5. Limitations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are two significant limitations in this study that could be addressed in future research\u0026mdash;first, the possibility of selection bias. Although we sent the invitation to over 11,000 nurses via the corporate e-mail, the respondents were, directly and indirectly, working with COVID-19 patients. Second, the cross-sectional nature of the study was limited, and self-reported questionnaires are dependent on the participants' honesty as well as the validity and reliability of the tool.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, knowledge and expected monetary compensation that is associated with the level of risk exposure impact the nurses\u0026rsquo; willingness to take care of patients with COVID-19. The findings of this study could inform the policy makes HMC and in the healthcare sector in Qatar invest in training and improving staff\u0026rsquo;s knowledge and to consider satisfactory remuneration systems to boost their willingness to work in a hazardous environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the\u0026nbsp;Medical Research Center (MRC) \u0026ndash; Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Hamad Medical Corporation (MRC-05-065).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated during this study is included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by the Medical Research Center at Hamad Medical Corporation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAJN*, AAA*, ASM, RCV, MMA: Research design, Data collection, Statistical analysis, Literature search, Manuscript preparation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*AJN \u0026amp; AAA equal author contribution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe publication of this article was funded by the Qatar National Library. The authors would like to acknowledge the nurses and midwives who participated in the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eAl-Hunaishi, W., Hoe, V. C., \u0026amp; Chinna, K. (2019). Factors associated with healthcare workers willingness to participate in disasters: a cross-sectional study in Sana\u0026rsquo;a, Yemen. \u003cem\u003eBMJ open, 9\u003c/em\u003e(10), e030547.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApisarnthanarak, A., Apisarnthanarak, P., Siripraparat, C., Saengaram, P., Leeprechanon, N., \u0026amp; Weber, D. J. (2020). Impact of Anxiety and Fear for COVID-19 Toward Infection Control Practices Among Thai Healthcare Workers. \u003cem\u003eInfection Control \u0026amp; Hospital Epidemiology\u003c/em\u003e, 1-6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidine, J., Shaban, R. Z., Patrick, J., Holzhauser, K., Aitken, P., Clark, M., . . . FitzGerald, G. (2011). 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Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19 among health care workers in Henan, China. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Hospital Infection\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Willingness, Attitude, COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, Nurses, Midwives","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-60995/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-60995/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAim: This study aims to assess the impact of nurses’ knowledge and attitude toward Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a predictor for their willingness to work with patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Qatar. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDesign: A cross-sectional study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethods: A self-administered, 35-item online survey was circulated to the registered nurses and midwives working in Hamad Medical Corporation; the principle healthcare provider in Qatar. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults: A total of 580 attempts to complete the survey. Of them, 377 completed surveys with a response rate of 65%. Logistic regression was used to predict nurses’ willingness to work with patients with COVID-19. Two main factors were found to be significant predictors for nurses’ willingness; knowledge level and the expected remuneration that is associated with the level of exposure to risk. The findings of this study may help nursing leaders design educational programs and remuneration models that may help boost nurses’ willingness to work with high-risk patient groups, especially during crisis situations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Predicting the Willingness of Nurses to Work with COVID-19 Patients: The Impact of Knowledge and Attitude","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-08-20 20:46:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-60995/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3d0cac11-eaba-405e-8b4d-44bbbafc0565","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 20th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":307608,"name":"Nursing"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-06-28T18:12:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-60995","link":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.674","journal":{"identity":"nursing-open","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Nursing Open"},"publishedOn":"2020-08-20 18:11:55","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 20th, 2020"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-08-20 20:46:17","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1002/nop2.674","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.674","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-60995","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-60995","identity":"rs-60995","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}