Recycling History, Maturity, Paleoweathering, and Paleoclimatic Conditions of the Campano-Maastrichtian Sandstones in the Northern Bida Basin, Nigeria

Recycling History, Maturity, Paleoweathering, and Paleoclimatic Conditions of the Campano-Maastrichtian Sandstones in the Northern Bida Basin, Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Recycling History, Maturity, Paleoweathering, and Paleoclimatic Conditions of the Campano-Maastrichtian Sandstones in the Northern Bida Basin, Nigeria Suraju Adepoju, Olusola Johnson, Bulusu Sreenivas, Samuel Akande This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2305761/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Campanian-Maastrichtian sandstone and siltstone facies of the Bida and Enagi formations, northern Bida Basin Nigeria were logged and sampled. The study aims to evaluate the sandstone's petrographic, mineralogical, and bulk geochemical compositions. This is towards exemplifying sediment recycling, maturity, paleoweathering history, and the prevailing paleoclimatic conditions during depositions in the parts of Bida Basin. Petrography result reveals framework modal composition of Bida Formation sandstones as Q 93.51−100 F 0−2.60 L/R 0 − 3.90 whereas the Enagi Formation sandstones constituents includes Q 84.42−98.72 F 0−3.75 L/R 1.18−15.58 , thus the Bida Formation sandstones are classified as mostly quartzarenite with minor sublitharenite whereas Enagi Formation sandstone are basically classified as sublitharenite with minor quartzarenite varieties. Mineralogical composition from the X-ray diffractions revealed higher kaolinite contents among the mineral constitutes with relatively high quartz contents while muscovite, anatase and iron-rich minerals (goethite and hematite) were recorded in trace amounts and this suggests significant post-depositional weathering prior to reworking. Higher geochemical weathering indices values, including chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW), plagioclase index of alteration (PIA), and chemical proxy for alteration (CPA), as well as the ternary A-CN-K and A-CNK-FM plots for both Bida and Enagi formations, suggest an intense weathering and reworking at the source area during late Cretaceous. Geochemical proxies, weathering indices and plots show that the compositionally mature to super mature sediments were deposited under warm, temperate to tropical humid climatic paleoclimatic settings. The light rare earth elements (LREE) enrichment relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and low negative europium (Eu/Eu*) anomaly values with geochemical discrimination plots revealed that the sandstones were sourced from a felsic rocks’ provenance within a passive margin paleotectonic settings. This study concluded that the Campano-Maastrichtian Bida and Enagi formations siliciclastic sediments in the northern Bida sub-Basin, northcentral Nigeria were subjected to extreme weathering, during a warm, temperate to tropical humid climate with the dominance of semi-humid and only brief semi-arid conditions. Sandstone Bida Basin Late Cretaceous Geochemistry Maturity Paleoweathering Paleoclimate Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2305761","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":154765168,"identity":"f43e3b9b-472f-44b5-aa33-d228f3c5fbc3","order_by":0,"name":"Suraju Adepoju","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Kwara State University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suraju","middleName":"","lastName":"Adepoju","suffix":""},{"id":154765169,"identity":"910db7ef-3041-4876-abc2-15a1a48389f7","order_by":1,"name":"Olusola Johnson","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University Oye Ekiti, Federal University Oye Ekiti","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Olusola","middleName":"","lastName":"Johnson","suffix":""},{"id":154765170,"identity":"a0c998e3-cb38-4f5d-b5c5-268fa4e90988","order_by":2,"name":"Bulusu Sreenivas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–National Geophysical Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bulusu","middleName":"","lastName":"Sreenivas","suffix":""},{"id":154765171,"identity":"e12c0880-91f9-44da-836f-2cc3e70bdaa7","order_by":3,"name":"Samuel Akande","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ilorin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samuel","middleName":"","lastName":"Akande","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-11-23 14:44:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2305761/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2305761/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":29623008,"identity":"3463bcbb-a5ca-4471-b277-bdcf42022bc7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-29 00:28:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1320399,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RecyclingHistoryMaturityPaleoweatheringandPaleoclimaticConditionsoftheCampanoMaastrichtianSandstonesintheNorthernBidaBasinNigeria.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2305761/v1_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Recycling History, Maturity, Paleoweathering, and Paleoclimatic Conditions of the Campano-Maastrichtian Sandstones in the Northern Bida Basin, Nigeria","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sandstone, Bida Basin, Late Cretaceous, Geochemistry, Maturity, Paleoweathering, Paleoclimate","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2305761/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2305761/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Campanian-Maastrichtian sandstone and siltstone facies of the Bida and Enagi formations, northern Bida Basin Nigeria were logged and sampled. The study aims to evaluate the sandstone's petrographic, mineralogical, and bulk geochemical compositions. This is towards exemplifying sediment recycling, maturity, paleoweathering history, and the prevailing paleoclimatic conditions during depositions in the parts of Bida Basin. Petrography result reveals framework modal composition of Bida Formation sandstones as Q\u003csub\u003e93.51\u0026minus;100\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e0\u0026minus;2.60\u003c/sub\u003eL/R\u003csub\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3.90\u003c/sub\u003e whereas the Enagi Formation sandstones constituents includes Q\u003csub\u003e84.42\u0026minus;98.72\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e0\u0026minus;3.75\u003c/sub\u003eL/R\u003csub\u003e1.18\u0026minus;15.58\u003c/sub\u003e, thus the Bida Formation sandstones are classified as mostly quartzarenite with minor sublitharenite whereas Enagi Formation sandstone are basically classified as sublitharenite with minor quartzarenite varieties. Mineralogical composition from the X-ray diffractions revealed higher kaolinite contents among the mineral constitutes with relatively high quartz contents while muscovite, anatase and iron-rich minerals (goethite and hematite) were recorded in trace amounts and this suggests significant post-depositional weathering prior to reworking. Higher geochemical weathering indices values, including chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW), plagioclase index of alteration (PIA), and chemical proxy for alteration (CPA), as well as the ternary A-CN-K and A-CNK-FM plots for both Bida and Enagi formations, suggest an intense weathering and reworking at the source area during late Cretaceous. Geochemical proxies, weathering indices and plots show that the compositionally mature to super mature sediments were deposited under warm, temperate to tropical humid climatic paleoclimatic settings. The light rare earth elements (LREE) enrichment relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and low negative europium (Eu/Eu*) anomaly values with geochemical discrimination plots revealed that the sandstones were sourced from a felsic rocks\u0026rsquo; provenance within a passive margin paleotectonic settings. This study concluded that the Campano-Maastrichtian Bida and Enagi formations siliciclastic sediments in the northern Bida sub-Basin, northcentral Nigeria were subjected to extreme weathering, during a warm, temperate to tropical humid climate with the dominance of semi-humid and only brief semi-arid conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Recycling History, Maturity, Paleoweathering, and Paleoclimatic Conditions of the Campano-Maastrichtian Sandstones in the Northern Bida Basin, Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-11-29 00:27:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2305761/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d2c742ff-cfe8-4f4e-9eec-e4d5099bb858","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 29th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-11-29T00:27:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-11-29 00:27:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2305761","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2305761","identity":"rs-2305761","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}