Optimizing a Dynamic Infrared Emitter by Tailoring Titanium Carbide MXene Surface Chemistry

Optimizing a Dynamic Infrared Emitter by Tailoring Titanium Carbide MXene Surface Chemistry | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Optimizing a Dynamic Infrared Emitter by Tailoring Titanium Carbide MXene Surface Chemistry Neda Daliran, Ali Reza Oveisi, Zhiming Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7713976/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene has emerged as a highly promising material in nanophotonics due to its exceptional optical and thermal properties, which can be tailored through surface terminations. For the first time, we investigate the influence of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene without (N) and with different surface terminations (-F, -O-, or -OH) on the performance of a thermal emitter with negative differential emissivity which is composed of VO 2 -tungsten (VO 2 -W) composite/SiO 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene. The W doping in VO 2 enables reversible-hysteresis emissivity behavior at a low critical temperature (~ 42°C), accompanied by negative differential emissivity between high- and low-temperature phases. While the emissivity threshold temperature remains consistent across all terminations, the average differential emissivity varies significantly. Comparative analysis revealed significant variations in differential average emissivity across surface terminations: -0.51 (VO 2 /SiO 2 /Ti 3 C 2 (OH) 2 ), -0.49 (VO 2 /SiO 2 /Ti 3 C 2 F 2 ), -0.46 (VO 2 /SiO 2 /Ti 3 C 2 ), and − 0.32 (VO 2 /SiO 2 /Ti 3 C 2 O 2 ), with hydroxyl termination showing superior performance. By engineering MXene surface terminations, this work demonstrates tunable negative emissivity modulation at low temperatures, offering promising applications in thermal control devices, light modulation, infrared tagging and identification, solar energy harvesting systems and other applications. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology Physical sciences/Optics and photonics Physical sciences/Physics Thermal emitter emissivity MXene surface termination VO2-W composite Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupportingInformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 31 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 28 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Oct, 2025 Editor invited by journal 17 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 25 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7713976","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":538474542,"identity":"84184722-b8b0-46dc-9a1f-8b204db51830","order_by":0,"name":"Neda Daliran","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Neda","middleName":"","lastName":"Daliran","suffix":""},{"id":538474543,"identity":"d3c66aab-55ed-4e87-9880-934bcd7fda15","order_by":1,"name":"Ali Reza 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Chemistry","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Thermal emitter, emissivity, MXene, surface termination, VO2-W composite","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7713976/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7713976/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e MXene has emerged as a highly promising material in nanophotonics due to its exceptional optical and thermal properties, which can be tailored through surface terminations. For the first time, we investigate the influence of Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e MXene without (N) and with different surface terminations (-F, -O-, or -OH) on the performance of a thermal emitter with negative differential emissivity which is composed of VO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-tungsten (VO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-W) composite/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e MXene. The W doping in VO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e enables reversible-hysteresis emissivity behavior at a low critical temperature (~\u0026thinsp;42\u0026deg;C), accompanied by negative differential emissivity between high- and low-temperature phases. While the emissivity threshold temperature remains consistent across all terminations, the average differential emissivity varies significantly. Comparative analysis revealed significant variations in differential average emissivity across surface terminations: -0.51 (VO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), -0.49 (VO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), -0.46 (VO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.32 (VO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), with hydroxyl termination showing superior performance. By engineering MXene surface terminations, this work demonstrates tunable negative emissivity modulation at low temperatures, offering promising applications in thermal control devices, light modulation, infrared tagging and identification, solar energy harvesting systems and other applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Optimizing a Dynamic Infrared Emitter by Tailoring Titanium Carbide MXene Surface Chemistry","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-03 18:31:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7713976/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-07T03:53:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-31T09:54:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-29T12:54:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T04:54:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"258474478275967301135815026715538086164","date":"2025-10-24T01:00:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"307220392378193956130127692169179297675","date":"2025-10-23T01:17:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"58744855462255978879006485974638096928","date":"2025-10-22T14:52:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T14:07:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-17T06:47:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-13T03:05:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-13T03:05:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-09-25T14:17:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"05405093-0820-4662-b5e5-cc691f6fd082","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":57274268,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":57274269,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":57274270,"name":"Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology"},{"id":57274271,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics"},{"id":57274272,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-23T16:05:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7713976","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37457-3","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-18 15:58:12","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 18th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-03 18:31:39","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-37457-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37457-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7713976","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7713976","identity":"rs-7713976","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}