The Effect of Interpersonal Psychotherapy-Based Group Psychological Counseling on the Psychological Resilience Levels of University Students

The Effect of Interpersonal Psychotherapy-Based Group Psychological Counseling on the Psychological Resilience Levels of University Students | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Effect of Interpersonal Psychotherapy-Based Group Psychological Counseling on the Psychological Resilience Levels of University Students HASAN BATMAZ, EYÜP ÇELİK This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5807364/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aimed to examine the effect of interpersonal psychotherapy-based group counseling on the psychological resilience levels of university students. The study was planned and conducted online as Application 2 and Application 2. In the experimentally designed study, the dependent variable was Psychological Resilience scores, and the independent variable was interpersonal psychotherapy-based group counseling. Data were collected using the 'Brief Psychological Resilience Scale (BRS)'. The study was based on a pretest-posttest control group design. The experimental groups received 8 sessions of counseling, while the control groups received no intervention. The BRS was administered before and after the intervention, and follow-up tests were conducted three months later. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the follow-up and pre-test scores in Applications 1 and 2. Interpersonal psychotherapy Psychological resilience Good health and well-being Figures Figure 1 Introduction Adverse events in health, economy, and social fields may negatively affect the mental health of some individuals from various demographic and socioeconomic groups. Economic crises, increased unemployment rates, and financial insecurity may increase stress and anxiety levels in individuals (Mucci et al., 2016 ). Similarly, crises in the field of health, pandemics, and problems in accessing health services can seriously threaten individuals' mental health (Johnson & Johnson, 2019 ). In the face of these situations, individuals' psychological resilience levels can be negatively affected. When psychological resilience is low, it appears as a mental health problem that needs to be improved as the daily lives of individuals are negatively affected. Psychological resilience is generally accepted as an antecedent of mental health. That is, individuals having high levels of psychological resilience can help them maintain their mental health and be more resilient to stress, trauma, or other adverse life events (Rutter, 2012 ). In this context, psychological resilience draws attention as an essential concept that expresses individuals' ability to cope with trauma and stress in their lives (Masten, 2014 ; Reivich & Shatté, 2002 ). Psychological resilience is an important concept that expresses the ability of individuals to cope with trauma and stress in their lives. This concept can be defined as a person's ability to remain psychologically resilient when faced with adverse events (Reivich & Shatté, 2002 ). In addition, Masten ( 2014 ) explains psychological resilience as resisting and overcoming adverse conditions. Especially in stressful or traumatic situations, individuals with psychological resilience can effectively use various coping strategies to alleviate adverse effects (Bonanno, 2004 ). Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), which stands out with its emphasis on overcoming stressful times and the nature of interpersonal relationships, has managed to write its name among popular therapies in recent years. Research on interpersonal psychotherapy covers topics such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, dysthymic disorder, PTSD, alcohol addiction, and personality disorders. In experimental studies conducted to examine whether the short-term version of IPT is effective on major depression, it has proven effective both as an emergency and long-term intervention (Brakemeier & Frase, 2012 ; Van Hees et al., 2013 ). In a separate study, it was shown that interpersonal psychotherapy had a similar effectiveness compared to cognitive behavioral therapy in clients diagnosed with major depressive disorder in a community-supported psychiatric outpatient clinic, and both therapeutic approaches were effective in reducing depression symptoms (Ekeblad et al., 2016 ). In addition, IPT applications have been proven to be more effective than SSRI drug treatment (Frank et al., 2011 ). As can be seen, IPT has been proven to be effective in short-term and long-term intervention styles in the treatment of depression, to achieve similar results with cognitive therapy applications, and to be more effective than drug treatment. In this context, psychological resilience is thought to play an essential role in coping with adverse events in health, economy, and social areas and in solving problems in interpersonal relationships. Different researchers have defined psychological resilience in many ways. It is seen that the definitions made for psychological resilience have similar characteristics. Psychological resilience is defined as (a) rapid recovery from illnesses, adverse conditions, and changes; (b) coping with stressful life events and successfully bouncing back from them (Murphy, 1987 ); and (c) adaptation and development in the face of significant challenges (Masten & Coatsworth, 1998 ). Psychological resilience consists of three elements: risk factors, protective factors, and the adaptation process, and it emerges through the interaction of these elements (Luthar & Zigler, 1991 ). In addition, the existence of a negative relationship between social media addiction and psychological resilience (Bilgin & Taş, 2018 ; Hou et al., 2017 ; Kocabıyık & Bacıoğlu, 2022 ; Nie et al., 2020 ) reveals that psychological resilience acts as a shield against a situation that negatively affects mental health, such as psychological vulnerability. The ability of an individual to quickly recover and return to daily life after negative experiences is explained by psychological resilience (Akar, 2018 ). Psychological resilience can be defined as the ability of individuals to recover and adapt quickly in the face of disturbances, adverse conditions, and stressful life events. Psychological resilience emerges through the interaction of risk factors, protective factors, and adaptation processes. Research shows that there is a negative relationship between social media addiction and psychological resilience, which suggests that social media addiction increases psychological vulnerability. Psychological resilience plays a protective role in this situation. The ability of individuals to recover quickly after negative experiences is an indicator of their psychological resilience. What is Interpersonal Psychotherapy? The IPT theory emphasizes the resolution of psychological disorders and the resolution of conflicts arising from interpersonal relationships. IPT argues that psychological disorders arise and become permanent as a result of the individual experiencing problems in interpersonal relationships and not having interpersonal support networks (Hızlı Sayar & Omay, 2019 ). Instead of unconscious processes, the counselor draws attention to the clients' surroundings and relationships. Unlike other therapies in interpersonal psychotherapy, the counselor strives to help clients see their major depression or other distressing symptoms as a treatable medical illness that is not the client's fault (Grote et al., 2009 ). Interpersonal psychotherapy focuses on not the distant past but concrete events that have occurred recently or are currently occurring (Hızlı Sayar & Omay, 2019 ). IPT is an approach that focuses on the relationships of the individual with their social environment in order to solve the problems or problems caused by their psychiatric disorders and addresses this within a certain period (Weissman et al., 2008 ). There are four types of interpersonal problem areas defined in IPT: mourning, conflict, role changes, and interpersonal inadequacy (Hızlı Sayar & Omay, 2019 ). Interpersonal psychotherapy can help individuals resolve their interpersonal problems, develop healthier relationships, and increase their psychological resilience. This approach can contribute to recovery by strengthening individuals' social support networks and changing negative relationship dynamics. IPT stands out as a psychotherapy method that focuses on individuals' relational contexts and interactions in this context (Markowitz & Weissman, 2009 ). This therapy aims to help individuals become aware of their interpersonal relationship problems and develop strategies to solve them (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013 ). IPT is a proven method for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders (Frank et al., 1991 ). However, studies on the effects of IPT on individuals' levels of psychological resilience and their capacity to cope with trauma and stress are limited (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013 ). Problems in interpersonal relationships are usually caused by factors such as lack of communication, conflicts, insecurity, and attachment problems (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013 ). Such problems can negatively affect the individual's psychological resilience and become a source of stress. However, therapy methods such as IPT, which are used to solve problems in interpersonal relationships, significantly contribute to the processes of individuals coping with these problems and increasing their psychological resilience. IPT helps individuals recognize the problems in their interpersonal relationships and cope with these problems (Markowitz & Weissman, 2009 ). This therapy allows the individual to understand relationship dynamics, develop communication skills, and set healthy boundaries. Thus, individuals can increase their psychological resilience by experiencing healthier and more satisfying interactions in their relationships. While individuals increase their psychological resilience with IPT applications and solve communication problems in their relationships, successes and positive changes can occur. Additionally, IPT’s support for individuals in developing relationship skills and setting healthy boundaries can strengthen individuals’ ability to cope with stress and increase emotional resilience (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013 ). As a result, IPT applications can increase individuals’ psychological resilience by resolving problems in interpersonal relationships and helping them establish healthier, more satisfying relationships. Considering the problem areas of IPT (mourning, conflict, role changes, and interpersonal inadequacy), individuals may experience a decrease in their psychological resilience when faced with these problems. Indeed, individuals may experience psychological breakdowns as a result of situations such as the loss of a loved one, intensification of conflicts in interpersonal relationships, job changes, responsibilities brought about by marriage, job loss, and inability to solve problems in interpersonal relationships. A decrease in the level of psychological resilience has been associated with several pathological conditions and problems. Research shows that low psychological resilience increases the risk of developing mental health problems such as major depressive disorder (Wang et al., 2023 ), generalized anxiety disorder (Chen et al., 2021 ), post-traumatic stress disorder (Zhang et al., 2023 ), obsessive-compulsive disorder (Deveci et al., 2024 ), and eating disorders (Wei et al., 2023 ). In addition, it has been found that when psychological resilience is low, the probability of harmful habits such as substance addiction (Dallas et al., 2023 ) and alcohol addiction (Cusack et al., 2023 ) increases. Therefore, maintaining and strengthening psychological resilience is essential for protecting mental health and preventing various psychopathological conditions. Interpersonal psychotherapy and resilience Individuals with psychological resilience can be more resilient when faced with various life challenges, which can increase their overall quality of life. It is stated that psychological resilience allows individuals to maintain their emotional, cognitive, and behavioral flexibility, making them less affected by adverse life events and traumatic experiences (Bonanno, 2004 ; Rutter, 2012 ). Individuals with high levels of psychological resilience can recover quickly and continue their lives even after a significant loss or trauma (Masten, 2014 ). Therefore, preventive and intervention studies that increase individuals' psychological resilience are critical in protecting mental health. Examining how therapy methods can support psychological resilience is essential in this context. Many psychological counseling theories (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoanalytic therapy, emotionally focused therapy, solution-focused therapy, behavioral therapy, and holistic therapy) are used in the literature to detect symptoms that arise as a result of events that harm mental health in advance and to protect mental health. However, in the last thirty years, especially in clinical studies (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013 ; Markowitz & Weissman, 2004 ), the interpersonal psychotherapy approach has also come to the fore. The study conducted by Bateman ( 2012 ) has proven that IPT has a healing effect on interpersonal functioning, emotion regulation, self-confidence, identity problems, and crisis management in individuals with borderline personality disorder (Bateman, 2012 ; Markowitz et al., 2007 ). In a different study, IPT has shown promising results in reducing both depression symptoms and alcohol use in women, and significant improvements in depression symptoms and alcohol use have been observed during the treatment period (Gamble et al., 2013 ). It has also been proven that IPT has the potential to reduce chronic depression (dysthymia) symptoms and increase functionality (Markowitz, 2003). IPT is effective on chronic depression as well as major depression. In addition to significant and chronic depression, IPT has been proven to be effective in reducing PTSD symptoms and increasing treatment response rates (Althobaiti et al., 2020 ). In addition, Markowitz ( 2024 ) supports the effectiveness of IPT as a non-trauma-focused PTSD treatment and emphasizes that it should be included in PTSD treatment guidelines. Therefore, it is expected that positive results on psychological resilience will be obtained with interpersonal psychotherapy, which addresses awareness of interpersonal relationships and strengthening social support networks. It is seen that the problem areas of IPT are closely related to psychological resilience. One of the focal points of interpersonal psychotherapy is to strengthen social support networks. It is seen that social support