Multi-Scale Kinetics Modeling and Advanced Assay for mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticle Potency Assessment

mRNA lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) technology has attracted global attention, especially in vaccine development, due to its superior delivery efficiency, molecular stability, and safety profile. However, evaluating mRNA-LNP potency—defined as the quantifiable biological response elicited by the product—remains costly and time-consuming when relying solely on in vitro experiments. Rapid and reliable potency assessment is hindered by limited mechanistic understanding of delivery processes and sparse experimental data. To address these challenges, we present a mechanism-informed, multi-scale kinetic modeling framework that quantitatively captures the coupled dynamics across particle-level, cellular, and macroscopic scales. This model incorporates variability in LNP-cell interactions and accounts for critical factors such as dosage, LNP and cell size distributions, and cell proliferation dynamics—all of which influence delivery efficiency and response variability. By integrating advanced multi-omics assays—such as single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH), which enables single-cell resolution of mRNA and protein expression—our framework leverages heterogeneous, multi-scale data to support mechanistically grounded modeling of mRNA delivery and enable robust predictions of therapeutic potency. Graphical Abstract