Complementary roles for ventral pallidum cell types and their projections in relapse

Ventral pallidum (VP) is a key node in the neural circuits controlling relapse to drug seeking but how this role relates to different VP cell types and their projections is poorly understood. Using male rats, we show how different forms of relapse to alcohol-seeking are assembled from VP cell types and their projections to lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). First, we used RNAScope in situ hybridization to characterize activity of different VP cell types during relapse to alcohol-seeking provoked by renewal (context-induced reinstatement). We found that VP Gad1 and parvalbumin (PV), but not vGlut2, neurons show relapse-associated changes in c-Fos expression. Next, we used retrograde tracing, chemogenetic, optogenetic, and electrophysiological approaches to study the roles of VP Gad1 and VP PV neurons in relapse. We show that VPGad1 neurons contribute to contextual control over relapse (renewal), but not to relapse during reacquisition, via projections to LH where they converge with ventral striatal inputs onto LH Gad1 neurons. This convergence of striatopallidal inputs at the level of individual LH Gad1 neurons may be critical to balancing propensity for relapse versus abstinence. In contrast, VP PV neurons contribute to relapse during both renewal and reacquisition via projections to VTA but not LH. These findings show complementary roles for different VP cell types and their projections in relapse. VP Gad1 neurons control relapse during renewal via projections to LH whereas VP PV neurons control relapse during both renewal and reacquisition via projections to VTA. Targeting these different pathways may provide tailored interventions for different forms of relapse.