positively affects psychological resilience (Yıldırım & Tanrıverdi, 2021 ). On the other hand, the emergence of the positive effect of increasing psychological resilience on perceived social support in studies (see Hou et al., 2021 ) shows that the two concepts have a mutual effect. The difference between IPT and other therapy applications is that it has a broad perspective, such as bio/psycho/social/spiritual, and attaches importance to social support to strengthen psychological resilience. When defining IPT, it is addressed within a broad framework such as bio/psycho/social/spiritual. It may be difficult for an individual who is constantly anxious to recover quickly and return to daily life after negative experiences, that is, to regain psychological resilience. Therefore, it is predicted that the therapeutic effect of interpersonal psychotherapy on psychological resilience will positively affect (affect) the mental health of individuals. Since the theoretical basis of IPT is based on attachment theory (Aydın, 2024 ), it is observed that there is a negative relationship between weak social support networks and an individual's attachment anxiety (Struck et al., 2020 ). It is observed that an individual's attachment anxiety hurts psychological resilience (Calvo et al., 2022 ). Strong social support can increase individuals' capacity to cope with stressful and traumatic situations. This is an essential component of psychological resilience. Individuals' establishing healthier and more supportive relationships with their social environments can make them more resilient to stress and trauma (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013 ). Therefore, the effort of interpersonal psychotherapy to develop social support networks can also positively affect psychological resilience. Therefore, it is thought that IPT will effectively strengthen psychological resilience. Present Study Psychological resilience can also contribute to maintaining mental health by increasing the capacity of individuals to cope with adverse situations. On the other hand, low levels of psychological resilience can increase the risk of individuals experiencing mental health problems. Therefore, psychological resilience plays an important role both in maintaining mental health and in preventing mental health problems. The role that IPT plays in increasing the psychological resilience of individuals is based on the resolution of relational problems, strengthening of social support networks, development of emotional regulation skills, improvement of empathy and communication skills, and promotion of positive interpersonal experiences. This therapy method can increase the quality of life of individuals and make them more resilient to mental health problems. Group counseling based on interpersonal psychotherapy offers a cost-effective intervention and allows individuals to learn from each other by sharing similar problems and creating social support networks (Tasca et al., 2005 ). This study was designed and implemented considering the advantages of group therapy. Unlike individual therapy, IPT benefits from group dynamics and the power of collective healing (Ferizi et al., 2015 ). University students may experience psychological difficulties due to reasons such as academic pressure (Quach et al., 2015 ), social changes (Moen, 2022 ), and future anxiety (Paredes et al., 2021 ). In this context, psychological resilience can be increased in university youth with group counseling based on interpersonal psychotherapy, enabling them to cope with the stress experienced due to challenging life events and the situations they may encounter that negatively affect their mental health. The primary motivation of this study is the problems arising from spiritual intelligence among university students and the adverse effects of these problems on mental health. Therefore, examining the effects of IPT on psychological resilience is aimed to fill the gaps in knowledge in this area. In particular, it is original in addressing the potential of IPT to increase the level of psychological resilience and thus its effect on coping with situations such as trauma and stress (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013 ). The study results could increase individuals' quality of life by contributing to developing more effective therapy interventions (Markowitz & Weissman, 2009 ). Among the problems associated with spiritual intelligence in university students are stress factors such as high academic pressure and social adaptation problems (Werner & Smith, 2019 ). This study aims to contribute to developing strategies to reduce these problems. In this context, to contribute to the relevant literature regarding theory and application and offer practitioners an intervention method whose effectiveness has been tested, this study aimed to test whether group counseling based on interpersonal psychotherapy is effective on psychological resilience, and the following hypotheses were tested. Study hypotheses H1: Regardless of the change between the measurements, is there a significant difference between the repeated measurements of the experimental and control groups? H2: Regardless of which group (experimental and control) the subjects are in, is there a significant difference between the repeated measurements (as a single group)? H3: Does the change observed in the repeated measurements of the subjects' psychological resilience variables differ significantly between the experimental and control groups? Methods Research Model This research was designed by considering the pre-test-post-test control group design, one of the actual experimental model types among experimental models. In this design, the first factor shows the independent treatment groups (experiment-control), and the second factor shows three repeated measurements (pre-test-post-follow-up test) related to the dependent variable (Büyüköztürk et al., 2008). The independent variable of the research is the interpersonal psychotherapy-based group psychological counseling, and the dependent variable is the psychological resilience levels of the participants. IPT applications were applied to two groups for comparison and control, generalizability, repeatability, methodological strengthening (verifying that the results are not random and show a sure consistency), and improving the application. Since the study was conducted with two groups, a pilot study was not conducted separately. The sessions were conducted online due to the decision to continue education and training remotely (online) due to the negative impact of the earthquake disaster that occurred in our country and affected 11 provinces. The research model is shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Research model Groups Pre-test Process Post-test Follow-up test Application 1 Experiment Control BRS IPT- Group Psychological Counselling BRS BRS BRS --- BRS BRS Application 2 Experiment Control BRS IPT- Group Psychological Counselling BRS BRS BRS --- BRS BRS Table 1 is here When Table 1 is examined, to see the effectiveness of group counseling based on IPT, a study was conducted with two groups at different times, namely Application 1 and Application 2. In both applications, BRS was applied to determine the pre-test scores of the experiment and control groups. Then, the experiment groups were applied to the counseling based on IPT, and no procedure was applied to the control groups. The IPT booklet was later given to the control groups for their information. Immediately after the group counseling based on IPT, BRS was applied to the experimental and control groups to determine their post-test scores. Three months after the application of the post-tests, BRS was applied again to the experiment and control groups that participated in both applications to determine the follow-up measurements. Study Group An experimental study was conducted to test group psychological counseling based on IPT. The participants of Application-1 were determined by applying a BRS pre-test to 225 students studying at XXX (blind for review) University. Students who scored below the average (BRS: 𝑥̅ = 15.76, SD = 4.79) on the scales were voluntarily selected using the simple random method, a random sampling type. For Application-1, IPT was carried out with 16 students (8 experimental and 8 control). The participants of Application 2 were determined by applying the BRS pre-test to 58 students studying at different universities. Students who scored below the average (BRS: 𝑥̅ = 16.92, SD = 5.02) on the scales were voluntarily selected using the simple random method, a random sampling type. For Application 2, IPT was conducted with 16 students (8 experimental and 8 control). According to the IPT procedure, before starting the group sessions, individual interviews were conducted to create the interpersonal summary (a technique that systematically evaluates the essential people in the client's life and the relationships with these people) and circles (a model used to understand the client's interpersonal behaviors and the motivations underlying these behaviors) of the experimental groups. For both applications, the experimental and control groups were informed about the purpose and content of the study during the preliminary interview process. The aim of the group counseling based on IPT applied to the students was to increase the level of psychological resilience, the number and duration of sessions, and general information about the group counseling process. In the preliminary interview, an interpersonal relations inventory was created with each group member to understand current relationships and general social support levels, to investigate the client's current interpersonal problems, to evaluate attachment style, to determine communication style, and to determine specific IPT problem areas that could be the focus of the counselor (Hızlı Sayar & Omay, 2019 ). In addition, an interpersonal formulation was prepared to address the comprehensive and planned conceptualization of the group members and their problems as psychological or psychiatric. The interpersonal formulation addresses the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The formulation may include attachment, personality, defense mechanisms, trauma, and similar technical concepts. The interpersonal formulation is based on a biopsychosocial/cultural/spiritual model. In the preliminary interview, the interpersonal summary, which was written collaboratively by the group leader and group member about the member's situation and problems, was created with an unplanned thought and was a version of IPT counseling that was made suitable for the client. The interpersonal summary is necessary for acceptance into the group. The day and time of the group application were determined according to the participants' class hours and to be online. Two groups were randomly formed using a random method. A total of 16 people participated in the Application-1 experimental group, 8 (7 girls, 1 boy), and the control group, 8 (5 girls, 3 boys). The mean age of the participants was 21.87 (SD = 1.78). A total of 16 people participated in the Application-2 experimental group, 8 (7 girls, 1 boy), and the control group, 8 (5 girls, 3 boys). The mean age of the participants was 22.62 (SD = 2.24). Demographic information and BRS pre-test scores of the students who participated in Application-1 and Application-2 are shown in Table 2 . Table 2 BRS pre-test scores of the experiment and control groups in Application 1 and Application 2 Application 1 Application 2 Experiment Group Gender BRS Score Gender BRS Score Male 16,00 Male 19,00 Female 8,00 Female 11,00 Female 14,00 Female 17,00 Male 12,00 Female 12,00 Female 15,00 Female 16,00 Female 15,00 Female 7,00 Female 15,00 Female 7,00 Male 12,00 Female 16,00 Control Group Female 15,00 Female 14,00 Male 14,00 Male 6,00 Male 15,00 Female 16,00 Female 13,00 Female 17,00 Female 14,00 Female 10,00 Male 16,00 Female 15,00 Male 14,00 Male 17,00 Female 15,00 Female 11,00 Table 2 is here The Mann-Whitney U Test was used to analyze whether there was a statistically significant difference between the pre-test scores of the students selected for the experimental and control groups who participated in Application 1 and Application 2 and who received them from BRS. The results of the analysis of the pre-test scores of the experiment and control groups who participated in Application 1 and Application 2 are shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Results regarding the pretest scores of the experimental and control groups that participated in Application 1 and Application 2 from BRS Scale Application Groups N X SS P BRS Application 1 Pre-test of experiment group 8 13.37 2.61 .549 Control group pre-test 8 14.50 0.92 Application 2 Pre-test of experiment group 8 13.12 4.58 .874 Control group pre-test 8 13.25 3.91 Table 3 is here When Table 3 is examined, it is seen that the difference between the pre-test scores of the experimental and control groups participating in Application-1 and Application-2 from the BRS is not statistically significant. Data collection tool Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) It was developed by Smith et al. ( 2008 ) to measure the psychological resilience of individuals. An increase in the score obtained from the scale means that psychological resilience also increases. The scale is one-dimensional. The factor structure of the original scale was examined with four samples within the scope of validity, and the results for each sample revealed a single-factor structure that explained 55–67% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha values ​​for the four samples ranged between .80 and .91. The test-retest reliability coefficient ranged between .62 and .69. The scale adapted to Turkish by Doğan ( 2015 ) is a 5-point Likert-type measurement tool comprising six items. The scale's 'I strongly disagree' option is 1 point, and the 'I agree' option is 5 points. A high score obtained from the scale indicates high psychological resilience. The scale consists of a single dimension. Items 2, 4, and 6 are scored reversely. In the validity study of the adapted scale, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was calculated as .85 as a result of the exploratory factor analysis, and the Bartlett's Test of Sphericity χ2 value was calculated as 594.955 (p < .001). The scale has a single-factor structure that explains 54% of the total variance. The factor loadings of the scale items vary between .63 and .79. Goodness of fit indices within the scope of confirmatory factor analysis were calculated as CMIN/df = 1.83, NFI = 0.99, NNFI = 0.99, CFI = 0.99, IFI = 0.99, RFI = 0.97, GFI = 0.99, AGFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.03. In the reliability study of the adapted scale, Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as 0.83. Corrected item-total correlation values ​​ranged between .49 and .66. The findings showed that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool used in Turkish culture. Group psychological counseling based on IPT The research is an experimental study with a pre-test-post-test control group to examine interpersonal psychotherapy's effect on psychological resilience. For this purpose, eight sessions of interpersonal psychotherapy, each lasting 60–70 minutes, were applied to the experimental group once a week. Detailed information about the purpose of the application and the activities performed in the sessions is given below. The group aims to enable students to become more psychologically resilient individuals in group sessions of interpersonal psychotherapy. This application is a standard program designed by Hızlı Sayar and Omay ( 2019 ) and Weissman and Markowitz (2002). IPT applications have positively affected many mental health problems (Durmaz, 2015 ; O'hara et al., 2000 ; Stuart et al., 2023 ). Data Analysis Mann-Whitney U Test was performed to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between the pre-test scores of the experimental and control group students from BRS before the group started KIPT. After the experiment, a one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures (one-way ANOVA for repeated measures) was used to determine whether there was a significant difference between the averages of the consecutive measurement results. In this context, for the analysis of the study's data, the assumptions of the analysis of variance for repeated measures were first considered. Results The intra-group change regarding the effectiveness of the experimental procedure (Application 1 and Application 2) on the level of psychological resilience was tested with a one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures. The one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures to give accurate results must have typical distribution characteristics, and the Sphericity assumption must be met (Can, 2017 ). In this context, the scores of the dependent variable (psychological resilience) were examined by the Shapiro-Wilks test regarding normality for each subgroup and Mauchly's Test of Sphericity sphericity test whether the difference scores calculated for the subjects were independent of each other. As a result of the examinations, it was seen that the psychological resilience data measured for Application 1 and Application 2 met the assumptions of one-way analysis of variance. The results of the normality test are shown in Table 4 , and the results of the sphericity test are shown in Table 5 . Table 4 Normality test results for psychological resilience Application Dependent variable Group Measurement Shapiro-Wilks İstatistik sd p BRS Experiment Pre-test .848 8 .091 Post-test .891 8 .239 Application 1 Follow-up test .892 8 .245 Control Pre-test .931 8 .522 Post-test .835 8 .067 Follow-up test .877 8 .178 Pre-test .904 8 .316 Experiment Post-test .850 8 .094 Application 2 BRS Follow-up test .879 8 .184 Pre-test .894 8 .253 Control Post-test .865 8 .134 Follow-up test .986 8 .985 Table 4 is here According to Table 4 , it was determined that the results of the Shapiro-Wilks test related to psychological resilience had a normal distribution in each subgroup (p > 0.5). Table 5 Sphericity test results for psychological resilience Application Group Measurement Küresellik Testi Mauchly's W p Pre-test Experiment Post-test .190 .007 Application 1 Follow-up test Pre-test Control Post-test .430 .079 Follow-up test Pre-test Experiment Post-test .790 .493 Application 2 Follow-up test Pre-test Control Post-test .808 .528 Follow-up test Table 5 is here As seen in Table 5 , according to Mauchly's W test result of Application 2, it was concluded that the assumption of sphericity, one of the criteria for one-way analysis of variance, was met (p > 0.05). In Application-1, according to Mauchly's W test result of the experimental group, it is seen that the assumption of sphericity, one of the criteria of one-way analysis of variance, is not met (p < 0.05). Tabachnick and Fidell ( 2013 ) state that in cases where the sphericity assumption is not met, one of the significance tests, such as Greenhouse-Geisser correction or Huynh-Feldt, can be used as an alternative. If the epsilon value is less than 0.75, it is recommended to use the Greenhouse-Geisser epsilon value (Can, 2017 ). Since the Greenhouse-Geisser value of the experimental group of Application 1 was .010, a one-way variance analysis was performed based on this value. The mean and standard deviation values of the pretest, posttest, and follow-up tests of the psychological resilience scale are given in Table 6 . Table 6 Mean and standard deviation values of psychological resilience Pre-test Post-test Follow-up test Application Group Mean SS Mean SS Mean SS Application 1 Experiment 13.37 2.61 17.00 1.51 17.37 1.18 Control 14.50 0.92 18.62 2.50 18.37 1.30 Application 2 Experiment 13.12 4.58 17.25 2.65 18.62 4.17 Control 13.25 3.91 14.00 1.85 16.62 2.87 Table 6 is here When Table 6 is analyzed, while the psychological resilience scores increased in the pre-test-post-test-follow-up test in the experimental group of Application 1, an increase occurred in the post-test scores in the control group and decreased slightly in the follow-up test. While psychological resilience scores increased in the pre-test-post-test-monitoring test in the experimental group of Application-2, psychological resilience scores increased in the pre-test-post-test-monitoring test in the control group. This situation is discussed in the discussion and conclusion section. The findings obtained as a result of a one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures for repeated measures for the experimental and control groups of Application 1 are given in Table 7 . Table 7 One-way analysis of variance results of BRS pre-test-post-test-monitoring scores of the experimental and control groups in Application 1 Group Source of Variance Sum of Squares sd Mean Squares F P Significant Differences Experiment Inter-subjects 7.944 7 1.135 Measurement 78.083 1.105 70.677 10.950 .010 Follow-up test◊Pre-test Error 49.917 7.734 6.455 Control Inter-subjects 5.778 7 0.825 Measurement 85.583 2 42.792 13.488 .001 Post-test ◊ Pre-test Follow-up test◊Pre-test Error 44.417 14 3.173 Table 7 is here When Table 7 is examined, it is seen that the difference between the follow-up test and pre-test scores in the psychological resilience scale in the experimental group of Application 1 is significant (F (7,7734) = 7.944, p < 0.05). The mean follow-up test score (X = 17.37) was higher than the mean pretest (X = 13.37). However, the difference between the post-test (X = 17.00) and the pretest mean scores was insignificant. This finding shows that the pre-test mean psychological resilience pre-test score of the students included in the group IPT application increased in the follow-up test conducted three months after the end of the application; that is, the positive effect of the application continued over time. On the other hand, it was determined that the difference between the posttest and pretest and the mean scores of the follow-up test and pretest was significant in the measurements made in the control group (F (2,14) = 5.778, p < 0.05). The findings obtained as a result of a one-way analysis of variance for the experimental and control groups of Application 2 are given in Table 8 . Table 8 One-way analysis of variance results for the BRS pretest-posttest-monitoring scores of the experimental and control groups in Application 2 Group Source of Variance Sum of Squares sd Mean Squares F P Significant Differences Experiment Inter-subjects 77.778 7 11.111 Measurement 131.083 2 65.542 10.806 .001 Follow-up test◊Pre-test Error 84.917 14 6.065 Control Inter-subjects 42.986 7 6.141 Measurement 50.250 2 25.125 5.822 .014 No difference Error 60.417 14 4.315 Table 8 is here When Table 8 is analyzed, it is seen that the difference between the follow-up test and pre-test scores in the psychological resilience scale in the experimental group of Application 2 is significant (F (2, 14) = 77.778, p < 0.05). The mean follow-up test score (X = 18.62) was higher than the mean pretest (X = 13.12). However, the difference between the posttest (X = 17.25) and pretest mean scores (X = 13.12) was insignificant. This finding shows that the mean psychological resilience pre-test score of the students included in the group IPT application increased in the follow-up test 3 months after the end of the application; that is, the positive effect of the application continued over time. On the other hand, the difference in the pretest-posttest-follow-up test measurements in the control group was insignificant. The distribution of the pretest-posttest-monitoring test scores of the experimental and control groups of Application 1 and Application 2 are shown in Fig. 1 . Figure 1 is here Discussion As a result of the research, it was observed that the psychological resilience levels of university students who were included in the Experimental Group-1 experimental group with Group IPT increased. When the literature was examined, it was concluded that experimental psychoeducation or psychotherapy applications related to psychological resilience were practical in the experimental group (Akar, 2018 ; Koçhan, 2021 ; Özkan, 2021 ). Akar ( 2018 ) revealed that the psychological resilience program he prepared in his doctoral thesis effectively increased the psychological resilience levels of high school students. Koçhan ( 2021 ) found that the psychological resilience psychoeducation program increased the psychological resilience levels of adolescents. Özkan ( 2021 ), on the other hand, concluded in his doctoral study with experimental, control, and placebo groups that the psychological resilience-focused psychoeducation program increased the psychological resilience levels of adults who participated in the experimental group compared to the control and placebo groups. Similarly, the positive effect of Group IPT on psychological resilience was revealed, which is thought to have produced various positive results. Some of the positive results that have emerged from the research may have been that Group IPT created a positive group dynamic among the participants. Group members may have shown empathy towards each other and shared similar experiences. This supportive environment may have helped the participants develop solid and positive relationships and increase their psychological resilience. It may also have encouraged the participants to interact with each other. This interaction allowed the group members to learn from each other and gain different perspectives. This process may have helped the participants increase their psychological resilience and experience personal growth. Group IPT may have provided the members with a safe and supportive therapy environment. This environment may have facilitated the participants to open up emotionally and express themselves. While the members received support to cope with the difficulties they experienced, they may have also learned strategies to strengthen their psychological resilience. According to the research results, the difference between the pre-test and follow-up test score averages taken from the psychological resilience scale of Group IPT applied to the experimental groups of Application-1 and Application-2 is significant. No significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test score averages. Similarly, no significant difference was found between the post-test and follow-up test score averages. There are some reasons why this difference did not occur. First of all, when the definition of psychological resilience is considered, it is stated that psychological resilience is the ability to bounce back from complex life events and misfortunes (Ledesma, 2014 ), the capacity to cope with events as well as difficulties and to take responsibility and recover (Luthans, 2002 ), to reach the previous level of well-being after experiencing a negative situation (Bonanno, 2004 ) and the ability to maintain well-being skills even under stress (Werner, 1995 ). In other words, it is seen that the effect of the psychological counselor applied to the experimental group showed its effect three months after the post-test. The reason for this, as can be understood from the definition of psychological resilience, is that the individual recovers from the negative situations he/she has experienced and will experience over time. His/her mental health improves, which shows that group counseling is beneficial. The fact that the difference between the group members' pre-test and post-test score averages is not significant may also be related to this. Therefore, the members' reactions to adverse events and their ability to overcome them change over time. In group therapies, the interaction of the members in social relationships and the healing skills of the group may cause the members' psychological resilience levels to increase. A study on this subject revealed that social relationships are a protective factor for psychological resilience (Fuller-Iglesias et al., 2008 ). A different study revealed the significant effect of increasing social support on psychological resilience (Yıldırım & Tanrıverdi, 2021 ). Another study conducted with data from a Turkish sample revealed that social support from family, friends, and others increases psychological resilience (Malkoç & Yalçin, 2015 ). Considering the results of the significant difference between the pre-test and follow-up scores, first of all, it can be considered that the effect of Group IPT on psychological resilience is long-term. Significant differences in pre-test and follow-up tests may indicate that the results of the therapy process continue not only in the short term but also in the long term. This may indicate that Group IPT can permanently increase the psychological resilience levels of the participants. Similarly, how the effect of Group IPT on psychological resilience develops throughout the therapy process can be evaluated. The differences in pre-test and follow-up tests may increase or decrease with the progress of the therapy process. This may indicate that therapy sessions not only increase the psychological resilience levels of the participants but also how this increase develops over time. The effect of Group IPT on psychological resilience may be related to the content and continuity of the therapy process. For example, specific components or group dynamics in the therapy process may be necessary for increasing the psychological resilience levels of the participants. In addition, regular and continuous implementation of therapy sessions may be a critical factor in maintaining the effect. It is also possible to assess how the effects of group IPT on resilience are related to interindividual differences. Differences in pre-test and follow-up tests may indicate how the therapy meets individual needs and characteristics and how the effects vary across different individuals. However, although