Waking the Nightmare: Understanding the Relationship Between Trauma and Sleep in Children

Waking the Nightmare: Understanding the Relationship Between Trauma and Sleep in Children | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Waking the Nightmare: Understanding the Relationship Between Trauma and Sleep in Children Jacklyn Ewald, Amber Nelson, Alexandra Heinle, Ryan Thompson, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7697910/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study expands upon previous research investigating the impact of trauma on children’s sleep quality. We used objective measures through cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC) to study sleep in children with trauma exposure. Participants completed a questionnaire which included the Pediatric ACEs (adverse childhood experience) and Related Life Events Screener (PEARLS) or Adverse Childhood experience (ACE) questionnaire, Pediatric quality of life scale (PEDS-QL), the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), and demographic information. Trauma was defined by endorsement of any items on the questionnaire related to trauma (PEARLS/ACE). Participants were under the age of 18 and divided into two groups: those who endorsed exposure to trauma ( n = 33), and those who did not endorse traumatic experiences ( n = 22). An Independent Sample T-Test found children exposed to trauma have reduced amounts of stable sleep and increased duration of REM sleep. A Mann-Whitney U-Test was utilized to study the differences between groups for variables that did not pass assumptions for the independent sample t-test. Results from the Mann-Whitney U Test found children exposed to trauma have a poorer quality of sleep, increased fragmented sleep, high amounts of unstable sleep, and a lower quality of life. A Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) controlled for age, body mass index (BMI) and the sleep device signal. trauma children and adolescents sleep REM Highlights ● Children exposed to trauma (n = 33) had less stable sleep and longer REM than controls (n = 22). ● Trauma exposure disrupts sleep in children, a critical yet often overlooked area of development. ● This research utilized both objective and subjective measures to study sleep, moving beyond the reliance of subjective data. ● Trauma exposure was linked to reduced quality of life, extending beyond sleep effects. Introduction Trauma impacts behavioral patterns in children within different domains, including sleep patterns, appetite, mood disruptions, and academic functioning (Putnam, 2006). Unfortunately, children are highly susceptible to trauma exposure. Wamser-Nanney & Chesher ( 2018 ) found there is a 70 percent chance a child has experienced a traumatic event in the United States. One of the domains trauma impacts is sleep (Giannakopoulos & Kolaitis, 2021 ). However, there is a deficit in the literature on the impact of trauma on a child's sleep. Trauma The American Psychological Association (2022) defines “trauma” as: "any disturbing experience that results in significant fear, helplessness, dissociation, confusion, or other disruptive feelings intense enough to have a long-lasting negative effect on a person's attitudes, behavior, and other aspects of functioning. Traumatic events include those caused by human behavior (e.g., rape, war, industrial accidents) as well as by nature (e.g., earthquakes) and often challenge an individual's view of the world as a just, safe, and predictable place.” The expansive list and subjective nature of traumatic experiences make it difficult to determine the impact an event may have on a person. One of the screeners mental health professionals utilize to determine the impact of trauma in children is called the ACEs: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. The ACEs adverse childhood experience is a screening tool used to identify the number of adverse experiences in childhood in 10 specific areas: household dysfunction: parental separation, incidents of domestic violence, substance abuse, mental illness, and criminal behavior; abuse: psychological, physical, and emotional; and neglect: physical and emotional categories of adverse childhood experiences studied: psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned (Felitti, 1998). A higher ACE score is connected to chronic health conditions, mental illness, and substance abuse problems (Felitti, 1998). Children who have experienced ACEs are often more susceptible to emotional, developmental, and behavioral difficulties (Webster, 2022 ). In a nationally representative study, children with higher ACE exposure were less likely to be engaged in school and more likely to repeat a grade (Webster, 2022 ). Furthermore, children with more than two ACEs were more likely to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), behavior problems, and bully others (Webster, 2022 ). Research has identified a connection between exposure to adverse childhood experiences and sleep disturbances (Kovachy, O'Hara, Hawkins, Gershon, Primeau, Madej & Carrion, 2013). A systematic review of adults identified the most common sleep disturbances connected to ACEs are sleep apnea, narcolepsy, nightmare distress, sleep paralysis, and psychiatric sleep disorders (Kajeepeta, Gelaye, Jackson, & Williams, 2015 ). Risk and Protective Factor Mitigation The exposure to a traumatic event activates the body's stress response system. A child’s recovery following a traumatic experience is influenced by risk factors, protective factors, whether the trauma is an isolated event or repeated, and the age of the child at the time of the trauma (De Bellis & Zisk, 2014 ). Protective factors mitigate the negative consequences of an adverse childhood experience. Protective factors include nurturing and attachment, caregiver understanding of parenting and child development, caregiver resilience, social support, parental support, and the social and emotional competence of the child (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2023). Risk factors for child maltreatment encompass child and caregiver risk factors (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2023). Caregiver risk factors include alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence in the home, financial problems, inadequate housing, public assistance, and any caregiver disability (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2023). Children are at an increased risk of long-term developmental impacts if the trauma exposure occurs between birth and six years of age. The age of the child is influential in developing long-term effects because brain maturation occurs during a child’s developmental period. Trauma has been linked to decreased development in the regions of the brain associated with cognitive functioning, motivation, and emotional and behavioral regulation (De Bellis & Zisk, 2014 ). Research in Adults Research indicates adults who have experienced trauma experience impaired sleep. Additionally, 70–91 percent of adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have sleep disturbances (Maher, Rego, & Asnis, 2006 ). Adults with PTSD are diagnosed with insomnia, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and periodic limb movement disorder (PLM) at an elevated rate compared to adults without a PTSD diagnosis (Kovachy et al., 2013 ). Research recently identified a bidirectional relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and adults who present with PTSD (McCall & Watson, 2022 ). Studies show diagnosing and treating OSA has improved PTSD symptoms, specifically nightmares and daytime symptoms (Krakow, Lowry, Germain, Gaddy, Hollifield, Koss, Tandberg, Johnston, & Melendrez, 2000). Trauma-impacted sleep heightens the effects of PTSD (Montgomery & Spoormaker, 2008 ). Symptoms of trauma-impacted sleep patterns include impaired ability to regulate arousal, frequent waking, and negatively impacted memory consolidation (Caldwell & Redeker, 2005 ). Additionally, people whose sleep patterns are affected by trauma may experience hyperarousal which includes insomnia, nightmares, increased reactivity, and a diminished ability to cope (Caldwell & Redeker, 2005 ). Treatment focused on improving sleep decreases sleep disturbances and reduces PTSD symptom severity (Montgomery & Spoormaker, 2008 ). In adults, studies utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to target nightmares are successful in improving sleep (Brown, Mellman, Alfano, & Weems, 2011 ). Sleep in Children Sleep is essential in child development. Sleep disturbances in children are associated with impaired focus, low distress tolerance, decreased regulation, anger, exhaustion, impaired academic performance, increased family distress, and adverse mental health effects (Giannakopoulos & Kolaitis, 2021 ). Sleep is not only crucial in the daily functioning of the child and family, but impaired sleep during early childhood can result in life-long developmental impacts. For example, increased amounts of sleep in infancy is associated with improved cognitive functioning and executive functioning when the child enters preschool (Touchette, Petit, Séguin, Boivin, Tremblay, & Montplaisir, 2007 ). The research investigating the impact on sleep from traumatic experiences is limited in children who have been exposed to a traumatic event, with the majority of sleep research being done through subjective measurements. The populations studied with objective measurements have focused on more specific traumatic experiences (ex. children and adolescents following a natural disaster). Research has identified sleep disruptions following a traumatic event include nightmares, hyperarousal, and reactivity (Giannakopoulos & Kolaitis, 2021 ). Furthermore, untreated sleep difficulties may prevent recovery from traumatic experiences (Giannakopoulos & Kolaitis, 2021 ). Glod et al. ( 1997 ) found a connection between children with adverse childhood experiences and increased nocturnal activity. The research revealed children may experience significant sleep disturbances such as nocturnal movement, fragmented sleep, and higher sleep latency onset following abuse. Due to the limited objective data studying the impact of trauma on sleep, further research is needed to understand what specific areas of sleep are impacted in children (Kovachy et al., 2013 ). Studying Sleep in Children Quality of sleep in children has historically been studied with subjective measures. The subjective measures assess the quality and quantity of sleep by utilizing sleep diaries and caregiver-reported sleep questionnaires. Historically, objective measures of sleep have often utilized polysomnography (PSG) and actigraphy (Fabbri et al., 2021 ). Polysomnography, a sleep study, can be completed overnight at a sleep study center or as an in-home test. Overnight sleep studies in a lab typically include the individual wearing a chest wall belt, abdominal belt, nasal thermal sensor, pulse oximeter, and EEG (electroencephalogram) placed on the scalp to measure electrical activity in the brain (Scalzitti, 2017 ). In-home PSG sleep studies require a technician to instruct the caregiver about how to administer the sleep study successfully. Typically, in-home sleep studies include a nasal cannula, chest and abdominal belts, and an oximeter (Scalzitti, 2017 ). A recent sleep measurement is called cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC). CPC is an algorithm that uses mathematical analysis to determine the synchronization between modulations of heart rate variability and respiration (Thomas, 2017 ). CPC is a validated approach to measure sleep quality, evaluating sleep disorders, and aiding in diagnosing and managing sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) (SleepImage, 2022). CPC is a more practical method to study sleep in children because the individual merely wears a ring or wrist device which is less likely to impact sleep quality. Current Study Our research aims to expand the current knowledge surrounding the impact trauma has on sleep in children through the utilization of both subjective and objective measures of sleep quality. This study hypothesizes children with a trauma history will experience increased sleep disturbances. For example, shorter sleep duration, difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, nightmares, sleepless nights, fragmented deep and REM sleep, early-morning wakefulness, and nocturnal movement. The present study will use cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC) to identify specific sleep disturbances in children with a trauma history. The hypothesis for this study is: H1: Children with trauma will have increased sleep disturbances compared to those with no reported trauma. Hopefully, the study results will encourage clinicians to not only treat trauma symptoms but also study and treat sleep disturbances. The results from the study will aid clinicians in addressing specific sleep issues in children who have experienced trauma and aid in the recovery and long-term impacts of trauma. Methods Participants: The institutional review board approved this study. A mix of recruitment strategies were employed, including direct recruitment through clinical mental health sites throughout Oregon and snowball sampling via study participants and advertisements (i.e. community flyers, social media, etc). Participation included provision of the sleep study results following the completion of the research which served as an incentive to participate. Participation in the research was voluntary and caregivers and children were informed of their right to revoke participation at any time. Eighty individuals completed the initial questionnaire, however not every individual completed the minimum four nights of the sleep study due to technology barriers, personal life stressors, and other unforeseen events. Participants that did not complete the minimum of four nights of the sleep study were removed from the data. Therefore, the final sample for the study consisted of fifty-five participants who were able to complete the requirements for the study. Twenty-five of the participants were under the age of ten, and thirty were ten years and older. 