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by claude@2026-07, 2026-07-04
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The study investigated how an embryonic epithelial tissue in the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis forms an unusual square-cell grid from earlier hexagonal precursors. Using long-term multiview lightsheet microscopy, immunohistochemistry, laser ablation, and pharmacological perturbations, the authors found that square-grid organization is initiated by two sequentially established perpendicular axes with different mechanisms: a dorsoventral axis arising at a tensile lineage compartment boundary and an anterior-posterior axis arising along the ventral midline via lineage-independent cell intercalation driven by tensile actomyosin cables. They further showed that the midline actomyosin cables are necessary for proper square-cell packing and for correct expression of the segmentation gene engrailed, while a key limitation is that the work is mechanistic and developmental in one model organism, so generalizability to other animals is not established. This paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.
Abstract
To build tissues, and ultimately functional bodies, cells in early embryos must arrange into specific patterns. In most animals, epithelial tissues exhibit a predominantly hexagonal space-packing geometry. However, in many species of the largest group of crustaceans, the Malacostraca, the embryonic epithelium takes on the striking form of a grid made up of predominantly square cells, sequential rows of which establish the adult segmented body plan. After square cells emerge, their organization appears to be maintained by specific cell division patterns. However, the mechanisms that initially generate square cells from hexagonal precursors are unknown. Here we address this problem by combining long-term multiview lightsheet microscopy, immunohistochemistry, laser ablation, and pharmacological perturbation. We show that in the emerging model crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis this highly unusual grid geometry is first initiated from two perpendicular axes that are established sequentially according to different cellular mechanisms. The first axis arises dorso-ventrally at a tensile lineage compartment boundary, while the second emerges at the anterior-posterior axis along the ventral midline through lineage-independent cell intercalation driven by tensile actomyosin cables. We show that these midline cables are necessary for organizing square-cell packing as well as for proper expression of the segmentation gene engrailed . Our findings show that both cell lineage-specific behaviors, as well as lineage-independent supracellular structures, are required to establish square grid epithelial organization and a segmented body plan.
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Abstract
To build tissues, and ultimately functional bodies, cells in early embryos must arrange into specific patterns. In most animals, epithelial tissues exhibit a predominantly hexagonal space-packing geometry. However, in many species of the largest group of crustaceans, the Malacostraca, the embryonic epithelium takes on the striking form of a grid made up of predominantly square cells, sequential rows of which establish the adult segmented body plan. After square cells emerge, their organization appears to be maintained by specific cell division patterns. However, the mechanisms that initially generate square cells from hexagonal precursors are unknown. Here we address this problem by combining long-term multiview lightsheet microscopy, immunohistochemistry, laser ablation, and pharmacological perturbation. We show that in the emerging model crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis this highly unusual grid geometry is first initiated from two perpendicular axes that are established sequentially according to different cellular mechanisms. The first axis arises dorso-ventrally at a tensile lineage compartment boundary, while the second emerges at the anterior-posterior axis along the ventral midline through lineage-independent cell intercalation driven by tensile actomyosin cables. We show that these midline cables are necessary for organizing square-cell packing as well as for proper expression of the segmentation gene engrailed. Our findings show that both cell lineage-specific behaviors, as well as lineage-independent supracellular structures, are required to establish square grid epithelial organization and a segmented body plan.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Footnotes
We have included formerly missing funding attribution and corrected updated author affiliations. We have also clarified language for some of the interpretations of the data presented in the computational modelling section of the MS.
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