Usability Evaluation of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module among Primary School Physical Education Experts

Usability Evaluation of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module among Primary School Physical Education Experts | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Usability Evaluation of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module among Primary School Physical Education Experts Han Liu, Nurhidayah Yaakop, Xiangquan Yang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6426862/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Gymnastics is an important part of Physical Education (PE) since it improves strength, flexibility, coordination, and balance in students. Despite its inclusion in Malaysia's Primary School Standard Curriculum (KSSR), effective gymnastics education remains challenging due to instructors' lack of confidence, understanding, and specialized training. Worries about student safety, limited instructional resources, and insufficient professional development opportunities exacerbate these difficulties. The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module was created to fill these gaps by offering complete instructional assistance consistent with curriculum standards and safety regulations. This research aimed to analyze the usability of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module among Primary School Physical Education Experts, specifically its efficacy, efficiency, and user satisfaction as a pedagogical resource for gymnastics teaching in Malaysian primary schools. The research used the Modified Nominal Group Technique (NGT) to assess the module's effectiveness, satisfaction, and convenience. The evaluation approach used features from the Technology, Usability, and Pedagogy (TUP) Model to enable a thorough assessment across several dimensions. The usability examination yielded consistently good ratings for all three aspects—usefulness, satisfaction, and simplicity—with over 80% agreement values. User-friendliness obtained a 98.1% agreement grade, while efficacy received a flawless 100% consensus from experts. The module's combination of online applications and conventional educational techniques was highly regarded. Qualitative comments revealed areas for improvement, notably in safety standards. However, these ideas were made within an overall framework of good acceptance. Conclusion: The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module meets important demands in gymnastics training for PE instructors, efficiently bridging curricular gaps while remaining accessible to educators of different technology proficiency. The high levels of agreement justify the module's content and development approach, establishing it as an important pedagogical resource for increasing teacher confidence and competence in gymnastics training. The module contributes to PE curriculum implementation in Malaysian primary schools, with possible implications for larger educational resource development. Future studies should examine the module's performance in real classroom settings while addressing noted safety improvement possibilities. Biological sciences/Evolution Biological sciences/Physiology gymnastics physical education usability phase training module & education Introduction Physical Education (PE) fosters comprehensive student development across physical, cognitive, and emotional domains. Research has established the significance of physical education in promoting lifelong health and well-being, demonstrating its beneficial impacts on students' physical fitness, motor skills, self-discipline, and overall academic performance 1 2 . Gymnastics is a vital component of physical education, as it employs a holistic movement-based methodology that improves strength, flexibility, coordination, and balance 3 . The effective implementation of gymnastics in primary schools is challenged by teachers' insufficient confidence, knowledge, and skills in delivering lessons safely and effectively 4 5 . The Primary School Standard Curriculum (KSSR), implemented by the Ministry of Education Malaysia (KPM), seeks to deliver organized learning experiences in physical education, including gymnastics, to develop essential physical literacy skills among students 6 . Teachers, especially those lacking specialized physical education training, face challenges delivering gymnastics lessons. These challenges stem from concerns regarding injury risks, insufficient teaching resources, and limited training opportunities 7 5 . The challenges highlight the necessity for a structured training module to assist teachers in providing effective and safe gymnastics instruction. The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module has been created to address these challenges, functioning as a thorough pedagogical resource for primary school physical education teachers. The module seeks to align curriculum requirements with teachers' practical implementation abilities through detailed instructional guidance, skill progression strategies, and safety protocols. This module's significance transcends gymnastics instruction, aligning with Malaysia's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically Goal 4: Quality Education, which underscores the importance of inclusive and equitable education that provides students with essential life skills 8 . This module enhances teachers' competency in delivering gymnastics lessons, thereby supporting the goal of fostering physically active and healthy students who exemplify holistic well-being. Prior research indicates that structured training modules enhance teachers' confidence and instructional effectiveness in physical education 9 . This study evaluates the usability of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module among Primary School Physical Education Experts, addressing the scarcity of user-friendly and curriculum-aligned gymnastics teaching resources. This study's findings offer insights into the module's effectiveness, usability, and potential for widespread