52.7% of the participants identified as female ( n = 29), 40% identified as male ( n = 22), 3.6% identified as non-binary ( n = 2), and 3.6% of participants did not identify their current gender identity ( n = 2). The sample consisted of 67.3% white individuals ( n = 37), and 7.3% identified as biracial without specifying races ( n = 4). Participants identified as biracial (Asian and White) 12.7% (n = 7), 5.5% were biracial (Latino and Caucasian (n = 3), and 1.8% identified as multiracial ( n = 1), 1.8% identified as Native Indigenous background (n = 1) and 3.6% were Latine ( n = 2). The experimental group included those with trauma exposure ( n = 33). Trauma was determined if they endorsed any items on the PEARLS/or ACE questionnaire or if they indicated another specified trauma on the participant questionnaire (e.g., natural disaster). Specifically, of those with traumatic experiences, 36.4% indicated they had multiple traumas ( n = 20), 3.6% of participants experienced medical trauma (n = 2), 3.6% endorsed other trauma (n = 2), 3.6% endorsed experiencing neglect (n = 2), 5.5% endorsed experiencing bullying (n = 3), 1.8% experienced a traumatic loss of family member (n = 1), 1.8% trauma through a change of culture through a significant move (n = 1), 1.8% witnessed domestic violence (n = 1), and 1.8% had an emotional injury (n = 1). Of the participants who disclosed multiple experiences of traumatic events, 9.1% (n = 5) included neglect, parental mental health/ substance use, domestic violence and Child Protective Services involvement. Additionally, 9.1% (n = 5) involved emotional abuse and domestic violence, 5.5% (n = 3) involved medical trauma and bullying, 3.6% (n = 2) included emotional abuse and natural disasters, multiple traumas outside of a category and traumatic grief experiences. Lastly, 1.8% (n = 1) included learning about the trauma of a close family relative and immediate family members with significant mental health concerns. The control group was 40% of participants who endorsed no traumatic experiences ( n = 22). Sources of Data: Caregivers and participants signed an informed consent and, when appropriate, an informed assent in agreement to participate in the research (Appendices G and H). Caregivers completed a variety of screeners, including the Pediatric ACEs (adverse childhood experience) and Related Life Events Screener (PEARLS) or the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACEs), the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (Peds- QL), the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), and a participation questionnaire combined with all the other questionnaires on google forms (See Appendix A-D). The total time required to complete the questionnaires was approximately 10 minutes. ACEs The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire was created by Felitti and his team designed to link childhood maltreatment and adult health outcomes (Felitti, 1998). Participants older than eleven were given the ACE questionnaire to use a valid instrument to quantify traumatic exposure. The ACE questionnaire is composed of 10 with dichotomous questions addressing different domains of traumatic experiences. The domains of traumatic experiences include emotional, physical and sexual abuse, neglect, and five household dysfunctions: parental separation/divorce, physical violence, substance abuse, caregiver mental illness or suicide attempt, incarcerated household member (Felitti, 1998). The ACE questionnaire provides insight into the specific adverse childhood experiences the participant has had through the specific items endorsed. The ACE questionnaire has been validated for teenagers with internal consistency (ɵ = 0.86, α = 0.64) and adequate internal validity (r = 0.28–0.70, p < 0.001) (Kovács-Tóth, Oláh, Kuritárné Szabó, & Fekete, 2023). The total number of questions endorsed as experienced are summed to identify a total ACE score. The ACE questionnaire and total ACE score has been validated in numerous studies showing the correlation between adverse childhood experiences and health impacts (Felitti, 1998). PEARLS Participants under 12 years of age were given the Pediatric ACEs (adverse childhood experience) and Related Life Events Screener (PEARLS). The PEARLS was developed by Bay Area Research Consortium on Toxic Stress and Health (BARC) to expand the original ACE questionnaire to include additional risk factors that contribute to toxic stress in children (Ye et al., 2023 ). The PEARLS has been validated for children from zero to eleven years old (Thakur, Hessler, Koita, Ye, Benson, Gilgoff, Bucci, Long, & Harris, 2020). The measure’s directions address the caregiver and assesses the 10 ACE categories capturing abuse, neglect, and household challenges and seven additional categories through dichotomous questions (Thakur et al., 2020 ). When the PEARLS was created it was split into three domains and research was conducted to determine the connection with poorer health outcomes. The developers of the PEARLS established the domains through confirmatory factor analysis, and the relationships between the three identified domains and 14 health outcomes were evaluated using multivariable linear and logistic regression models (Ye et al., 2023 ). The three domains in the PEARLS are: Maltreatment (ω = 0.73, ɑ=0.87), Household Challenges (ω = 0.70, ɑ=0.82), and Social Context (ω = 0.55, ɑ=0.70) (Thakur et al., 2020 ). Similarly to the ACE questionnaire, the PEARLS was utilized in this research to identify the total number of adverse experiences as well as the type of specific adverse experience. Pediatric Quality of Life The Pediatric Quality of Life (Peds-QL) 4.0 Short Version was developed by Dr. James Varni to measure the quality of life in children in the domains of physical, emotional, social, and school functioning. The Peds-QL is 15 questions long, asks caregivers to consider the functioning for the past month, and answers are in a five-point likert scale. The Peds-QL has been validated and normed on a heterogeneous population of children ages 2–18 (Smyth & Jacobson, 2021 ). The internal consistency reliability for the PEDS-QL with the parent report is 0.90 for the total score, 0.88 for the Physical Health Summary Score and 0.86 for the Psychosocial Health Summary Score (Smyth & Jacobson, 2021 ). Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) is a valuable sleep screening instrument to identify both behaviorally-based and medically-based sleep problems in children between ages four through 10 (Owens, Spirito, & McGuinn, 2000 ). The internal consistency reliability in the total score is 0.68–0.78 and the test-retest reliability ranged by 0.62–0.79 (Owens, Spirito, & McGuinn, 2000 ). The CSHQ is a caregiver report questionnaire about their child’s sleep habits within the past week and it uses a 5-point likert scale. Due to the participant range being outside of the normed data, the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire was used as a supplemental tool in this research to provide subjective insight into sleep patterns and areas of concern. SleepImage SleepImage is an FDA-cleared (FDA-cleared differs from FDA approved because the process differs for medical software) Medical Software specialized to measure sleep quality, duration, and pathology based on single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings (SleepImage, 2022). The SleepImage System measures sleep utilizing Cardiopulmonary Coupling (CPC) calculations and analysis of continuously and evenly sampled data from electrocardiogram (ECG) or photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensors (SleepImage, 2022). The unique value and clinical accuracy of this method come from the coupling of these fundamental biosignals (SleepImage, 2022). The fundamental biosignals include oxygen levels, heart rate (pulse), heart rate variability (HRV/PRV), and tidal volume fluctuations in respiration, referred to as Electrocardiogram Derived Respiration (EDR) and Plethysmograph Derived Respiration (PDR) (SleepImage, 2022). This method stands out among other techniques utilizing peripheral arterial tone to assess pulsatile volume changes, which reflect variations in sympathetic tone during sleep. CPC has been studied and validated on individuals ages 2 through adulthood and the results have been correlated to have no statistical difference in the amount of REM sleep compared to PSG results (Zhai, Li, & Chen, 2021). The participant wore the ring on their finger for at least four nights. While they slept, the SleepImage System utilized mathematical and frequency analysis to calculate synchronization between heart rate variability (HRV), pulse rate variability (PRV), and tidal volume variability (TVV) in respiration to provide numerical and visualization of sleep states and sleep pathologies (SleepImage, 2022). SleepImage provided ten rings and access to the software. The SleepImage summary report provides qualitative and quantitative results (Appendix E). The SleepImage summary outlines if the sleep quality index, sleep efficiency, sleep duration, sleep apnea indicator, sleep fragmentation, and periodicity are above, below, or within an expected value. The SleepImage System reports the results of the automated data analysis, including expected values for sleep quality, sleep duration, and sleep pathology based on peer-reviewed publications and guidelines for sleep duration (National Sleep Foundation) and sleep apnea (American Academy of Sleep Medicine). Participant Questionnaire The participant questionnaire was developed to include participant demographic information, obtain details about the type of traumatic experiences, medical and mental health diagnosis, height, weight, sleep medications and the participant's home and sleeping environment. This information was collected as an attempt to control for covariates and inquire about any factors that may influence sleep in participants. Procedures: After caregivers reached out indicating an interest in their child participating in the research, they were sent all subsequent related information for participation expectations. The caregiver completed the Pediatric ACEs (adverse childhood experience) and Related Life Events Screener (PEARLS) or Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (Peds- QL), the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, and a participant questionnaire. If the participant was younger than 12, the caregiver was given the questionnaire utilizing the PEARLS. All other participants and caregivers were given the ACEs questionnaire. All of the questionnaires were completed electronically through Google Forms. The participants were given a participant identification number to ensure their anonymity. Details about the participant’s trauma were obtained from the caregiver on Google Forms. The participants wore the SleepImage device at nighttime while they slept for at least four nights. Caregivers and participants were instructed to download the SleepImage application on a personal or loaned smartphone. The researcher provided directions and videos on how to utilize the application and record with the device. A technology device (e.g., Iphone, Android, tablet) was used to collect the data and was placed within 15 feet of the participant connected via Bluetooth. If participants did not have access to a technology device then they were loaned one for the duration of their data collection. The SleepImage application does not store any personal information and all data was de-identified. The application automatically uploaded the sleep study results to the SleepImage website. Information collected from the PEARLS/ACEs, Peds-QL, Children's Sleep Habit questionnaire, and participant questionnaire was coded. Data was computed from the SleepImage software, specifically sleep quality index, sleep efficiency, latency, sleep duration, stable sleep, unstable sleep, REM sleep, sleep fragmentation, wake after sleep onset (WASO), wake transitions, and heart rate. At the conclusion of the sleep study, the participant’s caregiver was sent the sleep study results through an email. When participant's study results were clinically significant and suggestive of sleep apnea, they were recommended to follow up with their primary care provider for further evaluation. Additionally, numerous participants chose to share the sleep study findings with their outpatient mental health provider and addressed sleep hygiene or potential sleep-related concerns affecting their mental health. Lastly, statistical consultation was conducted with a reputable statistics company, SPSS Analysis, to confirm the results and reduce the chance of error while analyzing data. SPSS Analysis analyzed the data independently and findings were compared to identify any errors or discrepancies in the data. IBM SPSS Statistics version 29.0.2.0 (20) was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were computed to identify trends and provide contextual information while interpreting data. The sleep outputs used in this research were averaged from each participants’ four or five nights of sleep data. In an attempt to control for the sleep signal quality, all data with a sleep signal below 60 was not used. The lowest average sleep signal was 61, with a M = 84 SD = 7. The data was cleaned and analyzed for outliers, skewness, and kurtosis. The data was then analyzed for normality and homogeneity. A Shapiro-Wilk