no intervention was applied to the control group of Application-1, it was determined that the difference between the mean scores they received from the pre-test-post-test and pre-test-follow-up test from the psychological resilience scale was significant. This situation may have been caused by variables that could not be noticed or controlled by the researcher during the planning and implementation phase of the research. Because this study could not be conducted in a laboratory environment, the control group could not control the life events and new learning they experienced during the research process. For example, the significant effect of psychological resilience on solving the personal problems of the control group of Application 1 paved the way for low pre-test scores. The increase in the post-test and follow-up test scores may be due to positive developments regarding the solution of the problems of the control group during the research process. In the studies conducted on this subject, it has been observed that university students with high problem-solving skills also have high levels of psychological resilience (Carmeli et al., 2021 ; Coşkun et al., 2014 ; Pınar et al., 2018 ). Therefore, the findings of the studies may be another reason for the difference between the control group's pre-test-post-test and pre-test-follow-up score averages from the psychological resilience scale. However, when the pre-test was applied to the control group, an earthquake disaster affecting ten provinces occurred in our country. The adverse effects of earthquakes, floods, and large fires on individuals are known (Bland et al., 1996 ; Geng et al., 2018 ; Ionescu et al., 2021 ; Mason et al., 2010 ; Wang & Liu, 2012 ). One of the negative psychological states experienced by individuals after an earthquake is post-traumatic stress disorder. When the adverse effects of post-traumatic stress disorder on psychological resilience are investigated, many studies are encountered (Mealer et al., 2017 ; Meng et al., 2018 ; Thompson et al., 2018 ; Wingo et al., 2017 ; Xi et al., 2020 ). Therefore, one of the reasons why the pre-test mean scores of the control group were lower compared to the post-test and follow-up test may be the effect of the earthquake trauma experienced throughout the country after the earthquake. Another reason why the control group's psychological resilience pre-test score averages were low is that the time when the students answered the pre-test coincided with the exam period. It is thought that the psychological resilience levels of students experiencing exam stress were negatively affected. However, the post-test was administered to the control group during the summer period. It is known that the summer period has positive effects on the mental health of individuals (Morgan et al., 2019 ). It is also seen that mentally healthy individuals are psychologically strong (Foster et al., 2019 ; Gao et al., 2017 ; Ungar & Theron, 2020 ). In addition, when the follow-up test was administered (X = 18.37), it was seen that results close to the post-test scores (18.62) were obtained. When these results are examined, it is stated that the closeness of the control group's post-test and follow-up test scores reflects the members' absolute psychological resilience levels without any positive or negative factors. It is thought that the occurrence of factors that are not under the control of the group leader (exam period, earthquake, summer period) caused the psychological resilience scores of the control group to increase without any group psychological counseling. Conclusion As a result of the statistical analyses conducted in the study and the observations obtained regarding the Group IPT process, the following results were determined in general. It was concluded that the IPT application for group therapies prepared by Weissman and Markowitz (2002) and adapted by Hızlı Sayar and Omay (2019) increased university students' psychological resilience in Application-1 and Application-2. After the experimental study prepared for the IPT application for group therapies was applied, it was determined that it had positive effects on the psychological resilience levels of university students who participated in Application-1 and Application-2. Suggestions In order to examine the long-term effects of the application, long-term follow-up studies should be conducted to examine the long-term effects of the findings obtained from the short-term application. Such studies can provide us with more comprehensive results by evaluating the long-term effects of the application. In addition, conducting studies with more extensive participation can increase the generalizability of the results obtained. Group psychological counseling was implemented in an online environment. The online implementation of IPT group psychological counseling has revealed difficulties and obstacles. For example, the difficulty of implementing group activities in an online environment is one of them. A better understanding of these difficulties and the development of solution suggestions can ensure the effective implementation of IPT. The findings regarding the dissemination of group counseling show that this application can increase the level of psychological resilience. Therefore, arrangements can be made to implement such applications in university psychosocial counseling centers and public health centers. Comparisons can be made between subgroups of participants with different characteristics. For example, subgroup analyses that consider factors such as gender, age, and socioeconomic status can help understand the effects of the application on different groups. Flexibility should be provided in implementing these studies by considering the different group dynamics, cultural differences, and individual needs of the IPT group application. For this reason, its applicability can be increased in groups of different ethnicities and cultures in the country. Some difficulties were encountered since the application was conducted with university students. The fact that the period during which the application was conducted coincided with the students' exam periods created concerns about the scales' reliability. In this case, it may be appropriate to plan future studies by paying attention to this issue. In order to compare different therapy approaches, the effects of different therapy approaches, such as IPT and group psychological counseling, can be compared. Understanding which therapy approach is more effective in certain situations is essential. Data can be collected using various methods such as surveys, scales, clinical interviews, etc. In addition, participants can be selected from large samples to increase the reliability of the data. It is essential to be an innovative and effective intervention method against specific problems experienced by students. Participants can share their experiences by encountering others with similar difficulties, learn from the problems experienced by others, and express themselves in a supportive environment. This can help strengthen interpersonal ties and create social support networks. If this application effectively increases psychological resilience, universities and other educational institutions may consider including such interventions in student psychosocial support services. This may be essential in supporting students' academic and personal development and improving their general mental health and well-being. Psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals can integrate such interventions into their applications and encourage group therapy in addition to individual therapy. As a result, increased funding and support services for mental health services on university campuses can be achieved in terms of education and health policies. Declarations Acknowledgments This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Data availability statement All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. Funding The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors received no specific funding for this work. Code availability Not applicable. Compliance of ethical standard statement All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee. Author Contribution This study was prepared within the scope of a doctoral dissertation. Most of the work was carried out by Hasan Batmaz. Eyüp Çelik contributed to the methodological framework of the study and interpretation of the results. Hasan Batmaz undertook the data collection, analysis and writing process. Eyüp Çelik provided guidance and feedback as the advisor of the study. References Akar A. (2018). Psikolojik sağlamlık programının ergenlerin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyine etkisi (Doktora Tezi). Yök Tez Merkezi veri tabanından erişildi (Tez No:495589). Althobaiti S, Kazantzis N, Ofori-Asenso R, Romero L, Fisher J, Mills KE, Liew D. Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 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Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 1995;4(3):81–4. 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772327 . Werner EE, Smith RS. Overcoming the odds: High-risk children from birth to adulthood. Cornell University Press; 2019. Wingo AP, Briscione M, Norrholm SD, Jovanovic T, McCullough SA, Skelton K, Bradley B. Psychological resilience is associated with more intact social functioning in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Psychiatry Res. 2017;249:206–11. 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.022 . Xi Y, Yu H, Yao Y, Peng K, Wang Y, Chen R. Post-traumatic stress disorder and the role of resilience, social support, anxiety and depression after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake: A structural equation model. Asian J Psychiatry. 2020;49:101958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101958 . Yıldırım M, Tanrıverdi FÇ. Social support, resilience and subjective well-being in college students. J Posit School Psychol. 2021;5(2):127–35. 10.47602/jpsp.v5i2.229 . Zhang D, Qin L, Huang A, Wang C, Yuan T, Li X, Zhang L. Mediating effect of resilience and fear of COVID-19 on the relationship between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder among campus-quarantined nursing students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs. 2023;22(1):164. 10.1186/s12912-023-01319-4 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5807364","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":401936389,"identity":"6e5ffb59-d868-45da-bb80-228c92be76c5","order_by":0,"name":"HASAN BATMAZ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karabük University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"HASAN","middleName":"","lastName":"BATMAZ","suffix":""},{"id":401936390,"identity":"d2c2afd8-0a62-4eca-8266-076acec90172","order_by":1,"name":"EYÜP ÇELİK","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABC0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACCx4J9gYGxgYoV4IILRI8EjwHULQYENTCICGRQKQWfokcswc/KiRkJGc+f/hxRs29xP4G5oO3eRj+5OPSIjkjx9yw54wEj7R0jrHkhmPFiTMOsCVb8zAYWDbg0GJwI8dMmrFNgkdOOodB8gFbQmLDAR4zaaAWnC6zB2v5B9Qiefzxzwf/EhLnH+D/hleLgQRISwPQYRIMZpIb2xISNxzgYcOrReLMs3LDnmMSPJI9OWaWM/sSjDceZjO2nGNgjFMLf3vytgc/amzsJY4ff3yz51uC7LzjzQ9vvKmQwx3KAglsKHzHBmawg3FqAFpzAFWLPR61o2AUjIJRMEIBAO6sT2bRJexUAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Sakarya University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"EYÜP","middleName":"","lastName":"ÇELİK","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-11 05:23:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5807364/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5807364/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73869654,"identity":"58dcca24-8dc6-48f9-8bbe-4d4fb1e893e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 12:09:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in BRS score averages of experiment and control groups over time\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807364/v1/7a774d16b7280ae4769ad6ed.png"},{"id":97958193,"identity":"16c6f8b6-d0a9-4952-96af-6c27161ed4eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-11 08:24:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1106545,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807364/v1/090ec819-a658-419a-a5b5-2e2f7116f48c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Effect of Interpersonal Psychotherapy-Based Group Psychological Counseling on the Psychological Resilience Levels of University Students","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAdverse events in health, economy, and social fields may negatively affect the mental health of some individuals from various demographic and socioeconomic groups. Economic crises, increased unemployment rates, and financial insecurity may increase stress and anxiety levels in individuals (Mucci et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, crises in the field of health, pandemics, and problems in accessing health services can seriously threaten individuals' mental health (Johnson \u0026amp; Johnson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In the face of these situations, individuals' psychological resilience levels can be negatively affected. When psychological resilience is low, it appears as a mental health problem that needs to be improved as the daily lives of individuals are negatively affected. Psychological resilience is generally accepted as an antecedent of mental health. That is, individuals having high levels of psychological resilience can help them maintain their mental health and be more resilient to stress, trauma, or other adverse life events (Rutter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, psychological resilience draws attention as an essential concept that expresses individuals' ability to cope with trauma and stress in their lives (Masten, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Reivich \u0026amp; Shatt\u0026eacute;, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Psychological resilience is an important concept that expresses the ability of individuals to cope with trauma and stress in their lives. This concept can be defined as a person's ability to remain psychologically resilient when faced with adverse events (Reivich \u0026amp; Shatt\u0026eacute;, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, Masten (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) explains psychological resilience as resisting and overcoming adverse conditions. Especially in stressful or traumatic situations, individuals with psychological resilience can effectively use various coping strategies to alleviate adverse effects (Bonanno, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), which stands out with its emphasis on overcoming stressful times and the nature of interpersonal relationships, has managed to write its name among popular therapies in recent years. Research on interpersonal psychotherapy covers topics