Cognitive Mode Detectable with Task-Based fMRI: Re-Evaluation (RE-EV)

In the context of task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), cognitive modes can be defined as task-general cognitive/sensory/motor processes which reliably elicit specific blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal pattern configurations. A number of cognitive modes are detectable with task-based fMRI, and here we focus on re-evaluation (RE-EV), a late-trial peaking cognitive mode. The BOLD signal configurations associated with RE-EV are modulated by a range of tasks, and here we present six. For each task, we report: (1) specific pattern-based (as opposed to coordinate-based) anatomical details essential for distinguishing RE-EV from other BOLD-based cognitive modes, and (2) task-induced BOLD signal changes associated with RE-EV over a range of task conditions. In order to facilitate recognition, we nick-named the anatomical patterns specific to RE-EV as follows: (1) Bilateral Eyeball Sitters, (2) Bilateral Space Invader Shooters, (3) Above the Line, (4) Sad Face Antennae and Flushed Cheeks, and (5) X Marks the Spot. Evidence for RE-EV was derived from the timing and magnitude of task-induced BOLD signal changes induced by the following tasks: evidence integration × 2, task switching, Raven’s matrices, emotion regulation, and re-evaluation of social and non-social events. This evidence consistently supported the RE-EV cognitive mode involving re-evaluating, re-considering, or regulating mental states.