test of normality was run for the independent variable: those who endorsed trauma exposure (n = 33) and those with no trauma exposure (n = 22). Normality was present in both categories for duration of sleep, stable sleep duration average, and REM sleep duration. An independent sample test was used with the variables that met the assumption for normality. Other variables had normality in one of the two groups but not both. A nonparametric test, the Mann-Whitney Test was utilized to analyze significant differences for the variables without normality in both groups. A Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was conducted to determine the effect of endorsed trauma on sleep while controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), and the sleep signal average. Information gathered from supplemental measures were also analyzed. A Point-biserial correlation was used to explore the relationship between the subjective measure of the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire and the Sleep Quality Index. Results Independent Samples T- Test The variables that met the assumption of normality in both categories were duration of sleep, stable sleep duration, REM sleep duration, total sleep time, heart rate minimum, heart rate maximum, and heart rate mean. An Independent Sample T-Test was utilized to compare the means between children with trauma exposure and those with no trauma exposure. The Independent Sample T- Test (see Table 1 ) identified a significant difference in stable sleep duration and REM sleep duration between those with trauma exposure and those with no trauma exposure. The significant findings are examined in detail in the subsequent sections below. The Stable Sleep Duration variable is high-frequency coupling sleep (0.1-0.5Hz) and is the biomarker for non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep (Sleepimage, 2022). Stable sleep occurs during part of NREM stage 2 and all of NREM stage 3, which is where deep sleep occurs. The independent sample t- test identified significance in the stable duration of sleep t(53)= -2.90, p = .003; d = -0.79. The stable sleep duration for those with trauma was calculated in seconds M = 13430.9 SD = 5828.3 and for those without trauma M = 17824.3 SD = 4958.9. The results indicated a significant difference in REM sleep duration between participants with trauma exposure ( M = 4189.9; SD = 831.8) and those with no trauma exposure ( M = 3433.4; SD = 1035.3), t (53) = 2.99, p = .002; d = 0.82. The results reveal children with trauma obtain more REM sleep than those without trauma. Mann-Whitney U Test The Mann-Whitney U Test (see Table 2 ) was conducted to determine differences between the children and adolescents with trauma exposure and those without for the variables that did not meet assumptions for the independent sample t-test. The Mann-Whitney U Test was conducted to determine whether there is a difference in the Sleep Quality Index (SQI), sleep efficiency, latency (i.e., the time it takes to fall asleep), fragmentation, periodicity of sleep, unstable duration of sleep, wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep-wake transitions between participants with trauma exposure and those without trauma exposure. Table 2 Independent Samples T-test Trauma No Trauma Variable M SD M SD t p Duration of sleep 30242.62 4208.31 31049.31 4117.17 − .70 .485 Stable sleep duration 13430.87 5828.31 17824.31 4958.94 -2.90 .005 REM sleep duration 4189.87 831.78 3433.36 1035.29 2.99 .004 Total sleep time 25656.84 4067.81 26683.40 3764.05 − .94 .349 HR minimum 47.27 5.40 49.06 5.33 -1.23 .223 HR maximum 114.21 12.42 118.28 11.18 -1.24 .220 HR mean 71.49 10.77 74.23 10.45 .93 .356 Note . n = 33 for “Trauma” and n = 22 for “No Trauma” Table 3 Mann-Whitney U Test Results Trauma No Trauma Variable MR Me MR Me Z p Sleep quality index 22.83 64.20 35.75 76.60 -2.93 .003 Efficiency of sleep 25.20 80.80 32.20 83.40 -1.59 .112 Latency 26.61 563.20 30.09 883.20 − .79 .429 Fragmentation 32.85 8.40 20.73 3.80 -2.75 . 006 Periodicity 30.47 .40 24.30 .00 -1.54 .124 Unstable Duration of sleep 32.39 6297.60 21.41 4823.60 -2.49 .013 WASO (Wake after sleep onset) 30.95 3918.00 23.57 3411.20 -1.68 .094 Sleep Wake transitions 31.33 15.00 23.00 12.68 -1.89 .059 Pediatric Quality of Life Scale 22.68 35.98 Note . n = 33 for “trauma” and n = 22 for “no trauma exposure” Table 4 MANCOVA Results Effect Wilks' Lambda F Hypothesis df Error df p Partial η 2 Intercept .015 338.62 7.00 37.00 < .001 .985 Age .657 2.761 7.00 37.00 .021 .343 BMI .868 .807 7.00 37.00 .587 .132 Sleep signal average .593 3.626 7.00 37.00 . 004 .407 Endorsed trauma .875 .755 7.00 37.00 .628 .125 The sleep quality index (SQI) summarizes sleep stability, fragmentation, and periodicity. The SQI is a summary biomarker of sleep ranging from 0 to100, higher numbers indicating a better quality of sleep (SleepImage, 2022). The results of the Mann Whitney U Test indicate a significant difference between those who endorsed trauma exposure ( MR = 22.83; Me = 64.200) and those who did not ( MR = 35.75; Me = 76.60), Z = -2.93, p = .003. Those without trauma exposure obtained a higher sleep quality index score than those with trauma. Sleep fragmentation is characterized by low-frequency couplings occurring during the NREM stage, which can indicate disordered breathing or sleep pathology (SleepImage, 2022). The results of the Mann Whitney U-Test indicate a significant difference in sleep fragmentation between those who endorsed trauma ( MR = 32.85; Me = 8.40) and those who did not ( MR = 20.73; Me = 3.80), Z = -2.75, p = .006. Sleep fragmentation is more prevalent for those who endorse trauma exposure. Unstable sleep duration is low-frequency couplings (0.01-0.1Hz) and appears in stage one of NREM sleep and part of stage two of NREM. Unstable sleep is also considered “ineffective” NREM sleep (SleepImage, 2022). The results of the Mann whitney U-Test indicate a significant difference in unstable duration of sleep between those with trauma exposure ( MR = 32.39; Me = 6297.60) and those without trauma exposure ( MR = 21.41; Me = 4823.60), Z = -2.49, p = .013. The unstable duration of sleep is more prevalent for those who endorse trauma than those who did not endorse trauma. The Pediatric Quality of Life Scale (Peds-QL), measuring health related quality of life domains in physical, emotional, social, and school functioning. The Peds-QL score was compared in those with trauma exposure and those without, a higher overall score is indicative of a better quality of life. The results of the Mann Whitney U-Test indicate a significant difference in the quality of life between those with trauma and those without trauma ( Z =-3.02, p = .003). The quality of life in participants without trauma is significantly higher than those with trauma exposure. MANCOVA To further test the validity of the results associated with the Independent Samples T-Test and the Mann-Whitney U-Test, three Multivariate Analyses of Covariance (MANCOVAs) were employed. All assumptions were met to run the MANCOVAs. The covariates analyzed to understand if they had a significant impact on the initial analyses were age, body mass index (BMI), and average sleep signal. Regarding the analysis performed using the covariate of age, there was a statistically significant difference between duration of sleep, sleep stability, and total sleep time on the combined dependent variables after controlling for age,, F(7, 37) = 2.76, Wilk’s lambda = .66, p = .021, partial η 2 = .343, which indicates the initial analysis in those domains still maintains its significance even while utilizing age as a covariant. Regarding the analysis performed using the covariate of Body Mass Index (BMI), there was no statistically significant difference between the combined independent variables and dependent variables after controlling for BMI F(7, 37) = .81, Wilk’s lambda = .87, p = .587, partial η 2 = .132, which indicates the initial analysis is no longer significant when utilizing BMI as a covariant. Regarding the analysis performed using the covariate of sleep signal, there was a statistically significant difference between sleep efficiency on combined dependent variables after controlling for the sleep signal, F(7, 37) = 3.63, Wilk’s lambda = .59, p = .004, partial η 2 = .407, which indicates the initial analysis in the domain of sleep efficiency still maintains its significance even while utilizing the sleep signal as a covariant. Tests of between subjects revealed a significant relationship between age and duration of sleep ( p = .003); age and stable sleep duration average ( p = .010); and age and total sleep time in seconds ( p = .004); sleep signal average and efficiency of sleep ( p = .001). Discussion We aimed to expand knowledge on which mechanisms of sleep are most impacted in children with trauma exposure. Fifty-five children and adolescents participated in the study, which encompassed completion of questionnaires and recorded their sleep for at least four nights. The data from their sleep was recorded, and averages across all nights were calculated. The results revealed children and adolescents who have exposure to trauma experience sleep disturbances in multiple domains in comparison to those without trauma exposure.. Discussion of Significant Sleep Variables Results from parametric tests identified children and adolescents with trauma exposure experience less stable sleep, high-frequency coupling sleep (0.1-0.5Hz) which occurs in part of non-rapid eye movement stage two (NREM2) and all of NREM 3. NREM 2 is important in children and adolescents as it is the space where non-declarative memory, such as what they learned in school during the present day, is consolidated (Cash et al., 2009 ). NREM3 is the deepest stage of sleep, and essential for bodily recovery, immune system and growth (Cirelli & Tononi, 2008 ). Participants with trauma exposure are not getting the deep restorative sleep found in NREM 3. Additionally, the results found that participants with trauma exposure have increased duration of REM sleep. REM sleep is essential in emotional processing, memory consolidation, and increased vivid dreams (Mindell & Owens, 2015 ). Non-parametric tests provided additional evidence for the mechanisms impacted in sleep. Specifically, the total sleep quality is significantly lower in participants exposed to trauma ( M = 61 SD = 17; with no trauma exposure: M = 73 SD = 12.6). Suggesting that children and adolescents with exposure to trauma obtain less quality sleep compared to those without trauma exposure. Sleep fragmentation was increased in children and adolescents with trauma exposure. Sleep fragmentation can result in increased daytime sleepiness, impaired attentional control, and reduced emotion regulation (Lee, Schembri, Jordan, & Jackson, 2022 ). Additionally, the results found that children exposed to trauma have a poorer quality of life. Suggesting they have more difficulty in physical, social, and learning domains. The mean and standard deviation for the Pediatric Quality of Life Scale in participants with trauma exposure is M = 62.96 SD = 18.4 and those with no trauma exposure M = 79.81 SD = 19.15. Discussion of Insignificant Sleep Variables It is equally important to note what areas of sleep did not have significance in this study. There were no significant differences between groups in the duration of sleep, heart rate, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, or wake transitions or sleep latency. The duration and time it takes to fall asleep are not a significant area of concern in individuals with trauma. The findings above can be useful for providers for how they target their approach to sleep concerns. For example, providers can focus their attention on other areas rather than focusing interventions around falling asleep. Additionally, the subjective data, Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, had no significant findings when comparing the questions to the sleep quality index. Therefore, it was not a reliable indicator of the quality of sleep in individuals. Confounding Variables While interpreting the data, it is crucial to consider the influence of confounding variables. One such variable is mental health diagnosis, as specific disorders are associated with sleep disturbances and difficulties. Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the more common mental health diagnoses with a bidirectional relationship with sleep disturbances. The etiology of sleep disorders in children and adolescents with ADHD is complex, and there has been no identified specific cause. However, research indicates higher rates of sleep disturbances in this population (Mindell & Owens, 2015 , Chap. 23). The participants from this study included ten individuals with an ADHD diagnosis, however the majority of participants had no mental health diagnosis ( n = 39). Therefore, the participants with an ADHD diagnosis may have had poorer sleep and it is difficult to isolate and attribute the sleep disturbances to trauma exposure. Another confounding variable that has the potential to influence sleep is any sleep medication the participant takes. The majority of participants did not take any sleep medication (n = 30) however the participants who use sleep medication may have had their sleep study results influenced. For example, melatonin can help reduce the time it takes to fall asleep, which would have impacted the latency measurement in participants. The sleeping arrangements of participants can potentially influence sleep, however this was not controlled for in this study. The majority of participants slept in a room by themselves (n = 40). Other participants shared a room with a sibling of the same age, which has the potential to impact sleep depending on their siblings sleep schedule. Another essential factor considered while interpreting the data was the age of the individual, increase of age is correlated with a decrease in the duration of sleep, although this was controlled for in the MANCOVA (Mindell & Owens, 2015 , Chap. 2). Limitations This study had a number of limitations. One limitation of the study is the sample of children is not a sample representative of all cultural groups in America. There were no participants who identified as black and the majority of participants were white. Further, data was only collected from Oregon, so the data may not be generalizable to other geographic regions. Another limitation of this study was the sleep signal, a number of participants would complain the ring would fall off in the night or the sleep signal would become disconnected when they went out of range from the device. In an attempt to control for this, sleep data was not accepted if the signal was below 60%, participants were asked to repeat sleep studies when necessary. At the start of the study, the intention was to collect data on three school nights and two weekend nights, however, it quickly became apparent it was not feasible. It was not feasible because it made distribution of sleep devices too difficult especially if participants had to repeat a night of data collection. Therefore, one of the limitations is that the same days of the week were not monitored across all participants, which may have influenced the results. Given that different days of the week may present unique barriers to sleep. Another limitation is the caregivers completed the forms, it is possible they did not divulge a complete trauma history or did not consider a traumatic event may have impacted the child or that they were unaware of. Implications Children and adolescents with trauma exposure are obtaining less stable deep sleep. Reduced amounts of deep sleep can impact immune system functioning, attention and concentration, memory consolidation, and result in increased daytime sleepiness (Li & Chan, 2023 , pp. 6–7). Participants with trauma exposure have higher amounts of REM sleep. REM sleep has been found in individuals with PTSD who may be experiencing recurrent, emotionally-charged dreams without the beneficial reduction in fear memories (Rho, Sherfey, & Vijayan, 2023). It is possible that increased REM sleep in participants with trauma may be experiencing increased emotionally charged dreams. Prior research has suggested that there may be a directional relationship between REM sleep activation and the subsequent development of PTSD (Corsi-Cabrera et al., 2016 ). Therefore, the findings from this research may provide further evidence of how REM is a key piece in the understanding of how individuals are impacted following a traumatic experience. This study provides further evidence of the impact trauma has on children and adolescents. Often, mental health and behavioral concerns are addressed following a trauma, which are immensely important, however sleep has an overarching impact on functioning in numerous domains (e.g., school, emotional functioning, behaviors). Hopefully, this research will guide medical and mental health providers when they treat the sleep in individuals with trauma. Insight into the areas impacted in sleep following a trauma provides an opportunity to develop targeted intervention and treatment. Future Research Future research should include expansion of the sample size, including expanding across geographical regions and diversity groups. Additionally, it was not in the scope of this research project to analyze if the type of trauma influences sleep, and this should be explored more thoroughly. Identifying if a specific type of trauma is related to increased sleep disturbances will help identify which traumatic experiences may produce increased sleep disturbances. Further, it will be important for future research to include if the traumatic experiences were repeated and if sleep is disrupted after one traumatic experience or if sleep is poorer following repetition of traumatic exposure. Lastly, delving into protective factors and how they may mitigate sleep disturbances is another prospective research option. If specific protective factors reduce sleep disturbances in those with trauma exposure, treatment providers can focus on building the protective factors. For example, if attachment to the caregiver reduces sleep disturbances, attachment can be an area to address and build upon in treatment. Conclusion In a sample of children and adolescents who endorsed trauma compared to those with no identified trauma, the individuals with trauma had significantly poorer sleep quality. This study identified the mechanisms of sleep that are influenced in those who have experienced trauma: sleep stability, REM sleep, sleep fragmentation. The findings help expand the prior understanding of how sleep is impacted in children and teens with traumatic experiences. Sleep is an essential component of development, emotion regulation, and overall health, and understanding and intervening following a traumatic event will ideally help reduce long-term effects. Declarations Author Contribution J.E. designed the study, oversaw participant recruitment, and managed administration of the PEARLS/ACE, Peds-QL, CSHQ, and demographic questionnaires. J.E. coordinated the SleepImage CPC data collection and conducted statistical analyses. J.E. drafted the manuscript. A.N., A.H., R.T., and C.E. provided guidance on methodology and contributed to manuscript revisions. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Data Availability https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CK8KbHEJo_oUoGmTXnX84Zg7izy1Cbor/view?usp=share_link References American Psychological Association (2002, August). Trauma . American Psychological Association. Retrieved March 10, 2023, from https://www.apa.org/topics/trauma Brown, Mellman, T. A., Alfano, C. A., & Weems, C. F. (2011). Sleep fears, sleep disturbance, and PTSD symptoms in minority youth exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 24 (5), 575–580. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20680 Caldwell, B., & Redeker, N. (2005). Sleep and Trauma: An Overview. Issues in Mental Health Nursing , 26:7 , 721–738. 10.1080/01612840591008294 Cash, S. S., Halgren, E., Dehghani, N., Rossetti, A. 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Child Abuse and Neglect , 76 , 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.020 Webster, E. M. (2022). The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Health and Development in Young Children. Global pediatric health , 9 , 2333794X221078708. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X221078708 Ye, M., Hessler, D., Ford, D., Benson, M., Koita, K., Bucci, M., Long, D., Harris, N. B., & Thakur, N. (2023). Pediatric ACEs and related life event screener (PEARLS) latent domains and child health in a safety-net primary care practice. BMC pediatrics , 23 (1), 367. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04163-2 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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exposure was linked to reduced quality of life, extending beyond sleep effects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTrauma impacts behavioral patterns in children within different domains, including sleep patterns, appetite, mood disruptions, and academic functioning (Putnam, 2006). Unfortunately, children are highly susceptible to trauma exposure. Wamser-Nanney \u0026amp; Chesher (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) found there is a 70 percent chance a child has experienced a traumatic event in the United States. One of the domains trauma impacts is sleep (Giannakopoulos \u0026amp; Kolaitis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, there is a deficit in the literature on the impact of trauma on a child's sleep.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTrauma\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe American Psychological Association (2022) defines \u0026ldquo;trauma\u0026rdquo; as: \"any disturbing experience that results in significant fear, helplessness, dissociation, confusion, or other disruptive feelings intense enough to have a long-lasting negative effect on a person's attitudes, behavior, and other aspects of functioning. Traumatic events include those caused by human behavior (e.g., rape, war, industrial accidents) as well as by nature (e.g., earthquakes) and often challenge an individual's view of the world as a just, safe, and predictable place.\u0026rdquo; The expansive list and subjective nature of traumatic experiences make it difficult to determine the impact an event may have on a person. One of the screeners mental health professionals utilize to determine the impact of trauma in children is called the ACEs: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. The ACEs adverse childhood experience is a screening tool used to identify the number of adverse experiences in childhood in 10 specific areas: household dysfunction: parental separation, incidents of domestic violence, substance abuse, mental illness, and criminal behavior; abuse: psychological, physical, and emotional; and neglect: physical and emotional categories of adverse childhood experiences studied: psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned (Felitti, 1998). A higher ACE score is connected to chronic health conditions, mental illness, and substance abuse problems (Felitti, 1998).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChildren who have experienced ACEs are often more susceptible to emotional, developmental, and behavioral difficulties (Webster, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In a nationally representative study, children with higher ACE exposure were less likely to be engaged in school and more likely to repeat a grade (Webster, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, children with more than two ACEs were more likely to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), behavior problems, and bully others (Webster, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Research has identified a connection between exposure to adverse childhood experiences and sleep disturbances (Kovachy, O'Hara, Hawkins, Gershon, Primeau, Madej \u0026amp; Carrion, 2013). A systematic review of adults identified the most common sleep disturbances connected to ACEs are sleep apnea, narcolepsy, nightmare distress, sleep paralysis, and psychiatric sleep disorders (Kajeepeta, Gelaye, Jackson, \u0026amp; Williams, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRisk and Protective Factor Mitigation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe exposure to a traumatic event activates the body's stress response system. A child\u0026rsquo;s recovery following a traumatic experience is influenced by risk factors, protective factors, whether the trauma is an isolated event or repeated, and the age of the child at the time of the trauma (De Bellis \u0026amp; Zisk, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Protective factors mitigate the negative consequences of an adverse childhood experience. Protective factors include nurturing and attachment, caregiver understanding of parenting and child development, caregiver resilience, social support, parental support, and the social and emotional competence of the child (U.S. Department of Health \u0026amp; Human Services, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRisk factors for child maltreatment encompass child and caregiver risk factors (U.S. Department of Health \u0026amp; Human Services, 2023). Caregiver risk factors include alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence in the home, financial problems, inadequate housing, public assistance, and any caregiver disability (U.S. Department of Health \u0026amp; Human Services, 2023). Children are at an increased risk of long-term developmental impacts if the trauma exposure occurs between birth and six years of age. The age of the child is influential in developing long-term effects because brain maturation occurs during a child\u0026rsquo;s developmental period. Trauma has been linked to decreased development in the regions of the brain associated with cognitive functioning, motivation, and emotional and behavioral regulation (De Bellis \u0026amp; Zisk, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch in Adults\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch indicates adults who have experienced trauma experience impaired sleep. Additionally, 70\u0026ndash;91 percent of adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have sleep disturbances (Maher, Rego, \u0026amp; Asnis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Adults with PTSD are diagnosed with insomnia, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and periodic limb movement disorder (PLM) at an elevated rate compared to adults without a PTSD diagnosis (Kovachy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Research recently identified a bidirectional relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and adults who present with PTSD (McCall \u0026amp; Watson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Studies show diagnosing and treating OSA has improved PTSD symptoms, specifically nightmares and daytime symptoms (Krakow, Lowry, Germain, Gaddy, Hollifield, Koss, Tandberg, Johnston, \u0026amp; Melendrez, 2000).