such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, dysthymic disorder, PTSD, alcohol addiction, and personality disorders. In experimental studies conducted to examine whether the short-term version of IPT is effective on major depression, it has proven effective both as an emergency and long-term intervention (Brakemeier \u0026amp; Frase, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Van Hees et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). In a separate study, it was shown that interpersonal psychotherapy had a similar effectiveness compared to cognitive behavioral therapy in clients diagnosed with major depressive disorder in a community-supported psychiatric outpatient clinic, and both therapeutic approaches were effective in reducing depression symptoms (Ekeblad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, IPT applications have been proven to be more effective than SSRI drug treatment (Frank et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). As can be seen, IPT has been proven to be effective in short-term and long-term intervention styles in the treatment of depression, to achieve similar results with cognitive therapy applications, and to be more effective than drug treatment. In this context, psychological resilience is thought to play an essential role in coping with adverse events in health, economy, and social areas and in solving problems in interpersonal relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent researchers have defined psychological resilience in many ways. It is seen that the definitions made for psychological resilience have similar characteristics. Psychological resilience is defined as (a) rapid recovery from illnesses, adverse conditions, and changes; (b) coping with stressful life events and successfully bouncing back from them (Murphy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e); and (c) adaptation and development in the face of significant challenges (Masten \u0026amp; Coatsworth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). Psychological resilience consists of three elements: risk factors, protective factors, and the adaptation process, and it emerges through the interaction of these elements (Luthar \u0026amp; Zigler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the existence of a negative relationship between social media addiction and psychological resilience (Bilgin \u0026amp; Taş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Hou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Kocabıyık \u0026amp; Bacıoğlu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Nie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) reveals that psychological resilience acts as a shield against a situation that negatively affects mental health, such as psychological vulnerability. The ability of an individual to quickly recover and return to daily life after negative experiences is explained by psychological resilience (Akar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Psychological resilience can be defined as the ability of individuals to recover and adapt quickly in the face of disturbances, adverse conditions, and stressful life events. Psychological resilience emerges through the interaction of risk factors, protective factors, and adaptation processes. Research shows that there is a negative relationship between social media addiction and psychological resilience, which suggests that social media addiction increases psychological vulnerability. Psychological resilience plays a protective role in this situation. The ability of individuals to recover quickly after negative experiences is an indicator of their psychological resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat is Interpersonal Psychotherapy?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe IPT theory emphasizes the resolution of psychological disorders and the resolution of conflicts arising from interpersonal relationships. IPT argues that psychological disorders arise and become permanent as a result of the individual experiencing problems in interpersonal relationships and not having interpersonal support networks (Hızlı Sayar \u0026amp; Omay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Instead of unconscious processes, the counselor draws attention to the clients' surroundings and relationships. Unlike other therapies in interpersonal psychotherapy, the counselor strives to help clients see their major depression or other distressing symptoms as a treatable medical illness that is not the client's fault (Grote et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Interpersonal psychotherapy focuses on not the distant past but concrete events that have occurred recently or are currently occurring (Hızlı Sayar \u0026amp; Omay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). IPT is an approach that focuses on the relationships of the individual with their social environment in order to solve the problems or problems caused by their psychiatric disorders and addresses this within a certain period (Weissman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). There are four types of interpersonal problem areas defined in IPT: mourning, conflict, role changes, and interpersonal inadequacy (Hızlı Sayar \u0026amp; Omay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpersonal psychotherapy can help individuals resolve their interpersonal problems, develop healthier relationships, and increase their psychological resilience. This approach can contribute to recovery by strengthening individuals' social support networks and changing negative relationship dynamics. IPT stands out as a psychotherapy method that focuses on individuals' relational contexts and interactions in this context (Markowitz \u0026amp; Weissman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). This therapy aims to help individuals become aware of their interpersonal relationship problems and develop strategies to solve them (Lipsitz \u0026amp; Markowitz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). IPT is a proven method for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders (Frank et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). However, studies on the effects of IPT on individuals' levels of psychological resilience and their capacity to cope with trauma and stress are limited (Lipsitz \u0026amp; Markowitz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems in interpersonal relationships are usually caused by factors such as lack of communication, conflicts, insecurity, and attachment problems (Lipsitz \u0026amp; Markowitz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Such problems can negatively affect the individual's psychological resilience and become a source of stress. However, therapy methods such as IPT, which are used to solve problems in interpersonal relationships, significantly contribute to the processes of individuals coping with these problems and increasing their psychological resilience. IPT helps individuals recognize the problems in their interpersonal relationships and cope with these problems (Markowitz \u0026amp; Weissman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). This therapy allows the individual to understand relationship dynamics, develop communication skills, and set healthy boundaries. Thus, individuals can increase their psychological resilience by experiencing healthier and more satisfying interactions in their relationships. While individuals increase their psychological resilience with IPT applications and solve communication problems in their relationships, successes and positive changes can occur. Additionally, IPT\u0026rsquo;s support for individuals in developing relationship skills and setting healthy boundaries can strengthen individuals\u0026rsquo; ability to cope with stress and increase emotional resilience (Lipsitz \u0026amp; Markowitz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, IPT applications can increase individuals\u0026rsquo; psychological resilience by resolving problems in interpersonal relationships and helping them establish healthier, more satisfying relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the problem areas of IPT (mourning, conflict, role changes, and interpersonal inadequacy), individuals may experience a decrease in their psychological resilience when faced with these problems. Indeed, individuals may experience psychological breakdowns as a result of situations such as the loss of a loved one, intensification of conflicts in interpersonal relationships, job changes, responsibilities brought about by marriage, job loss, and inability to solve problems in interpersonal relationships. A decrease in the level of psychological resilience has been associated with several pathological conditions and problems. Research shows that low psychological resilience increases the risk of developing mental health problems such as major depressive disorder (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), generalized anxiety disorder (Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), post-traumatic stress disorder (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), obsessive-compulsive disorder (Deveci et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), and eating disorders (Wei et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, it has been found that when psychological resilience is low, the probability of harmful habits such as substance addiction (Dallas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and alcohol addiction (Cusack et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) increases. Therefore, maintaining and strengthening psychological resilience is essential for protecting mental health and preventing various psychopathological conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInterpersonal psychotherapy and resilience\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals with psychological resilience can be more resilient when faced with various life challenges, which can increase their overall quality of life. It is stated that psychological resilience allows individuals to maintain their emotional, cognitive, and behavioral flexibility, making them less affected by adverse life events and traumatic experiences (Bonanno, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Rutter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals with high levels of psychological resilience can recover quickly and continue their lives even after a significant loss or trauma (Masten, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, preventive and intervention studies that increase individuals' psychological resilience are critical in protecting mental health. Examining how therapy methods can support psychological resilience is essential in this context. Many psychological counseling theories (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoanalytic therapy, emotionally focused therapy, solution-focused therapy, behavioral therapy, and holistic therapy) are used in the literature to detect symptoms that arise as a result of events that harm mental health in advance and to protect mental health. However, in the last thirty years, especially in clinical studies (Lipsitz \u0026amp; Markowitz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Markowitz \u0026amp; Weissman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), the interpersonal psychotherapy approach has also come to the fore. The study conducted by Bateman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) has proven that IPT has a healing effect on interpersonal functioning, emotion regulation, self-confidence, identity problems, and crisis management in individuals with borderline personality disorder (Bateman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Markowitz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). In a different study, IPT has shown promising results in reducing both depression symptoms and alcohol use in women, and significant improvements in depression symptoms and alcohol use have been observed during the treatment period (Gamble et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). It has also been proven that IPT has the potential to reduce chronic depression (dysthymia) symptoms and increase functionality (Markowitz, 2003). IPT is effective on chronic depression as well as major depression. In addition to significant and chronic depression, IPT has been proven to be effective in reducing PTSD symptoms and increasing treatment response rates (Althobaiti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, Markowitz (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) supports the effectiveness of IPT as a non-trauma-focused PTSD treatment and emphasizes that it should be included in PTSD treatment guidelines. Therefore, it is expected that positive results on psychological resilience will be obtained with interpersonal psychotherapy, which addresses awareness of interpersonal relationships and strengthening social support networks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is seen that the problem areas of IPT are closely related to psychological resilience. One of the focal points of interpersonal psychotherapy is to strengthen social support networks. It is seen that social support positively affects psychological resilience (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Tanrıverdi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, the emergence of the positive effect of increasing psychological resilience on perceived social support in studies (see Hou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) shows that the two concepts have a mutual effect. The difference between IPT and other therapy applications is that it has a broad perspective, such as bio/psycho/social/spiritual, and attaches importance to social support to strengthen psychological resilience. When defining IPT, it is addressed within a broad framework such as bio/psycho/social/spiritual. It may be difficult for an individual who is constantly anxious to recover quickly and return to daily life after negative experiences, that is, to regain psychological resilience. Therefore, it is predicted that the therapeutic effect of interpersonal psychotherapy on psychological resilience will positively affect (affect) the mental health of individuals. Since the theoretical basis of IPT is based on attachment theory (Aydın, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), it is observed that there is a negative relationship between weak social support networks and an individual's attachment anxiety (Struck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). It is observed that an individual's attachment anxiety hurts psychological resilience (Calvo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Strong social support can increase individuals' capacity to cope with stressful and traumatic situations. This is an essential component of psychological resilience. Individuals' establishing healthier and more supportive