implementation, thereby enhancing the quality of physical education in Malaysian primary schools. Background Education is a fundamental catalyst for national development, significantly influencing the formation of a skilled, knowledgeable, and responsible society. The United Nations (UN), in collaboration with 192 global leaders, established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to advance inclusive and equitable education globally 8 . SDG 4: Quality Education offers comprehensive educational opportunities that equip individuals for future challenges 10 . Malaysia has synchronized its national education agenda with global aspirations via the 11th Malaysia Plan (11MP) and the Vision for Prosperity (WKB), ensuring educational initiatives promote social transformation and human capital development. The Malaysian National Education Philosophy (FPK) is a fundamental component of this vision, focussing on the comprehensive development of individuals through the integration of spiritual, intellectual, emotional, and physical growth 11 . Physical education is considered a vital curriculum element in this context, enhancing students' overall well-being and promoting lifelong healthy habits 12 . Despite its acknowledged significance, physical education is frequently deprioritized in favor of core academic subjects, resulting in inequities in curriculum implementation and student involvement 9 . Addressing these gaps requires targeted interventions, including teacher training programs and specialized instructional resources, to ensure the effective implementation of physical education in schools. The KSSR was implemented in 2011 to enhance Malaysia's primary education system through a focus on student-centered learning, skill mastery, and holistic development 13 . The curriculum comprises six fundamental pillars: physical and aesthetic development, personal skills, attitudes and values, communication, science and technology, and cognitive growth 11 . Basic Gymnastics has been incorporated as an essential element of physical education, providing students with fundamental motor skills that improve their physical fitness and coordination. Gymnastics training establishes a basis for overall movement competence, enhancing students' engagement in diverse sports and physical activities 14 . Despite its inclusion in the curriculum, challenges remain in effective delivery, primarily due to insufficient teacher training, limited resources, and concerns regarding student safety 15 . Evidence indicates that well-organized training modules can improve teachers' confidence and instructional abilities in specialized physical education topics (Jayantilal & O’Leary, 2021). The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module has been developed to fill gaps by offering detailed lesson plans, skill breakdowns, safety guidelines, and assessment tools for physical education instructors. Structured instructional resources for Basic Gymnastics are substantiated by research demonstrating the advantages of gymnastics in improving children's motor skills, flexibility, balance, and overall physical literacy 16 17 . 18 indicate that children participating in regular gymnastics training demonstrate enhanced body control, spatial awareness, and coordination, positively affecting their physical development into adulthood. Gymnastics activities promote psychosocial development by enhancing students' self-discipline, resilience, and teamwork 19 . The Basic Gymnastics curriculum in Malaysia is implemented starting in Year 1 to cultivate foundational movement skills crucial for sustained physical activity 20 . However, findings from previous studies indicate that only a small percentage of teachers feel adequately equipped to teach gymnastics effectively 21 . This disparity underscores the pressing need for comprehensive, user-friendly teaching materials that support teachers in delivering engaging, safe, and structured gymnastics lessons. To address this issue, this study aims to conduct a Usability Evaluation of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module Among Primary School Physical Education Experts to assess its effectiveness, practicality, and alignment with the needs of PE teachers. Although previous research has highlighted the challenges teachers face in teaching gymnastics 7 , there remains a significant research gap in evaluating the usability and applicability of structured training modules tailored to the Malaysian education system. Most existing resources provide general guidelines rather than step-by-step instructional support that aligns with KSSR standards. By evaluating the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module, this study will identify its strengths, limitations, and areas for improvement, ensuring that it serves as an effective pedagogical tool. The practical implications of this research extend to both teachers and students—teachers will gain access to a structured, research-backed module that enhances their instructional confidence and competence, while students will benefit from improved learning experiences, skill development, and engagement in gymnastics. Furthermore, the findings will provide valuable insights for policymakers and curriculum developers in refining PE instructional materials, ultimately contributing to higher-quality gymnastics education in Malaysian primary schools. Method This Modified NGT method using 22 usability questionnaire instrument to measure the usability of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module. Sample Purposive sampling was used in this study. Experts were selected based on extensive experience in Physical Education and Basic Gymnastics. The number of participants in implementing the Modified NGT method was 21 experts. From the previous study by 23 , between 30 to 40 expert panels is sufficient to evaluate the usability of the module. In the context of this study, the basic requirement for an expert must be teaching Physical Education and have more than 10 years of experience. This is to illustrate pedagogical expertise