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrauma-impacted sleep heightens the effects of PTSD (Montgomery \u0026amp; Spoormaker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Symptoms of trauma-impacted sleep patterns include impaired ability to regulate arousal, frequent waking, and negatively impacted memory consolidation (Caldwell \u0026amp; Redeker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, people whose sleep patterns are affected by trauma may experience hyperarousal which includes insomnia, nightmares, increased reactivity, and a diminished ability to cope (Caldwell \u0026amp; Redeker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Treatment focused on improving sleep decreases sleep disturbances and reduces PTSD symptom severity (Montgomery \u0026amp; Spoormaker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). In adults, studies utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to target nightmares are successful in improving sleep (Brown, Mellman, Alfano, \u0026amp; Weems, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSleep in Children\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep is essential in child development. Sleep disturbances in children are associated with impaired focus, low distress tolerance, decreased regulation, anger, exhaustion, impaired academic performance, increased family distress, and adverse mental health effects (Giannakopoulos \u0026amp; Kolaitis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Sleep is not only crucial in the daily functioning of the child and family, but impaired sleep during early childhood can result in life-long developmental impacts. For example, increased amounts of sleep in infancy is associated with improved cognitive functioning and executive functioning when the child enters preschool (Touchette, Petit, S\u0026eacute;guin, Boivin, Tremblay, \u0026amp; Montplaisir, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research investigating the impact on sleep from traumatic experiences is limited in children who have been exposed to a traumatic event, with the majority of sleep research being done through subjective measurements. The populations studied with objective measurements have focused on more specific traumatic experiences (ex. children and adolescents following a natural disaster). Research has identified sleep disruptions following a traumatic event include nightmares, hyperarousal, and reactivity (Giannakopoulos \u0026amp; Kolaitis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, untreated sleep difficulties may prevent recovery from traumatic experiences (Giannakopoulos \u0026amp; Kolaitis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Glod et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e) found a connection between children with adverse childhood experiences and increased nocturnal activity. The research revealed children may experience significant sleep disturbances such as nocturnal movement, fragmented sleep, and higher sleep latency onset following abuse. Due to the limited objective data studying the impact of trauma on sleep, further research is needed to understand what specific areas of sleep are impacted in children (Kovachy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudying Sleep in Children\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuality of sleep in children has historically been studied with subjective measures. The subjective measures assess the quality and quantity of sleep by utilizing sleep diaries and caregiver-reported sleep questionnaires. Historically, objective measures of sleep have often utilized polysomnography (PSG) and actigraphy (Fabbri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Polysomnography, a sleep study, can be completed overnight at a sleep study center or as an in-home test. Overnight sleep studies in a lab typically include the individual wearing a chest wall belt, abdominal belt, nasal thermal sensor, pulse oximeter, and EEG (electroencephalogram) placed on the scalp to measure electrical activity in the brain (Scalzitti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In-home PSG sleep studies require a technician to instruct the caregiver about how to administer the sleep study successfully. Typically, in-home sleep studies include a nasal cannula, chest and abdominal belts, and an oximeter (Scalzitti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA recent sleep measurement is called cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC). CPC is an algorithm that uses mathematical analysis to determine the synchronization between modulations of heart rate variability and respiration (Thomas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). CPC is a validated approach to measure sleep quality, evaluating sleep disorders, and aiding in diagnosing and managing sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) (SleepImage, 2022). CPC is a more practical method to study sleep in children because the individual merely wears a ring or wrist device which is less likely to impact sleep quality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCurrent Study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur research aims to expand the current knowledge surrounding the impact trauma has on sleep in children through the utilization of both subjective and objective measures of sleep quality. This study hypothesizes children with a trauma history will experience increased sleep disturbances. For example, shorter sleep duration, difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, nightmares, sleepless nights, fragmented deep and REM sleep, early-morning wakefulness, and nocturnal movement. The present study will use cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC) to identify specific sleep disturbances in children with a trauma history. The hypothesis for this study is:\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH1: Children with trauma will have increased sleep disturbances compared to those with no reported trauma.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHopefully, the study results will encourage clinicians to not only treat trauma symptoms but also study and treat sleep disturbances. The results from the study will aid clinicians in addressing specific sleep issues in children who have experienced trauma and aid in the recovery and long-term impacts of trauma.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eParticipants:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e The institutional review board approved this study. A mix of recruitment strategies were employed, including direct recruitment through clinical mental health sites throughout Oregon and snowball sampling via study participants and advertisements (i.e. community flyers, social media, etc). Participation included provision of the sleep study results following the completion of the research which served as an incentive to participate. Participation in the research was voluntary and caregivers and children were informed of their right to revoke participation at any time. Eighty individuals completed the initial questionnaire, however not every individual completed the minimum four nights of the sleep study due to technology barriers, personal life stressors, and other unforeseen events. Participants that did not complete the minimum of four nights of the sleep study were removed from the data. Therefore, the final sample for the study consisted of fifty-five participants who were able to complete the requirements for the study. Twenty-five of the participants were under the age of ten, and thirty were ten years and older. 52.7% of the participants identified as female (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29), 40% identified as male (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22), 3.6% identified as non-binary (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2), and 3.6% of participants did not identify their current gender identity (\u003cem\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;2). The sample consisted of 67.3% white individuals (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37), and 7.3% identified as biracial without specifying races (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4). Participants identified as biracial (Asian and White) 12.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7), 5.5% were biracial (Latino and Caucasian (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3), and 1.8% identified as multiracial (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1), 1.8% identified as Native Indigenous background (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1) and 3.6% were Latine (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experimental group included those with trauma exposure (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33). Trauma was determined if they endorsed any items on the PEARLS/or ACE questionnaire or if they indicated another specified trauma on the participant questionnaire (e.g., natural disaster). Specifically, of those with traumatic experiences, 36.4% indicated they had multiple traumas (\u003cem\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;20), 3.6% of participants experienced medical trauma (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2), 3.6% endorsed other trauma (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2), 3.6% endorsed experiencing neglect (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2), 5.5% endorsed experiencing bullying (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3), 1.8% experienced a traumatic loss of family member (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1), 1.8% trauma through a change of culture through a significant move (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1), 1.8% witnessed domestic violence (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1), and 1.8% had an emotional injury (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOf the participants who disclosed multiple experiences of traumatic events, 9.1% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5) included neglect, parental mental health/ substance use, domestic violence and Child Protective Services involvement. Additionally, 9.1% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5) involved emotional abuse and domestic violence, 5.5% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3) involved medical trauma and bullying, 3.6% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2) included emotional abuse and natural disasters, multiple traumas outside of a category and traumatic grief experiences. Lastly, 1.8% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1) included learning about the trauma of a close family relative and immediate family members with significant mental health concerns. The control group was 40% of participants who endorsed no traumatic experiences (\u003cem\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;22).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSources of Data:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaregivers and participants signed an informed consent and, when appropriate, an informed assent in agreement to participate in the research (Appendices G and H). Caregivers completed a variety of screeners, including the Pediatric ACEs (adverse childhood experience) and Related Life Events Screener (PEARLS) or the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACEs), the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (Peds- QL), the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), and a participation questionnaire combined with all the other questionnaires on google forms (See Appendix A-D). The total time required to complete the questionnaires was approximately 10 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eACEs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire was created by Felitti and his team designed to link childhood maltreatment and adult health outcomes (Felitti, 1998). Participants older than eleven were given the ACE questionnaire to use a valid instrument to quantify traumatic exposure. The ACE questionnaire is composed of 10 with dichotomous questions addressing different domains of traumatic experiences. The domains of traumatic experiences include emotional, physical and sexual abuse, neglect, and five household dysfunctions: parental separation/divorce, physical violence, substance abuse, caregiver mental illness or suicide attempt, incarcerated household member (Felitti, 1998). The ACE questionnaire provides insight into the specific adverse childhood experiences the participant has had through the specific items endorsed. The ACE questionnaire has been validated for teenagers with internal consistency (ɵ = 0.86, α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.64) and adequate internal validity (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.28\u0026ndash;0.70, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Kov\u0026aacute;cs-T\u0026oacute;th, Ol\u0026aacute;h, Kurit\u0026aacute;rn\u0026eacute; Szab\u0026oacute;, \u0026amp; Fekete, 2023). The total number of questions endorsed as experienced are summed to identify a total ACE score. The ACE questionnaire and total ACE score has been validated in numerous studies showing the correlation between adverse childhood experiences and health impacts (Felitti, 1998).