relationships with their social environments can make them more resilient to stress and trauma (Lipsitz \u0026amp; Markowitz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the effort of interpersonal psychotherapy to develop social support networks can also positively affect psychological resilience. Therefore, it is thought that IPT will effectively strengthen psychological resilience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePresent Study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePsychological resilience can also contribute to maintaining mental health by increasing the capacity of individuals to cope with adverse situations. On the other hand, low levels of psychological resilience can increase the risk of individuals experiencing mental health problems. Therefore, psychological resilience plays an important role both in maintaining mental health and in preventing mental health problems. The role that IPT plays in increasing the psychological resilience of individuals is based on the resolution of relational problems, strengthening of social support networks, development of emotional regulation skills, improvement of empathy and communication skills, and promotion of positive interpersonal experiences. This therapy method can increase the quality of life of individuals and make them more resilient to mental health problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup counseling based on interpersonal psychotherapy offers a cost-effective intervention and allows individuals to learn from each other by sharing similar problems and creating social support networks (Tasca et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). This study was designed and implemented considering the advantages of group therapy. Unlike individual therapy, IPT benefits from group dynamics and the power of collective healing (Ferizi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). University students may experience psychological difficulties due to reasons such as academic pressure (Quach et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), social changes (Moen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and future anxiety (Paredes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, psychological resilience can be increased in university youth with group counseling based on interpersonal psychotherapy, enabling them to cope with the stress experienced due to challenging life events and the situations they may encounter that negatively affect their mental health. The primary motivation of this study is the problems arising from spiritual intelligence among university students and the adverse effects of these problems on mental health. Therefore, examining the effects of IPT on psychological resilience is aimed to fill the gaps in knowledge in this area. In particular, it is original in addressing the potential of IPT to increase the level of psychological resilience and thus its effect on coping with situations such as trauma and stress (Lipsitz \u0026amp; Markowitz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The study results could increase individuals' quality of life by contributing to developing more effective therapy interventions (Markowitz \u0026amp; Weissman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Among the problems associated with spiritual intelligence in university students are stress factors such as high academic pressure and social adaptation problems (Werner \u0026amp; Smith, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This study aims to contribute to developing strategies to reduce these problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, to contribute to the relevant literature regarding theory and application and offer practitioners an intervention method whose effectiveness has been tested, this study aimed to test whether group counseling based on interpersonal psychotherapy is effective on psychological resilience, and the following hypotheses were tested.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy hypotheses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH1: Regardless of the change between the measurements, is there a significant difference between the repeated measurements of the experimental and control groups?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH2: Regardless of which group (experimental and control) the subjects are in, is there a significant difference between the repeated measurements (as a single group)?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH3: Does the change observed in the repeated measurements of the subjects' psychological resilience variables differ significantly between the experimental and control groups?\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch Model\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was designed by considering the pre-test-post-test control group design, one of the actual experimental model types among experimental models. In this design, the first factor shows the independent treatment groups (experiment-control), and the second factor shows three repeated measurements (pre-test-post-follow-up test) related to the dependent variable (B\u0026uuml;y\u0026uuml;k\u0026ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk et al., 2008). The independent variable of the research is the interpersonal psychotherapy-based group psychological counseling, and the dependent variable is the psychological resilience levels of the participants. IPT applications were applied to two groups for comparison and control, generalizability, repeatability, methodological strengthening (verifying that the results are not random and show a sure consistency), and improving the application. Since the study was conducted with two groups, a pilot study was not conducted separately. The sessions were conducted online due to the decision to continue education and training remotely (online) due to the negative impact of the earthquake disaster that occurred in our country and affected 11 provinces. The research model is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIPT- Group Psychological Counselling\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIPT- Group Psychological Counselling\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003eis here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e is examined, to see the effectiveness of group counseling based on IPT, a study was conducted with two groups at different times, namely Application 1 and Application 2. In both applications, BRS was applied to determine the pre-test scores of the experiment and control groups. Then, the experiment groups were applied to the counseling based on IPT, and no procedure was applied to the control groups. The IPT booklet was later given to the control groups for their information. Immediately after the group counseling based on IPT, BRS was applied to the experimental and control groups to determine their post-test scores. Three months after the application of the post-tests, BRS was applied again to the experiment and control groups that participated in both applications to determine the follow-up measurements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Group\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn experimental study was conducted to test group psychological counseling based on IPT. The participants of Application-1 were determined by applying a BRS pre-test to 225 students studying at XXX (blind for review) University. Students who scored below the average (BRS: \u0026#119909;̅ = 15.76, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.79) on the scales were voluntarily selected using the simple random method, a random sampling type. For Application-1, IPT was carried out with 16 students (8 experimental and 8 control). The participants of Application 2 were determined by applying the BRS pre-test to 58 students studying at different universities. Students who scored below the average (BRS: \u0026#119909;̅ = 16.92, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.02) on the scales were voluntarily selected using the simple random method, a random sampling type. For Application 2, IPT was conducted with 16 students (8 experimental and 8 control). According to the IPT procedure, before starting the group sessions, individual interviews were conducted to create the interpersonal summary (a technique that systematically evaluates the essential people in the client's life and the relationships with these people) and circles (a model used to understand the client's interpersonal behaviors and the motivations underlying these behaviors) of the experimental groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor both applications, the experimental and control groups were informed about the purpose and content of the study during the preliminary interview process. The aim of the group counseling based on IPT applied to the students was to increase the level of psychological resilience, the number and duration of sessions, and general information about the group counseling process. In the preliminary interview, an interpersonal relations inventory was created with each group member to understand current relationships and general social support levels, to investigate the client's current interpersonal problems, to evaluate attachment style, to determine communication style, and to determine specific IPT problem areas that could be the focus of the counselor (Hızlı Sayar \u0026amp; Omay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, an interpersonal formulation was prepared to address the comprehensive and planned conceptualization of the group members and their problems as psychological or psychiatric. The interpersonal formulation addresses the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The formulation may include attachment, personality, defense mechanisms, trauma, and similar technical concepts. The interpersonal formulation is based on a biopsychosocial/cultural/spiritual model. In the preliminary interview, the interpersonal summary, which was written collaboratively by the group leader and group member about the member's situation and problems, was created with an unplanned thought and was a version of IPT counseling that was made suitable for the client. The interpersonal summary is necessary for acceptance into the group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe day and time of the group application were determined according to the participants' class hours and to be online. Two groups were randomly formed using a random method. A total of 16 people participated in the Application-1 experimental group, 8 (7 girls, 1 boy), and the control group, 8 (5 girls, 3 boys). The mean age of the participants was 21.87 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.78). A total of 16 people participated in the Application-2 experimental group, 8 (7 girls, 1 boy), and the control group, 8 (5 girls, 3 boys). The mean age of the participants was 22.62 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.24). Demographic information and BRS pre-test scores of the students who participated in Application-1 and Application-2 are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS pre-test scores of the experiment and control groups in Application 1 and Application 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment Group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003eis here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Mann-Whitney U Test was used to analyze whether there was a statistically significant difference between the pre-test scores of the students selected for the experimental and control groups who participated in Application 1 and Application 2 and who received them from BRS. The results of the analysis of the pre-test scores of the experiment and control groups who participated in Application 1 and Application 2 are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults regarding the pretest scores of the experimental and control groups that participated in Application 1 and Application 2 from BRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test of experiment group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl group pre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test of experiment group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.874\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl group pre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003eis here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e is examined, it is seen that the difference between the pre-test scores of the experimental and control groups participating in Application-1 and Application-2 from the BRS is not statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection tool\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBrief Resilience Scale (BRS)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was developed by Smith et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) to measure the psychological resilience of individuals. An increase in the score obtained from the scale means that psychological resilience also increases. The scale is one-dimensional. The factor structure of the original scale was examined with four samples within the scope of validity, and the results for each sample revealed a single-factor structure that explained 55\u0026ndash;67% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha values ​​for the four samples ranged between .80 and .91. The test-retest reliability coefficient ranged between .62 and .69.