Impact of in vitro fertilization on malignant transformation of endometriotic cysts: A retrospective cohort analysis of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers.

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Endometriosis, affecting 10% of reproductive-aged women, carries a 1–3% lifetime risk of malignant transformation, predominantly to clear cell carcinoma (CCC) and endometrioid adenocarcinoma[1]. A recent JAMA study noted that deep infiltrating endometriosis and/or ovarian endometriomas may confer a 19-fold increased ovarian cancer risk but did not clarify whether these high-risk patients had undergone assisted reproductive technology (ART)[2]. With the expansion of ART utilization and increasing liberalization of egg-freezing indications, the number of women undergoing ovulation induction (OI) and cyst interventions is rising. This study raises concerns that interventions like repeated cyst aspiration/sclerotherapy may accelerate malignant transformation and contribute to earlier disease onset. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of 593 treatment-naïve ovarian cancer patients (2019–2022, University-affiliated Hospital) identified 4 endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC) cases (<40 years, prior IVF). All had histologically confirmed endometriomas before IVF treatment. Data included IVF protocols, cyst interventions, histopathology, genetic profiling. Results: 4 EAOC cases (0.67%) with IVF exposure were identified: median age 37.5 years (33–41), median 4 OI cycles (2–6). 3 patients (75%) underwent repeated transvaginal aspiration/sclerotherapy for endometriomas, correlating with advanced-stage (IIB/IIIC) and elevated CA125 (>200 U/mL in 3/4). Histologic subtypes included CCC (n=3, Stages IA/IIB) and adenosquamous carcinoma (n=1, Stage IIIC). Genetic heterogeneity was observed: one patient harbored a germline/somatic BRCA1 mutation, 2 were BRCA1/2 wild-type (HRD−), and one was BRCA wild-type (HRD+). Notably, none of the patients achieved a live birth, potentially diminishing any parity-associated protective effect against ovarian carcinogenesis. Conclusions: Repeated cyst aspiration/sclerotherapy in endometriomas may accelerate malignant transformation. The absence of live births (and thus parity-associated protection) could worsen progression. As ART utilization expands and egg-freezing indications become more liberal, the rising number of women undergoing ovarian stimulation and cyst interventions underscores the urgent need for evidence-based guidelines. From an oncologic perspective, repeated mechanical and chemical insults may foster a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, promoting genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Multidisciplinary care involving reproductive endocrinologists, gynecologic oncologists, and genetic counselors is essential to optimize outcomes. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to establish causality and develop risk-stratified protocols for endometrioma patients seeking ART. 1. Pearce CL et al. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:385-94. 2. Velez Edwards DR et al. JAMA. 2024;331:402-15.Clinical characteristics of EAOC patients with prior IVF and endometrioma interventions. | Patient ID | Age | Ovulation Induction (OI) Cycles | Pathology | Stage | Times of needle aspiration and sclerosis | Genetic Status | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 1 | 37 | 3 | CCC | IA | 0 | g/s BRCA1 mut | | 2 | 39 | 4 | CCC | IIB | 2 | g/s BRCA1/2 wt, HRD− | | 3 | 33 | 6 | Adenosquamous | IIIC | 2 | g/s BRCA wt, HRD− | | 4 | 41 | 2 | CCC | IIB | 2 | g/s BRCA wt, HRD+ | Formats available You can view the full content in the following formats: Information & Authors Information Published In Copyright © 2025 by American Society of Clinical Oncology. History Published online: May 28, 2025 Published in print: June 01, 2025 Authors Funding Information Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School: Postdoctoral Funding Shanghai Committee of Science and Technolog: Shanghai Magnolia Talent Program (Class A of Pujiang Project) Metrics & Citations Metrics Altmetric Citations Article Citation Impact of in vitro fertilization on malignant transformation of endometriotic cysts: A retrospective cohort analysis of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers.. J Clin Oncol 43, e17581-e17581(2025). Download Citation If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu. Download article citation data for: Taiyang Ye, Yang Zhou, Mingzhe Li, Jie Zhu, Libing Xiang Journal of Clinical Oncology 2025 43:16_suppl, e17581-e17581 Taiyang Ye, Yang Zhou, Mingzhe Li, Jie Zhu, Libing Xiang Journal of Clinical Oncology 2025 43:16_suppl, e17581-e17581 View Options View options Login options Check and see if you have full access through your login credentials or institution. ASCO membership or a journal subscription may be required to download the PDF version of this article. Personal login Institutional Login