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePEARLS\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants under 12 years of age were given the Pediatric ACEs (adverse childhood experience) and Related Life Events Screener (PEARLS). The PEARLS was developed by Bay Area Research Consortium on Toxic Stress and Health (BARC) to expand the original ACE questionnaire to include additional risk factors that contribute to toxic stress in children (Ye et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The PEARLS has been validated for children from zero to eleven years old (Thakur, Hessler, Koita, Ye, Benson, Gilgoff, Bucci, Long, \u0026amp; Harris, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe measure\u0026rsquo;s directions address the caregiver and assesses the 10 ACE categories capturing abuse, neglect, and household challenges and seven additional categories through dichotomous questions (Thakur et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). When the PEARLS was created it was split into three domains and research was conducted to determine the connection with poorer health outcomes. The developers of the PEARLS established the domains through confirmatory factor analysis, and the relationships between the three identified domains and 14 health outcomes were evaluated using multivariable linear and logistic regression models (Ye et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The three domains in the PEARLS are: \u003cem\u003eMaltreatment\u003c/em\u003e (ω\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.73, ɑ=0.87), \u003cem\u003eHousehold Challenges\u003c/em\u003e (ω\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.70, ɑ=0.82), and \u003cem\u003eSocial Context\u003c/em\u003e (ω\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.55, ɑ=0.70) (Thakur et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly to the ACE questionnaire, the PEARLS was utilized in this research to identify the total number of adverse experiences as well as the type of specific adverse experience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePediatric Quality of Life\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Pediatric Quality of Life (Peds-QL) 4.0 Short Version was developed by Dr. James Varni to measure the quality of life in children in the domains of physical, emotional, social, and school functioning. The Peds-QL is 15 questions long, asks caregivers to consider the functioning for the past month, and answers are in a five-point likert scale. The Peds-QL has been validated and normed on a heterogeneous population of children ages 2\u0026ndash;18 (Smyth \u0026amp; Jacobson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The internal consistency reliability for the PEDS-QL with the parent report is 0.90 for the total score, 0.88 for the Physical Health Summary Score and 0.86 for the Psychosocial Health Summary Score (Smyth \u0026amp; Jacobson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eChildren's Sleep Habits Questionnaire\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) is a valuable sleep screening instrument to identify both behaviorally-based and medically-based sleep problems in children between ages four through 10 (Owens, Spirito, \u0026amp; McGuinn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). The internal consistency reliability in the total score is 0.68\u0026ndash;0.78 and the test-retest reliability ranged by 0.62\u0026ndash;0.79 (Owens, Spirito, \u0026amp; McGuinn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). The CSHQ is a caregiver report questionnaire about their child\u0026rsquo;s sleep habits within the past week and it uses a 5-point likert scale. Due to the participant range being outside of the normed data, the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire was used as a supplemental tool in this research to provide subjective insight into sleep patterns and areas of concern.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSleepImage\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSleepImage is an FDA-cleared (FDA-cleared differs from FDA approved because the process differs for medical software) Medical Software specialized to measure sleep quality, duration, and pathology based on single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings (SleepImage, 2022). The SleepImage System measures sleep utilizing Cardiopulmonary Coupling (CPC) calculations and analysis of continuously and evenly sampled data from electrocardiogram (ECG) or photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensors (SleepImage, 2022). The unique value and clinical accuracy of this method come from the coupling of these fundamental biosignals (SleepImage, 2022). The fundamental biosignals include oxygen levels, heart rate (pulse), heart rate variability (HRV/PRV), and tidal volume fluctuations in respiration, referred to as Electrocardiogram Derived Respiration (EDR) and Plethysmograph Derived Respiration (PDR) (SleepImage, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis method stands out among other techniques utilizing peripheral arterial tone to assess pulsatile volume changes, which reflect variations in sympathetic tone during sleep. CPC has been studied and validated on individuals ages 2 through adulthood and the results have been correlated to have no statistical difference in the amount of REM sleep compared to PSG results (Zhai, Li, \u0026amp; Chen, 2021). The participant wore the ring on their finger for at least four nights. While they slept, the SleepImage System utilized mathematical and frequency analysis to calculate synchronization between heart rate variability (HRV), pulse rate variability (PRV), and tidal volume variability (TVV) in respiration to provide numerical and visualization of sleep states and sleep pathologies (SleepImage, 2022). SleepImage provided ten rings and access to the software.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe SleepImage summary report provides qualitative and quantitative results (Appendix E). The SleepImage summary outlines if the sleep quality index, sleep efficiency, sleep duration, sleep apnea indicator, sleep fragmentation, and periodicity are above, below, or within an expected value. The SleepImage System reports the results of the automated data analysis, including expected values for sleep quality, sleep duration, and sleep pathology based on peer-reviewed publications and guidelines for sleep duration (National Sleep Foundation) and sleep apnea (American Academy of Sleep Medicine).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eParticipant Questionnaire\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe participant questionnaire was developed to include participant demographic information, obtain details about the type of traumatic experiences, medical and mental health diagnosis, height, weight, sleep medications and the participant's home and sleeping environment. This information was collected as an attempt to control for covariates and inquire about any factors that may influence sleep in participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProcedures:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e After caregivers reached out indicating an interest in their child participating in the research, they were sent all subsequent related information for participation expectations. The caregiver completed the Pediatric ACEs (adverse childhood experience) and Related Life Events Screener (PEARLS) or Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (Peds- QL), the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, and a participant questionnaire. If the participant was younger than 12, the caregiver was given the questionnaire utilizing the PEARLS. All other participants and caregivers were given the ACEs questionnaire. All of the questionnaires were completed electronically through Google Forms. The participants were given a participant identification number to ensure their anonymity. Details about the participant\u0026rsquo;s trauma were obtained from the caregiver on Google Forms. The participants wore the SleepImage device at nighttime while they slept for at least four nights.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaregivers and participants were instructed to download the SleepImage application on a personal or loaned smartphone. The researcher provided directions and videos on how to utilize the application and record with the device. A technology device (e.g., Iphone, Android, tablet) was used to collect the data and was placed within 15 feet of the participant connected via Bluetooth. If participants did not have access to a technology device then they were loaned one for the duration of their data collection. The SleepImage application does not store any personal information and all data was de-identified. The application automatically uploaded the sleep study results to the SleepImage website.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInformation collected from the PEARLS/ACEs, Peds-QL, Children's Sleep Habit questionnaire, and participant questionnaire was coded. Data was computed from the SleepImage software, specifically sleep quality index, sleep efficiency, latency, sleep duration, stable sleep, unstable sleep, REM sleep, sleep fragmentation, wake after sleep onset (WASO), wake transitions, and heart rate. At the conclusion of the sleep study, the participant\u0026rsquo;s caregiver was sent the sleep study results through an email. When participant's study results were clinically significant and suggestive of sleep apnea, they were recommended to follow up with their primary care provider for further evaluation. Additionally, numerous participants chose to share the sleep study findings with their outpatient mental health provider and addressed sleep hygiene or potential sleep-related concerns affecting their mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLastly, statistical consultation was conducted with a reputable statistics company, SPSS Analysis, to confirm the results and reduce the chance of error while analyzing data. SPSS Analysis analyzed the data independently and findings were compared to identify any errors or discrepancies in the data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIBM SPSS Statistics version 29.0.2.0 (20) was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were computed to identify trends and provide contextual information while interpreting data. The sleep outputs used in this research were averaged from each participants\u0026rsquo; four or five nights of sleep data. In an attempt to control for the sleep signal quality, all data with a sleep signal below 60 was not used. The lowest average sleep signal was 61, with a \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;84 \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data was cleaned and analyzed for outliers, skewness, and kurtosis. The data was then analyzed for normality and homogeneity. A Shapiro-Wilk test of normality was run for the independent variable: those who endorsed trauma exposure (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33) and those with no trauma exposure (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22). Normality was present in both categories for duration of sleep, stable sleep duration average, and REM sleep duration. An independent sample test was used with the variables that met the assumption for normality. Other variables had normality in one of the two groups but not both. A nonparametric test, the Mann-Whitney Test was utilized to analyze significant differences for the variables without normality in both groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was conducted to determine the effect of endorsed trauma on sleep while controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), and the sleep signal average. Information gathered from supplemental measures were also analyzed. A Point-biserial correlation was used to explore the relationship between the subjective measure of the Children\u0026rsquo;s Sleep Habits Questionnaire and the Sleep Quality Index.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eIndependent Samples T- Test\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe variables that met the assumption of normality in both categories were duration of sleep, stable sleep duration, REM sleep duration, total sleep time, heart rate minimum, heart rate maximum, and heart rate mean. An Independent Sample T-Test was utilized to compare the means between children with trauma exposure and those with no trauma exposure. The Independent Sample T- Test (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) identified a significant difference in stable sleep duration and REM sleep duration between those with trauma exposure and those with no trauma exposure. The significant findings are examined in detail in the subsequent sections below.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"541\" height=\"629\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eStable Sleep Duration\u003c/em\u003e variable is high-frequency coupling sleep (0.1-0.5Hz) and is the biomarker for non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep (Sleepimage, 2022). Stable sleep occurs during part of NREM stage 2 and all of NREM stage 3, which is where deep sleep occurs. The independent sample t- test identified significance in the stable duration of sleep t(53)= -2.90, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.003; \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e= -0.79. The stable sleep duration for those with trauma was calculated in seconds \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13430.9 \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5828.3 and for those without trauma \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17824.3 \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4958.9.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results indicated a significant difference in \u003cem\u003eREM sleep duration\u003c/em\u003e between participants with trauma exposure (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4189.9; \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;831.8) and those with no trauma exposure (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3433.4; \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1035.3), \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(53)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.99, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002; \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82. The results reveal children with trauma obtain more REM sleep than those without trauma.