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe scale adapted to Turkish by Doğan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) is a 5-point Likert-type measurement tool comprising six items. The scale's 'I strongly disagree' option is 1 point, and the 'I agree' option is 5 points. A high score obtained from the scale indicates high psychological resilience. The scale consists of a single dimension. Items 2, 4, and 6 are scored reversely. In the validity study of the adapted scale, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was calculated as .85 as a result of the exploratory factor analysis, and the Bartlett's Test of Sphericity χ2 value was calculated as 594.955 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). The scale has a single-factor structure that explains 54% of the total variance. The factor loadings of the scale items vary between .63 and .79. Goodness of fit indices within the scope of confirmatory factor analysis were calculated as CMIN/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.83, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.99, NNFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.99, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.99, IFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.99, RFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.97, GFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.99, AGFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.96, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, SRMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03. In the reliability study of the adapted scale, Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as 0.83. Corrected item-total correlation values ​​ranged between .49 and .66. The findings showed that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool used in Turkish culture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGroup psychological counseling based on IPT\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research is an experimental study with a pre-test-post-test control group to examine interpersonal psychotherapy's effect on psychological resilience. For this purpose, eight sessions of interpersonal psychotherapy, each lasting 60\u0026ndash;70 minutes, were applied to the experimental group once a week. Detailed information about the purpose of the application and the activities performed in the sessions is given below. The group aims to enable students to become more psychologically resilient individuals in group sessions of interpersonal psychotherapy. This application is a standard program designed by Hızlı Sayar and Omay (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and Weissman and Markowitz (2002). IPT applications have positively affected many mental health problems (Durmaz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; O'hara et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Stuart et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMann-Whitney U Test was performed to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between the pre-test scores of the experimental and control group students from BRS before the group started KIPT. After the experiment, a one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures (one-way ANOVA for repeated measures) was used to determine whether there was a significant difference between the averages of the consecutive measurement results. In this context, for the analysis of the study's data, the assumptions of the analysis of variance for repeated measures were first considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe intra-group change regarding the effectiveness of the experimental procedure (Application 1 and Application 2) on the level of psychological resilience was tested with a one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures. The one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures to give accurate results must have typical distribution characteristics, and the Sphericity assumption must be met (Can, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, the scores of the dependent variable (psychological resilience) were examined by the Shapiro-Wilks test regarding normality for each subgroup and Mauchly's Test of Sphericity sphericity test whether the difference scores calculated for the subjects were independent of each other. As a result of the examinations, it was seen that the psychological resilience data measured for Application 1 and Application 2 met the assumptions of one-way analysis of variance. The results of the normality test are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, and the results of the sphericity test are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormality test results for psychological resilience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShapiro-Wilks İstatistik\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.891\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.931\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.877\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.894\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.253\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003eis here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, it was determined that the results of the Shapiro-Wilks test related to psychological resilience had a normal distribution in each subgroup (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.5).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSphericity test results for psychological resilience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u0026uuml;resellik Testi Mauchly's W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.790\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.493\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.808\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003eis here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, according to Mauchly's W test result of Application 2, it was concluded that the assumption of sphericity, one of the criteria for one-way analysis of variance, was met (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In Application-1, according to Mauchly's W test result of the experimental group, it is seen that the assumption of sphericity, one of the criteria of one-way analysis of variance, is not met (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Tabachnick and Fidell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) state that in cases where the sphericity assumption is not met, one of the significance tests, such as Greenhouse-Geisser correction or Huynh-Feldt, can be used as an alternative. If the epsilon value is less than 0.75, it is recommended to use the Greenhouse-Geisser epsilon value (Can, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Since the Greenhouse-Geisser value of the experimental group of Application 1 was .010, a one-way variance analysis was performed based on this value. The mean and standard deviation values of the pretest, posttest, and follow-up tests of the psychological resilience scale are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean and standard deviation values of psychological resilience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003eis here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e is analyzed, while the psychological resilience scores increased in the pre-test-post-test-follow-up test in the experimental group of Application 1, an increase occurred in the post-test scores in the control group and decreased slightly in the follow-up test. While psychological resilience scores increased in the pre-test-post-test-monitoring test in the experimental group of Application-2, psychological resilience scores increased in the pre-test-post-test-monitoring test in the control group. This situation is discussed in the discussion and conclusion section. The findings obtained as a result of a one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures for repeated measures for the experimental and control groups of Application 1 are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne-way analysis of variance results of BRS pre-test-post-test-monitoring scores of the experimental and control groups in Application 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of Variance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of Squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant Differences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInter-subjects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u0026loz;Pre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.917\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.734\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInter-subjects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.583\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.792\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.488\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test \u0026loz; Pre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u0026loz;Pre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003eis here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e is examined, it is seen that the difference between the follow-up test and pre-test scores in the psychological resilience scale in the experimental group of Application 1 is significant (F \u003csub\u003e(7,7734)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.944, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The mean follow-up test score (X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.37) was higher than the mean pretest (X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.37). However, the difference between the post-test (X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.00) and the pretest mean scores was insignificant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis finding shows that the pre-test mean psychological resilience pre-test score of the students included in the group IPT application increased in the follow-up test conducted three months after the end of the application; that is, the positive effect of the application continued over time. On the other hand, it was determined that the difference between the posttest and pretest and the mean scores of the follow-up test and pretest was significant in the measurements made in the control group (F \u003csub\u003e(2,14)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.778, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The findings obtained as a result of a one-way analysis of variance for the experimental and control groups of Application 2 are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne-way analysis of variance results for the BRS pretest-posttest-monitoring scores of the experimental and control groups in Application 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of Variance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of Squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant Differences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInter-subjects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.806\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow-up test\u0026loz;Pre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.917\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInter-subjects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.822\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo difference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003eis here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e is analyzed, it is seen that the difference between the follow-up test and pre-test scores in the psychological resilience scale in the experimental group of Application 2 is significant (F (2, 14)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77.778, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The mean follow-up test score (X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.62) was higher than the mean pretest (X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.12). However, the difference between the posttest (X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.25) and pretest mean scores (X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.12) was insignificant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis finding shows that the mean psychological resilience pre-test score of the students included in the group IPT application increased in the follow-up test 3 months after the end of the application; that is, the positive effect of the application continued over time. On the other hand, the difference in the pretest-posttest-follow-up test measurements in the control group was insignificant. The distribution of the pretest-posttest-monitoring test scores of the experimental and control groups of Application 1 and Application 2 are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003eis here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs a result of the research, it was observed that the psychological resilience levels of university students who were included in the Experimental Group-1 experimental group with Group IPT increased. When the literature was examined, it was concluded that experimental psychoeducation or psychotherapy applications related to psychological resilience were practical in the experimental group (Akar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Ko\u0026ccedil;han, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; \u0026Ouml;zkan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Akar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that the psychological resilience program he prepared in his doctoral thesis effectively increased the psychological resilience levels of high school students. Ko\u0026ccedil;han (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) found that the psychological resilience psychoeducation program increased the psychological resilience levels of adolescents. \u0026Ouml;zkan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), on the other hand, concluded in his doctoral study with experimental, control, and placebo groups that the psychological resilience-focused psychoeducation program increased the psychological resilience levels of adults who participated in the experimental group compared to the control and placebo groups. Similarly, the positive effect of Group IPT on psychological resilience was revealed, which is thought to have produced various positive results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome of the positive results that have emerged from the research may have been that Group IPT created a positive group dynamic among the participants. Group members may have shown empathy towards each other and shared similar experiences. This supportive environment may have helped the participants develop solid and positive relationships and increase their psychological resilience. It may also have encouraged the participants to interact with each other. This interaction allowed the group members to learn from each other and gain different perspectives. This process may have helped the participants increase their psychological resilience and experience personal growth. Group IPT may have provided the members with a safe and supportive therapy environment. This environment may have facilitated the participants to open up emotionally and express themselves. While the members received support to cope with the difficulties they experienced, they may have also learned strategies to strengthen their psychological resilience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the research results, the difference between the pre-test and follow-up test score averages taken from the psychological resilience scale of Group IPT applied to the experimental groups of Application-1 and Application-2 is significant. No significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test score averages. Similarly, no significant difference was found between the post-test and follow-up test score averages. There are some reasons why this difference did not occur. First of all, when the definition of psychological resilience is considered, it is stated that psychological resilience is the ability to bounce back from complex life events and misfortunes (Ledesma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), the capacity to cope with events as well as difficulties and to take responsibility