Channel Allocation Optimization for Concurrent Communications in Fifth-Generation Networks Using the Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm

Channel Allocation Optimization for Concurrent Communications in Fifth-Generation Networks Using the Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Channel Allocation Optimization for Concurrent Communications in Fifth-Generation Networks Using the Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm Seyyed Vahid Ziaratnia, Ali Akbar Khazaei, Seyyed Abed Hosseini This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7477484/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Optimal channel allocation in fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks plays a vital role in ensuring quality of service and reducing call blocking rates. In this study, an innovative model based on the hippopotamus optimization algorithm (HOA) is proposed to enhance channel allocation efficiency. To evaluate performance, six simulation scenarios were designed under various conditions, ranging from heavy traffic to abundant resource availability. In these scenarios, the number of active users varied between 30,000 and 40,000, the available channels ranged from 3,000 to 5,000, the call arrival rate spanned 0.7 to 0.99 calls per hour, and the average call duration ranged from 3.6 to 28.5 minutes. Compared with three well-established methods—genetic algorithm, Ant colony optimization, and particle swarm optimization —the proposed HOA demonstrated, on average, a 19% reduction in call blocking rates and achieved faster convergence speed. Despite these advantages, limitations such as increased computational complexity in very large-scale scenarios remain, which may define directions for future research. The results highlight the significant potential of HOA in improving spectrum efficiency, enhancing network capacity, and elevating user experience in 5G cellular networks. Channel Allocation Call Blocking Probability Fifth-Generation Cellular Networks Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm Channel Optimization. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 21 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 08 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 28 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7477484","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":517980344,"identity":"c8fbb62c-4b40-4cda-b4c8-dab7cb608c06","order_by":0,"name":"Seyyed Vahid Ziaratnia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seyyed","middleName":"Vahid","lastName":"Ziaratnia","suffix":""},{"id":517980345,"identity":"f7fdf483-ec45-49b5-a2b3-44d4f994bd7b","order_by":1,"name":"Ali Akbar 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Algorithm","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"wireless-personal-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wire","sideBox":"Learn more about [Wireless Personal Communications](https://www.springer.com/journal/11277)","snPcode":"11277","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11277/3","title":"Wireless Personal Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Channel Allocation, Call Blocking Probability, Fifth-Generation Cellular Networks, Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm, Channel Optimization.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7477484/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7477484/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOptimal channel allocation in fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks plays a vital role in ensuring quality of service and reducing call blocking rates. In this study, an innovative model based on the hippopotamus optimization algorithm (HOA) is proposed to enhance channel allocation efficiency. To evaluate performance, six simulation scenarios were designed under various conditions, ranging from heavy traffic to abundant resource availability. In these scenarios, the number of active users varied between 30,000 and 40,000, the available channels ranged from 3,000 to 5,000, the call arrival rate spanned 0.7 to 0.99 calls per hour, and the average call duration ranged from 3.6 to 28.5 minutes. Compared with three well-established methods\u0026mdash;genetic algorithm, Ant colony optimization, and particle swarm optimization \u0026mdash;the proposed HOA demonstrated, on average, a 19% reduction in call blocking rates and achieved faster convergence speed. Despite these advantages, limitations such as increased computational complexity in very large-scale scenarios remain, which may define directions for future research. The results highlight the significant potential of HOA in improving spectrum efficiency, enhancing network capacity, and elevating user experience in 5G cellular networks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Channel Allocation Optimization for Concurrent Communications in Fifth-Generation Networks Using the Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-22 11:36:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7477484/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-08T10:29:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-21T13:22:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-07T06:22:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-20T09:21:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"246579765353380157955403938211587631776","date":"2025-09-20T06:58:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"296682030693126132682187613165621295641","date":"2025-09-20T03:54:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"257602392105052157369949774452487794231","date":"2025-09-17T05:35:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"253232432192252642340324345055456164666","date":"2025-09-15T10:04:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-14T21:00:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-08T13:28:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-08T13:26:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Wireless Personal Communications","date":"2025-08-28T07:23:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"wireless-personal-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wire","sideBox":"Learn more about [Wireless Personal Communications](https://www.springer.com/journal/11277)","snPcode":"11277","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11277/3","title":"Wireless Personal Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"21a523b4-f6c9-40fb-bd0c-5dd1a4753cb4","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-14T22:38:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-22 11:36:38","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7477484","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7477484","identity":"rs-7477484","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}