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMann-Whitney U Test\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Mann-Whitney U Test (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) was conducted to determine differences between the children and adolescents with trauma exposure and those without for the variables that did not meet assumptions for the independent sample t-test. The Mann-Whitney U Test was conducted to determine whether there is a difference in the Sleep Quality Index (SQI), sleep efficiency, latency (i.e., the time it takes to fall asleep), fragmentation, periodicity of sleep, unstable duration of sleep, wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep-wake transitions between participants with trauma exposure and those without trauma exposure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent Samples T-test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrauma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo Trauma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuration of sleep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30242.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4208.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31049.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4117.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStable sleep duration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13430.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5828.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17824.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4958.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eREM sleep duration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4189.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e831.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3433.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1035.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal sleep time\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25656.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4067.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26683.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3764.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.349\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHR minimum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHR maximum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHR mean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.356\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33 for \u0026ldquo;Trauma\u0026rdquo; and \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22 for \u0026ldquo;No Trauma\u0026rdquo;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMann-Whitney U Test Results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrauma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo Trauma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMe\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMe\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSleep quality index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEfficiency of sleep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLatency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e563.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e883.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.429\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFragmentation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003e006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeriodicity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnstable Duration of sleep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6297.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4823.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.013\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWASO (Wake after sleep onset)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3918.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3411.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSleep Wake transitions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePediatric Quality of Life Scale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33 for \u0026ldquo;trauma\u0026rdquo; and \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22 for \u0026ldquo;no trauma exposure\u0026rdquo;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMANCOVA Results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWilks' Lambda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypothesis df\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eError df\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePartial η\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e338.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.985\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.657\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.761\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.343\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.868\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.807\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.587\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.132\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSleep signal average\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.593\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.626\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003e004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.407\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndorsed trauma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.875\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.755\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.628\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe sleep quality index (SQI)\u003c/em\u003e summarizes sleep stability, fragmentation, and periodicity. The SQI is a summary biomarker of sleep ranging from 0 to100, higher numbers indicating a better quality of sleep (SleepImage, 2022). The results of the Mann Whitney U Test indicate a significant difference between those who endorsed trauma exposure (\u003cem\u003eMR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22.83; \u003cem\u003eMe\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64.200) and those who did not (\u003cem\u003eMR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35.75; \u003cem\u003eMe\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76.60), \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e = -2.93, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.003. Those without trauma exposure obtained a higher sleep quality index score than those with trauma.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSleep fragmentation\u003c/em\u003e is characterized by low-frequency couplings occurring during the NREM stage, which can indicate disordered breathing or sleep pathology (SleepImage, 2022). The results of the Mann Whitney U-Test indicate a significant difference in sleep fragmentation between those who endorsed trauma (\u003cem\u003eMR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32.85; \u003cem\u003eMe\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.40) and those who did not (\u003cem\u003eMR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.73; \u003cem\u003eMe\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.80), \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e = -2.75, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.006. Sleep fragmentation is more prevalent for those who endorse trauma exposure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUnstable sleep duration\u003c/em\u003e is low-frequency couplings (0.01-0.1Hz) and appears in stage one of NREM sleep and part of stage two of NREM. Unstable sleep is also considered \u0026ldquo;ineffective\u0026rdquo; NREM sleep (SleepImage, 2022). The results of the Mann whitney U-Test indicate a significant difference in unstable duration of sleep between those with trauma exposure (\u003cem\u003eMR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32.39; \u003cem\u003eMe\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6297.60) and those without trauma exposure (\u003cem\u003eMR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.41; \u003cem\u003eMe\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4823.60), \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e = -2.49, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.013. The unstable duration of sleep is more prevalent for those who endorse trauma than those who did not endorse trauma.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Pediatric Quality of Life Scale\u003c/em\u003e (Peds-QL), measuring health related quality of life domains in physical, emotional, social, and school functioning. The Peds-QL score was compared in those with trauma exposure and those without, a higher overall score is indicative of a better quality of life. The results of the Mann Whitney U-Test indicate a significant difference in the quality of life between those with trauma and those without trauma (\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e=-3.02, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.003). The quality of life in participants without trauma is significantly higher than those with trauma exposure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMANCOVA\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo further test the validity of the results associated with the Independent Samples T-Test and the Mann-Whitney U-Test, three Multivariate Analyses of Covariance (MANCOVAs) were employed. All assumptions were met to run the MANCOVAs. The covariates analyzed to understand if they had a significant impact on the initial analyses were age, body mass index (BMI), and average sleep signal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding the analysis performed using the covariate of age, there was a statistically significant difference between duration of sleep, sleep stability, and total sleep time on the combined dependent variables after controlling for age,, F(7, 37)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.76, Wilk\u0026rsquo;s lambda\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.66, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.021, partial η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.343, which indicates the initial analysis in those domains still maintains its significance even while utilizing age as a covariant. Regarding the analysis performed using the covariate of Body Mass Index (BMI), there was no statistically significant difference between the combined independent variables and dependent variables after controlling for BMI F(7, 37)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.81, Wilk\u0026rsquo;s lambda\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.87, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.587, partial η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.132, which indicates the initial analysis is no longer significant when utilizing BMI as a covariant. Regarding the analysis performed using the covariate of sleep signal, there was a statistically significant difference between sleep efficiency on combined dependent variables after controlling for the sleep signal, F(7, 37)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.63, Wilk\u0026rsquo;s lambda\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.59, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.004, partial η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.407, which indicates the initial analysis in the domain of sleep efficiency still maintains its significance even while utilizing the sleep signal as a covariant. Tests of between subjects revealed a significant relationship between age and duration of sleep (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.003); age and stable sleep duration average (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.010); and age and total sleep time in seconds (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.004); sleep signal average and efficiency of sleep (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe aimed to expand knowledge on which mechanisms of sleep are most impacted in children with trauma exposure. Fifty-five children and adolescents participated in the study, which encompassed completion of questionnaires and recorded their sleep for at least four nights. The data from their sleep was recorded, and averages across all nights were calculated. The results revealed children and adolescents who have exposure to trauma experience sleep disturbances in multiple domains in comparison to those without trauma exposure..