and recover (Luthans, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), to reach the previous level of well-being after experiencing a negative situation (Bonanno, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) and the ability to maintain well-being skills even under stress (Werner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). In other words, it is seen that the effect of the psychological counselor applied to the experimental group showed its effect three months after the post-test. The reason for this, as can be understood from the definition of psychological resilience, is that the individual recovers from the negative situations he/she has experienced and will experience over time. His/her mental health improves, which shows that group counseling is beneficial. The fact that the difference between the group members' pre-test and post-test score averages is not significant may also be related to this. Therefore, the members' reactions to adverse events and their ability to overcome them change over time. In group therapies, the interaction of the members in social relationships and the healing skills of the group may cause the members' psychological resilience levels to increase. A study on this subject revealed that social relationships are a protective factor for psychological resilience (Fuller-Iglesias et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). A different study revealed the significant effect of increasing social support on psychological resilience (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Tanrıverdi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Another study conducted with data from a Turkish sample revealed that social support from family, friends, and others increases psychological resilience (Malko\u0026ccedil; \u0026amp; Yal\u0026ccedil;in, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the results of the significant difference between the pre-test and follow-up scores, first of all, it can be considered that the effect of Group IPT on psychological resilience is long-term. Significant differences in pre-test and follow-up tests may indicate that the results of the therapy process continue not only in the short term but also in the long term. This may indicate that Group IPT can permanently increase the psychological resilience levels of the participants. Similarly, how the effect of Group IPT on psychological resilience develops throughout the therapy process can be evaluated. The differences in pre-test and follow-up tests may increase or decrease with the progress of the therapy process. This may indicate that therapy sessions not only increase the psychological resilience levels of the participants but also how this increase develops over time. The effect of Group IPT on psychological resilience may be related to the content and continuity of the therapy process. For example, specific components or group dynamics in the therapy process may be necessary for increasing the psychological resilience levels of the participants. In addition, regular and continuous implementation of therapy sessions may be a critical factor in maintaining the effect. It is also possible to assess how the effects of group IPT on resilience are related to interindividual differences. Differences in pre-test and follow-up tests may indicate how the therapy meets individual needs and characteristics and how the effects vary across different individuals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, although no intervention was applied to the control group of Application-1, it was determined that the difference between the mean scores they received from the pre-test-post-test and pre-test-follow-up test from the psychological resilience scale was significant. This situation may have been caused by variables that could not be noticed or controlled by the researcher during the planning and implementation phase of the research. Because this study could not be conducted in a laboratory environment, the control group could not control the life events and new learning they experienced during the research process. For example, the significant effect of psychological resilience on solving the personal problems of the control group of Application 1 paved the way for low pre-test scores. The increase in the post-test and follow-up test scores may be due to positive developments regarding the solution of the problems of the control group during the research process. In the studies conducted on this subject, it has been observed that university students with high problem-solving skills also have high levels of psychological resilience (Carmeli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Coşkun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Pınar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the findings of the studies may be another reason for the difference between the control group's pre-test-post-test and pre-test-follow-up score averages from the psychological resilience scale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, when the pre-test was applied to the control group, an earthquake disaster affecting ten provinces occurred in our country. The adverse effects of earthquakes, floods, and large fires on individuals are known (Bland et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Geng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Ionescu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Mason et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Wang \u0026amp; Liu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). One of the negative psychological states experienced by individuals after an earthquake is post-traumatic stress disorder. When the adverse effects of post-traumatic stress disorder on psychological resilience are investigated, many studies are encountered (Mealer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Meng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Thompson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Wingo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Xi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, one of the reasons why the pre-test mean scores of the control group were lower compared to the post-test and follow-up test may be the effect of the earthquake trauma experienced throughout the country after the earthquake. Another reason why the control group's psychological resilience pre-test score averages were low is that the time when the students answered the pre-test coincided with the exam period. It is thought that the psychological resilience levels of students experiencing exam stress were negatively affected. However, the post-test was administered to the control group during the summer period. It is known that the summer period has positive effects on the mental health of individuals (Morgan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It is also seen that mentally healthy individuals are psychologically strong (Foster et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Gao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ungar \u0026amp; Theron, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, when the follow-up test was administered (X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.37), it was seen that results close to the post-test scores (18.62) were obtained. When these results are examined, it is stated that the closeness of the control group's post-test and follow-up test scores reflects the members' absolute psychological resilience levels without any positive or negative factors. It is thought that the occurrence of factors that are not under the control of the group leader (exam period, earthquake, summer period) caused the psychological resilience scores of the control group to increase without any group psychological counseling.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs a result of the statistical analyses conducted in the study and the observations obtained regarding the Group IPT process, the following results were determined in general. It was concluded that the IPT application for group therapies prepared by Weissman and Markowitz (2002) and adapted by Hızlı Sayar and Omay (2019) increased university students\u0026apos; psychological resilience in Application-1 and Application-2. After the experimental study prepared for the IPT application for group therapies was applied, it was determined that it had positive effects on the psychological resilience levels of university students who participated in Application-1 and Application-2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSuggestions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to examine the long-term effects of the application, long-term follow-up studies should be conducted to examine the long-term effects of the findings obtained from the short-term application. Such studies can provide us with more comprehensive results by evaluating the long-term effects of the application. In addition, conducting studies with more extensive participation can increase the generalizability of the results obtained. Group psychological counseling was implemented in an online environment. The online implementation of IPT group psychological counseling has revealed difficulties and obstacles. For example, the difficulty of implementing group activities in an online environment is one of them. A better understanding of these difficulties and the development of solution suggestions can ensure the effective implementation of IPT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings regarding the dissemination of group counseling show that this application can increase the level of psychological resilience. Therefore, arrangements can be made to implement such applications in university psychosocial counseling centers and public health centers. Comparisons can be made between subgroups of participants with different characteristics. For example, subgroup analyses that consider factors such as gender, age, and socioeconomic status can help understand the effects of the application on different groups. Flexibility should be provided in implementing these studies by considering the different group dynamics, cultural differences, and individual needs of the IPT group application.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;For this reason, its applicability can be increased in groups of different ethnicities and cultures in the country. Some difficulties were encountered since the application was conducted with university students. The fact that the period during which the application was conducted coincided with the students\u0026apos; exam periods created concerns about the scales\u0026apos; reliability. In this case, it may be appropriate to plan future studies by paying attention to this issue. In order to compare different therapy approaches, the effects of different therapy approaches, such as IPT and group psychological counseling, can be compared. Understanding which therapy approach is more effective in certain situations is essential. Data can be collected using various methods such as surveys, scales, clinical interviews, etc. In addition, participants can be selected from large samples to increase the reliability of the data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is essential to be an innovative and effective intervention method against specific problems experienced by students. Participants can share their experiences by encountering others with similar difficulties, learn from the problems experienced by others, and express themselves in a supportive environment. This can help strengthen interpersonal ties and create social support networks. If this application effectively increases psychological resilience, universities and other educational institutions may consider including such interventions in student psychosocial support services. This may be essential in supporting students\u0026apos; academic and personal development and improving their general mental health and well-being. Psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals can integrate such interventions into their applications and encourage group therapy in addition to individual therapy. As a result, increased funding and support services for mental health services on university campuses can be achieved in terms of education and health policies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors received no specific funding for this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompliance of ethical standard statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was prepared within the scope of a doctoral dissertation. Most of the work was carried out by Hasan Batmaz. Ey\u0026uuml;p \u0026Ccedil;elik contributed to the methodological framework of the study and interpretation of the results. Hasan Batmaz undertook the data collection, analysis and writing process. 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BMC Nurs. 2023;22(1):164. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12912-023-01319-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12912-023-01319-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Interpersonal psychotherapy, Psychological resilience, Good health and well-being","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5807364/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5807364/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to examine the effect of interpersonal psychotherapy-based group counseling on the psychological resilience levels of university students. The study was planned and conducted online as Application 2 and Application 2. In the experimentally designed study, the dependent variable was Psychological Resilience scores, and the independent variable was interpersonal psychotherapy-based group counseling. Data were collected using the 'Brief Psychological Resilience Scale (BRS)'. The study was based on a pretest-posttest control group design. The experimental groups received 8 sessions of counseling, while the control groups received no intervention. The BRS was administered before and after the intervention, and follow-up tests were conducted three months later. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the follow-up and pre-test scores in Applications 1 and 2.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Effect of Interpersonal Psychotherapy-Based Group Psychological Counseling on the Psychological Resilience Levels of University Students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-15 12:08:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5807364/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"21fd1162-2d31-435e-85fa-fe7089f94590","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-11T08:23:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-15 12:08:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5807364","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5807364","identity":"rs-5807364","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}