Foraging and commuting habitats of the greater horseshoe bat, revealed by high-resolution GPS-tracking

Abstract Background Echolocating bats make a series of decisions to select their flight routes based on auditory information obtained by sonar; accumulations of these flight routes are represented as daily movement patterns. However, there is still a lack of a unified understanding of continuous movements of echolocating bats in the wild from small to large spatial scales (i.e., from meters to tens of kilometers). In this study, we investigated nightly flight paths of the Japanese greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon, using high-resolution GPS data loggers. Our aim was to identify foraging and commuting behavior based on the observed movement patterns and to investigate the relationship between these movement types and specific habitats.Results We found that the majority of tagged bats alternated between foraging and commuting behavior throughout the tracking period, and one individual moved 23.6 km from its roost. The bats usually left a stay point in the opposite direction from which they entered it, indicating that almost all of the stay sites were on their way to another destination. The distance between two successive foraging sites was on average 332 ± 398 m (mean ± standard deviation), and half of all foraging periods lasted less than 3 min. An analysis of habitat use revealed that the bats used conifer plantation and natural forests as pathways and feeding habitats.Conclusions Our findings suggest that the structure of the forests have a great influence on the nocturnal behavior of the greater horseshoe bats. Although this study has a descriptive character due to a relatively small number of tagged individuals, it was possible to elucidate the small-scale interactions between wild Rhinolophus bats and their environment using the latest high-resolution GPS technology, which will allow us to give new insights into the foraging ecology of echolocating bats in the wild.