Use of animal-derived products for medicinal and belief-based purposes in urban cities of southwestern Nigeria: a One Health perspective

The use of animal-derived products for medicinal and spiritual purposes, also called zootherapy, is a significant component of traditional medicine in many parts of the world. However, little is known about the dynamics and impact of these practices, especially in developing urban cities. This study investigated the therapeutic and belief-based use of wildlife in urban cities in Southwest Nigeria, assessing its potential implications for One Health. A mixed methods cross-sectional study design incorporating semistructured questionnaires (n=31), focus group discussions (n=4) and participants observations was used to gain insights into the socio-demography, animal species, practices, and knowledge levels of practitioners. Also, we conducted a literature search of databases (Google scholar, PubMed) for data on zoonotic pathogens associated with the animal species. Data was analysed by descriptive statistics and thematic analyses. The results revealed a total of 49 practices involving 41 animal species, with family heritage as the main source of practitioners’ knowledge acquisition. Overall, 44% (18/41) of the animal species were classified as vulnerable, near-threatened, endangered or critically endangered on the IUCN Red List, and 95% (39/41) belonged to taxa documented as zoonotic pathogen vectors, reservoirs or hosts. The use of wildlife-derived products for medicinal and belief-based purposes constitutes a potential source of zoonotic spillover, fauna decline, and ecological imbalance. There is a need for intensified risk communication and community awareness (RCCE) programs, especially targeting the practitioners and product traders. Effective monitoring, legal enforcement, and adoption of sustainable alternatives can aid in mitigating the negative impacts of these practices in Nigeria and beyond.