Vehicle-Pedestrian Optimization Framework for Exposure-Aware Routing

Vehicle-Pedestrian Optimization Framework for Exposure-Aware Routing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Vehicle-Pedestrian Optimization Framework for Exposure-Aware Routing Gurban Aliyev, Mirco Nanni This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6603263/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Mobile Networks and Applications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Vehicular traffic is a major source of air pollution in urban areas, exposing pedestrians and residents to harmful emissions. Recent works have proposed exposure-aware pedestrian routing strategies based on static emission maps. In this study, we extend this approach to a dynamic, multi-agent simulation framework involving both cars and pedestrians. Starting from the initial fastest-path routing, we simulate the co-evolution of vehicular emissions and pedestrian exposure over multiple steps, where pedestrian flows dynamically influence car emissions, and vice versa. Two routing strategies are explored: global weighting, where a shared trade-off between travel time and exposure is selected, and local weighting, where each trip independently chooses its optimal trade-off. Experiments on real-world urban data of a medium-sized city in Italy show that both strategies achieve significant reductions in pedestrian exposure, but differ in their impact on vehicle emissions and travel times. Global weighting yields more coordinated adaptation but at a higher systemic cost, while local weighting achieves more balanced outcomes with lower disruption. These results provide insights into designing urban routing policies that jointly optimize mobility efficiency and environmental sustainability. vehicular emissions pedestrian routing emission exposure vehicular routing Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Mobile Networks and Applications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6603263","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":458153018,"identity":"1971b321-5ab1-40b1-a7b0-6e268b8001aa","order_by":0,"name":"Gurban Aliyev","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACxgMJQJIfxOQBYjYQI4FBAsLAAcBaJBuYwVokEFrw6DkAIgwOQLUgxHFokXdgfnDgYZtN4ubz549JvKm4U8fHwGP24OEOCwY++QasWgwPsBkcSGxLS9x2I5lNcs6ZZ0CH8ZgbJJ7B7TDDBgaQlsPGZjeY2aR52w6DtJhJJLbh08L+Aajlv7Fx/2Ggln9EaJFn4AHZckDOgCEZqKWBCC0GzDwFBxLOJctJ3Eg2tpxz7LBkGzNbmQTQLzxsbAnYbWlv3/jwR5kdD3//wYc33tQc5pdvb94m+XNHnZx88wHsthwGEowoTmAGiTSAUwJ2WxpA5B90YcYGXBpGwSgYBaNgBAIAYcNR8RFtUSMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pisa","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gurban","middleName":"","lastName":"Aliyev","suffix":""},{"id":458153019,"identity":"b27f32a1-ed73-4805-9e33-9aa08bdfac9c","order_by":1,"name":"Mirco Nanni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ISTI-CNR","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mirco","middleName":"","lastName":"Nanni","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-06 12:53:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6603263/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6603263/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-025-02459-4","type":"published","date":"2025-10-16T15:58:33+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93956119,"identity":"61a44ff8-f2bf-4678-a847-bb0c6f4eb755","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 16:10:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":8944885,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"aliyevnannimonetpaperfinalv4.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6603263/v1_covered_0fe94a31-c8f0-4ebe-86bb-3425a7d71349.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Vehicle-Pedestrian Optimization Framework for Exposure-Aware Routing","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"vehicular emissions, pedestrian routing, emission exposure, vehicular routing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6603263/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6603263/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eVehicular traffic is a major source of air pollution in urban areas, exposing pedestrians and residents to harmful emissions. Recent works have proposed exposure-aware pedestrian routing strategies based on static emission maps. In this study, we extend this approach to a dynamic, multi-agent simulation framework involving both cars and pedestrians. Starting from the initial fastest-path routing, we simulate the co-evolution of vehicular emissions and pedestrian exposure over multiple steps, where pedestrian flows dynamically influence car emissions, and vice versa. Two routing strategies are explored: global weighting, where a shared trade-off between travel time and exposure is selected, and local weighting, where each trip independently chooses its optimal trade-off. Experiments on real-world urban data of a medium-sized city in Italy show that both strategies achieve significant reductions in pedestrian exposure, but differ in their impact on vehicle emissions and travel times. Global weighting yields more coordinated adaptation but at a higher systemic cost, while local weighting achieves more balanced outcomes with lower disruption. These results provide insights into designing urban routing policies that jointly optimize mobility efficiency and environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Vehicle-Pedestrian Optimization Framework for Exposure-Aware Routing","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-19 02:47:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6603263/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c2bae2ca-f029-4aef-a3e3-c1d62567a513","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-20T16:04:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6603263","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-025-02459-4","journal":{"identity":"mobile-networks-and-applications","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Mobile Networks and Applications"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-16 15:58:33","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 16th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-19 02:47:13","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11036-025-02459-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-025-02459-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6603263","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6603263","identity":"rs-6603263","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}