\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDiscussion of Significant Sleep Variables\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults from parametric tests identified children and adolescents with trauma exposure experience less stable sleep, high-frequency coupling sleep (0.1-0.5Hz) which occurs in part of non-rapid eye movement stage two (NREM2) and all of NREM 3. NREM 2 is important in children and adolescents as it is the space where non-declarative memory, such as what they learned in school during the present day, is consolidated (Cash et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). NREM3 is the deepest stage of sleep, and essential for bodily recovery, immune system and growth (Cirelli \u0026amp; Tononi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Participants with trauma exposure are not getting the deep restorative sleep found in NREM 3. Additionally, the results found that participants with trauma exposure have increased duration of REM sleep. REM sleep is essential in emotional processing, memory consolidation, and increased vivid dreams (Mindell \u0026amp; Owens, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-parametric tests provided additional evidence for the mechanisms impacted in sleep. Specifically, the total sleep quality is significantly lower in participants exposed to trauma (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;61 \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17; with no trauma exposure: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;73 \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.6). Suggesting that children and adolescents with exposure to trauma obtain less quality sleep compared to those without trauma exposure. Sleep fragmentation was increased in children and adolescents with trauma exposure. Sleep fragmentation can result in increased daytime sleepiness, impaired attentional control, and reduced emotion regulation (Lee, Schembri, Jordan, \u0026amp; Jackson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the results found that children exposed to trauma have a poorer quality of life. Suggesting they have more difficulty in physical, social, and learning domains. The mean and standard deviation for the Pediatric Quality of Life Scale in participants with trauma exposure is \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;62.96 \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.4 and those with no trauma exposure \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;79.81 \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.15.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDiscussion of Insignificant Sleep Variables\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is equally important to note what areas of sleep did not have significance in this study. There were no significant differences between groups in the duration of sleep, heart rate, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, or wake transitions or sleep latency. The duration and time it takes to fall asleep are not a significant area of concern in individuals with trauma. The findings above can be useful for providers for how they target their approach to sleep concerns. For example, providers can focus their attention on other areas rather than focusing interventions around falling asleep.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the subjective data, Children\u0026rsquo;s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, had no significant findings when comparing the questions to the sleep quality index. Therefore, it was not a reliable indicator of the quality of sleep in individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConfounding Variables\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile interpreting the data, it is crucial to consider the influence of confounding variables. One such variable is mental health diagnosis, as specific disorders are associated with sleep disturbances and difficulties. Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the more common mental health diagnoses with a bidirectional relationship with sleep disturbances. The etiology of sleep disorders in children and adolescents with ADHD is complex, and there has been no identified specific cause. However, research indicates higher rates of sleep disturbances in this population (Mindell \u0026amp; Owens, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Chap.\u0026nbsp;23). The participants from this study included ten individuals with an ADHD diagnosis, however the majority of participants had no mental health diagnosis (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39). Therefore, the participants with an ADHD diagnosis may have had poorer sleep and it is difficult to isolate and attribute the sleep disturbances to trauma exposure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother confounding variable that has the potential to influence sleep is any sleep medication the participant takes. The majority of participants did not take any sleep medication (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30) however the participants who use sleep medication may have had their sleep study results influenced. For example, melatonin can help reduce the time it takes to fall asleep, which would have impacted the latency measurement in participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sleeping arrangements of participants can potentially influence sleep, however this was not controlled for in this study. The majority of participants slept in a room by themselves (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40). Other participants shared a room with a sibling of the same age, which has the potential to impact sleep depending on their siblings sleep schedule. Another essential factor considered while interpreting the data was the age of the individual, increase of age is correlated with a decrease in the duration of sleep, although this was controlled for in the MANCOVA (Mindell \u0026amp; Owens, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Chap.\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study had a number of limitations. One limitation of the study is the sample of children is not a sample representative of all cultural groups in America. There were no participants who identified as black and the majority of participants were white. Further, data was only collected from Oregon, so the data may not be generalizable to other geographic regions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother limitation of this study was the sleep signal, a number of participants would complain the ring would fall off in the night or the sleep signal would become disconnected when they went out of range from the device. In an attempt to control for this, sleep data was not accepted if the signal was below 60%, participants were asked to repeat sleep studies when necessary.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the start of the study, the intention was to collect data on three school nights and two weekend nights, however, it quickly became apparent it was not feasible. It was not feasible because it made distribution of sleep devices too difficult especially if participants had to repeat a night of data collection. Therefore, one of the limitations is that the same days of the week were not monitored across all participants, which may have influenced the results. Given that different days of the week may present unique barriers to sleep. Another limitation is the caregivers completed the forms, it is possible they did not divulge a complete trauma history or did not consider a traumatic event may have impacted the child or that they were unaware of.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eImplications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eChildren and adolescents with trauma exposure are obtaining less stable deep sleep. Reduced amounts of deep sleep can impact immune system functioning, attention and concentration, memory consolidation, and result in increased daytime sleepiness (Li \u0026amp; Chan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, pp. 6\u0026ndash;7). Participants with trauma exposure have higher amounts of REM sleep. REM sleep has been found in individuals with PTSD who may be experiencing recurrent, emotionally-charged dreams without the beneficial reduction in fear memories (Rho, Sherfey, \u0026amp; Vijayan, 2023). It is possible that increased REM sleep in participants with trauma may be experiencing increased emotionally charged dreams. Prior research has suggested that there may be a directional relationship between REM sleep activation and the subsequent development of PTSD (Corsi-Cabrera et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the findings from this research may provide further evidence of how REM is a key piece in the understanding of how individuals are impacted following a traumatic experience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study provides further evidence of the impact trauma has on children and adolescents. Often, mental health and behavioral concerns are addressed following a trauma, which are immensely important, however sleep has an overarching impact on functioning in numerous domains (e.g., school, emotional functioning, behaviors). Hopefully, this research will guide medical and mental health providers when they treat the sleep in individuals with trauma. Insight into the areas impacted in sleep following a trauma provides an opportunity to develop targeted intervention and treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFuture Research\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFuture research should include expansion of the sample size, including expanding across geographical regions and diversity groups. Additionally, it was not in the scope of this research project to analyze if the type of trauma influences sleep, and this should be explored more thoroughly. Identifying if a specific type of trauma is related to increased sleep disturbances will help identify which traumatic experiences may produce increased sleep disturbances. Further, it will be important for future research to include if the traumatic experiences were repeated and if sleep is disrupted after one traumatic experience or if sleep is poorer following repetition of traumatic exposure. Lastly, delving into protective factors and how they may mitigate sleep disturbances is another prospective research option. If specific protective factors reduce sleep disturbances in those with trauma exposure, treatment providers can focus on building the protective factors. For example, if attachment to the caregiver reduces sleep disturbances, attachment can be an area to address and build upon in treatment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn a sample of children and adolescents who endorsed trauma compared to those with no identified trauma, the individuals with trauma had significantly poorer sleep quality. This study identified the mechanisms of sleep that are influenced in those who have experienced trauma: sleep stability, REM sleep, sleep fragmentation. The findings help expand the prior understanding of how sleep is impacted in children and teens with traumatic experiences. Sleep is an essential component of development, emotion regulation, and overall health, and understanding and intervening following a traumatic event will ideally help reduce long-term effects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ.E. designed the study, oversaw participant recruitment, and managed administration of the PEARLS/ACE, Peds-QL, CSHQ, and demographic questionnaires. J.E. coordinated the SleepImage CPC data collection and conducted statistical analyses. J.E. drafted the manuscript. A.N., A.H., R.T., and C.E. provided guidance on methodology and contributed to manuscript revisions. 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Pediatric ACEs and related life event screener (PEARLS) latent domains and child health in a safety-net primary care practice. \u003cem\u003eBMC pediatrics\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e(1), 367. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04163-2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12887-023-04163-2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"trauma, children and adolescents, sleep, REM","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7697910/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7697910/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study expands upon previous research investigating the impact of trauma on children\u0026rsquo;s sleep quality. We used objective measures through cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC) to study sleep in children with trauma exposure. Participants completed a questionnaire which included the Pediatric ACEs (adverse childhood experience) and Related Life Events Screener (PEARLS) or Adverse Childhood experience (ACE) questionnaire, Pediatric quality of life scale (PEDS-QL), the Children\u0026rsquo;s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), and demographic information. Trauma was defined by endorsement of any items on the questionnaire related to trauma (PEARLS/ACE). Participants were under the age of 18 and divided into two groups: those who endorsed exposure to trauma (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33), and those who did not endorse traumatic experiences (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22). An Independent Sample T-Test found children exposed to trauma have reduced amounts of stable sleep and increased duration of REM sleep. A Mann-Whitney U-Test was utilized to study the differences between groups for variables that did not pass assumptions for the independent sample t-test. Results from the Mann-Whitney U Test found children exposed to trauma have a poorer quality of sleep, increased fragmented sleep, high amounts of unstable sleep, and a lower quality of life. A Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) controlled for age, body mass index (BMI) and the sleep device signal.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Waking the Nightmare: Understanding the Relationship Between Trauma and Sleep in Children","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-21 15:01:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7697910/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"293bb74d-f198-4417-aee1-b54520691bb5","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-21T15:01:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-21 15:01:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7697910","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7697910","identity":"rs-7697910","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}