Risk Propagation and Resilience Strategies of Palm Oil Supply Chains in West Papua: A Social Network Analysis

The risks within the palm oil supply chain (SC) are influenced by conflicts of interest across ecological, economic, and social dimensions worldwide. Despite the significance of these risks, research on their propagation within palm oil SCs remains limited. This study aims to understand how risks spread among stakeholders and affect overall performance, focusing on three regions in West Papua as a case study. Quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire survey with 178 valid responses, and social network analysis (SNA) was conducted using UCINET 6.0 software to visualize risk propagation. The findings reveal that low work ethics and motivation, disruptions in plantation operations, and low fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production are critical risk nodes with high eigenvector, betweenness, and degree centrality, indicating their pivotal role in risk dissemination. Addressing these risks requires proactive measures such as stakeholder coordination, good governance, strengthening ecological and economic sustainability, human rights, and capacity building through training and information transfer. The study's scope was limited to three regencies in West Papua; thus, further research across other regions and countries is necessary to deepen understanding and improve risk management strategies in palm oil supply chains globally. This research offers valuable insights into agribusiness supply chain risks, particularly within the Indonesian palm oil industry.