Appraisal of hydrochemistry and non-carcinogenic risk assessment for the distribution of Fluoride and Nitrate in a semi-arid region 

Appraisal of hydrochemistry and non-carcinogenic risk assessment for the distribution of Fluoride and Nitrate in a semi-arid region | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Appraisal of hydrochemistry and non-carcinogenic risk assessment for the distribution of Fluoride and Nitrate in a semi-arid region Mamatha Ullengula, Ratnakar Dhakate, Venakata Ratnalu Gunnam, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4447970/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Assessment of hydrochemistry, and its impact on human health via ingestion and dermal contact of Fluoride (F − ), and Nitrite (NO 3 − ) concentrated groundwater was assessed via ingestion and dermal contact pathways. Sixty-one groundwater samples from a Dilwarpur Mandal, Nirmal district, Telangana State, India were collected and analyzed major ion chemistry for pre and post-rainy seasons from the semi-arid region. The concentration of F − ranged from 0.24–3.28, and 0.08–1.52 mg/l with mean of 1.01, and 0.65 mg/l, around 48%, and 26% of samples exceeded the permissible limits (> 1 mg/l), and NO 3 − concentration ranges from 3–136, and 6 -132 mg/l with mean of 36 mg/l, and around 34% and 45% of samples exceeded the permissible limits (> 45 mg/l) for both the seasons. Elevated F − , and NO 3 − concentration due to the dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals, and excessive use of nitrate fertilizers. Water Quality Index (WQI) ranges from 28–133, and 29–88 for both seasons. Piper plot suggests that CaHCO 3 type water with 56% and 51%; Mixed CaMgCl type water with 41% and 49% and Mixed CaNaHCO 3 type water with 3% each for both seasons. Gibbs plot suggests that most of the samples are rock dominant type and suggests that the water-rock interaction during the process of percolation water with high evaporation conditions. Principal component Analyses (PCA) suggest that the same factors contribute to an increase in F − and NO 3 − concentrations in groundwater. Hazard quotient (HQ) via ingestion (HQ ING ) and dermal contact (HQ DER ) of F − and NO 3 − experiences higher values than the threshold limit of 1.0 for various age groups, affecting human health due to non-carcinogenic effect, and immediately requires a suitable effective measure should be implemented in the area to avoid further health hazard impact on the existing society and for an upcoming generation. Hydrochemistry Health Quotient (HQ) Health Hazard Risk (HHR) Groundwater Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Tables 1 to 9 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files Tables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4447970","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":308055295,"identity":"7139dcbe-13b0-4606-a4d2-89e6715e6dab","order_by":0,"name":"Mamatha Ullengula","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACxgYYqwKImSFMHrxaDsK1nCFZC2MbEW7SbT+d+PnjDjs5gwPs1x7dnHfHbns7A9uHD38YZMxxaDE7k7tZ4uCZZGODAzzlxrnbniXPOczAPHNmGwOPZQMOLQdyN0gcbGNO3HCAJ006d9vhZAlmBmZm3gYGHoMDOLScf7v5x8G2eqiWOVAtf/7g0XIjdxvQlsNALezHpHMbDtuBtTCw4dPydpvF2bbjxpKHediNc44dTpBgZmxm7G2TwOOw3M03Ktuq5fiOtz97nFNz2F6C//Bhhh9/bOxxaUEAZh4zEJXYAEkMEoTUgwD7MxBpT4zSUTAKRsEoGFkAADtaXb21RMYXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Osmania University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mamatha","middleName":"","lastName":"Ullengula","suffix":""},{"id":308055300,"identity":"f651e936-4c0c-4f4b-91cb-9fefd328b925","order_by":1,"name":"Ratnakar Dhakate","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Geophysical Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ratnakar","middleName":"","lastName":"Dhakate","suffix":""},{"id":308055301,"identity":"8fd43bee-c0c8-43f6-89b3-4c5f917ab955","order_by":2,"name":"Venakata Ratnalu Gunnam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Geophysical Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Venakata","middleName":"Ratnalu","lastName":"Gunnam","suffix":""},{"id":308055304,"identity":"176416c5-6a5d-42e9-8614-16cbedc66eda","order_by":3,"name":"Sudarshan Venkata","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Osmania University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sudarshan","middleName":"","lastName":"Venkata","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-20 09:08:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4447970/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4447970/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57463055,"identity":"35119d58-b1f6-4bce-bd7d-2d3786828665","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:43:56","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":388545,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation map of the Study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/eefc75ee6714d38d44a177ce.png"},{"id":57463057,"identity":"cdc71ba0-2ee8-49f7-9ee5-2235151c086d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:43:56","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":153679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeological map of the Study Area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/bb297cea4464360076eda61d.png"},{"id":57463469,"identity":"d6f7023c-9df3-4532-8620-e3d3d79d7f9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:51:56","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":462247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLand Use/Land Cover map of the Dilwarpur region\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/f1eddae4afb61c9d6eb37274.png"},{"id":57463062,"identity":"f39e1562-573d-45d1-99d3-2b5dbf852952","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:43:57","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":422876,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpatial distribution map of TDS concentration (mg/l) for pre and post-rainy seasons\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/a35e4e588f1003180942c366.png"},{"id":57463064,"identity":"6f75e90a-aaf6-4755-8821-19b4b3b7b829","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:43:57","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":742182,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpatial distribution map of Fluoride (F\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e) concentration (mg/l) for pre and post-rainy seasons\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/ee69231c3fe637fddf77d883.png"},{"id":57463060,"identity":"32d1efbf-b6f1-4651-a693-ef18dcf06252","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:43:56","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":440527,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpatial distribution map of Nitrate (NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e) concentration (mg/l) for pre and post-rainy seasons\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/994fa3b747c305802c6f5cd0.png"},{"id":57463067,"identity":"52f25a26-edcd-48f4-b3b2-ec78a6079429","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:43:57","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":92866,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDifferent divisions F\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e and NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e concentrations (mg/l) for pre and post-rainy seasons\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/c517924f2fa331172fc7b0cf.png"},{"id":57463059,"identity":"795baead-58bf-4559-b80b-6dfae26fa563","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:43:56","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":438589,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpatial distribution of Water Quality Index (WQI) for pre and post-rainy seasons\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/3251fd75959ac76803bac48e.png"},{"id":57463063,"identity":"8b401487-dc23-456b-bcdd-a8fe10593a86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:43:57","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":429801,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePiper diagram showing water facies for pre and post-rainy seasons\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/93415cd80bef2013da1d0e8c.png"},{"id":57463061,"identity":"94fb0510-d284-406e-b1e3-4b61f2e0192d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:43:57","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":111625,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGibbs plot for pre and post-rainy season\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/f86bf0e8a060ca240186a50a.png"},{"id":57463065,"identity":"2ebee9c7-5632-43a1-a34e-f71760501d4c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:43:57","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":370431,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a \u0026amp; b): Various bi-variate plots (a) Pre-rainy season (b) post-rainy season\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/c0ba3cabdbecd3be4889a879.png"},{"id":57463066,"identity":"30d0e88c-49da-4de5-b5d5-d529c4c30dfb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:43:57","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":202430,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrincipal component plot in rotated space for pre and post-rainy seasons\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/6ce94bfc32b6381b491f90c1.png"},{"id":59067503,"identity":"ea02b3b0-c96e-4377-b251-a3a08f3d0c20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 03:29:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1365524,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FinalPapEES.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1_covered_5fc41c3a-20ba-44ed-89c4-bae05b13755b.pdf"},{"id":57463468,"identity":"bdb7aa95-2cea-441e-9129-e07677758d83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 03:51:56","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":32079,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4447970/v1/ba008fcb8a21bda76d909c9f.docx"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cp\u003eNo competing interests reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTables 1 to 9 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e","formattedTitle":"Appraisal of hydrochemistry and non-carcinogenic risk assessment for the distribution of Fluoride and Nitrate in a semi-arid region ","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Hydrochemistry, Health Quotient (HQ), Health Hazard Risk (HHR), Groundwater","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4447970/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4447970/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAssessment of hydrochemistry, and its impact on human health via ingestion and dermal contact of Fluoride (F\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e), and Nitrite (NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) concentrated groundwater was assessed via ingestion and dermal contact pathways. Sixty-one groundwater samples from a Dilwarpur Mandal, Nirmal district, Telangana State, India were collected and analyzed major ion chemistry for pre and post-rainy seasons from the semi-arid region. The concentration of F\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ranged from 0.24\u0026ndash;3.28, and 0.08\u0026ndash;1.52 mg/l with mean of 1.01, and 0.65 mg/l, around 48%, and 26% of samples exceeded the permissible limits (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 mg/l), and NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e concentration ranges from 3\u0026ndash;136, and 6 -132 mg/l with mean of 36 mg/l, and around 34% and 45% of samples exceeded the permissible limits (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45 mg/l) for both the seasons. Elevated F\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, and NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e concentration due to the dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals, and excessive use of nitrate fertilizers. Water Quality Index (WQI) ranges from 28\u0026ndash;133, and 29\u0026ndash;88 for both seasons. Piper plot suggests that CaHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e type water with 56% and 51%; Mixed CaMgCl type water with 41% and 49% and Mixed CaNaHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e type water with 3% each for both seasons. Gibbs plot suggests that most of the samples are rock dominant type and suggests that the water-rock interaction during the process of percolation water with high evaporation conditions. Principal component Analyses (PCA) suggest that the same factors contribute to an increase in F\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e and NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e concentrations in groundwater. Hazard quotient (HQ) via ingestion (HQ\u003csub\u003eING\u003c/sub\u003e) and dermal contact (HQ\u003csub\u003eDER\u003c/sub\u003e) of F\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e and NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e experiences higher values than the threshold limit of 1.0 for various age groups, affecting human health due to non-carcinogenic effect, and immediately requires a suitable effective measure should be implemented in the area to avoid further health hazard impact on the existing society and for an upcoming generation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Appraisal of hydrochemistry and non-carcinogenic risk assessment for the distribution of Fluoride and Nitrate in a semi-arid region ","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-31 03:43:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4447970/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ca78b77b-fc9b-4afd-a8f1-d48e1e21072a","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 31st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-26T03:21:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-31 03:43:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4447970","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4447970","identity":"rs-4447970","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}