in the field of Physical Education. This requirement can be assessed from the teacher's educational background in fields related to Physical Education and Sports Science. The characteristics outlined in the selection of experts are as follows: Have at least a Bachelor's Degree in Physical Education or Sports Science and teach in primary schools in Malaysia, and Have taught Physical Education subjects in primary schools for more than 10 years Instrumentation The study employed the Lund Usability Questionnaire 22 , a methodically adapted instrument drawn from established research from 24 25 to critically evaluate the KSSR Gymnastic Training Module. This rigorously structured 20-item assessment tool systematically examines three fundamental dimensions of usability: usefulness (8 items), satisfaction (6 items), and ease of use (6 items). This instrument also went through a rational validity process by involving language experts and content experts. In the usability stage, 21 expert respondents answered the questionnaire which was divided into three aspects. The usefulness dimension definitively assessed the module's capacity to deliver effective gymnastic instruction, with explicit attention to safety protocols, pedagogical scaffolding, progressive skill development pathways, and strategic alignment with diverse student needs and developmental stages. The satisfaction construct rigorously measured the experts' professional and emotional responses to the module's design and content, thoroughly examining levels of confidence in its implementation, sustained enthusiasm for its approach, and the extent to which it fulfilled pedagogical expectations within primary school contexts. The ease of use dimension provided decisive evaluation of the module's instructional design elements, with particular focus on clarity of presentation, flexibility across teaching environments, accessibility of content, and intuitive implementation for educators with varying levels of gymnastic expertise. This focused Modified NGT evaluation framework delivered a structured approach to identifying both the module's strengths and specific areas requiring enhancement, providing actionable insights from practicing primary school physical education specialists who will ultimately implement this curriculum resource. Procedures Table 1 shows the procedures and steps for using the Modified NGT methoda ccording to the context of the study being conducted. Table 1 Description of the Modified NGT Procedure Conducted in the Study Context No. Steps Description 1 Description and presentation of the developed module The researcher as the facilitator began the Modified NGT workshop session by explaining the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module that had been developed. 2 Explanation of the main components and elements in the module In this step, the facilitator gave the study participants time to ask questions about things that were not understood and were somewhat unclear during the model presentation step. 3 Discussion between study participants In this step, the participants were allowed to discuss among themselves the presentation that had been made and the items contained in the usability assessment questionnaire that had been provided in the first step of the Modified NGT. The opinions of the study participants were also recorded. 4 Voting through a questionnaire based on the presented and final modules Next, in this step, the participants were given 20 minutes to carry out the evaluation process through the usability form that had been provided. After completing all the module usability forms, the facilitator collected them again. 5 Presentation of the findings of the usability study The facilitator will collect and enter all the voting data that was done in the module usability form by the study participants into Microsoft Excel to see the percentage and acceptance of the study participants towards the developed module. Next, the findings will be presented to all participants to show the percentage level and their acceptance of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module. Study Period The duration of this workshop do the Modified NGT approach is 3 hours. This period of time is ideal for the participants to respond and actively follow the research workshop being conducted. This argument is supported by 26 who asserted that the workshop process using Modified NGT usually lasts between two and three hours. Ethical Considerations Approval to conduct the study was obtained from the Ministry of Education Malaysia [KPM.600-3/2/3-eras(10807), State Education Department – Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur [JPWPKL.600.9/1/5 Vol.5(94)], State Education Department – Federal Territory of Putrajaya [JPWPP.100-2/2/1 Vol.10(25)] and the Committee from the Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia [UKM.FND/ P103932]. This study was conducted based on four guiding principles: respect for persons, beneficence, justice, and research merit and integrity, as prescribed by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Participant’s rights were fully preserved, and the consent form detailed study risks, participant rights, and data confidentiality. Participants confirmed their understanding of these rights by providing informed consent. Informed consent have been obtained from all the participants. Results In this section, a data analysis procedure was carried out using Modified NGT to answer the third phase research questions. A total of 21 experts consisting of Physical Education teachers were divided into three small groups; Group A, Group B and Group C. The code representation for each research expert and this expert group is displayed as Table 2. Table 2 Representative of Study Experts and Expert Groups No. Representatives Code Group A Representatives Code Group B Representatives Code Group C 1 Research Expert 1 A1 Research Expert 1 B1 Research Expert 1 C1 2 Research Expert 2 A2 Research Expert 2 B2 Research Expert 2 C2 3 Research Expert 3 A3 Research Expert 3 B3 Research Expert 3 C3 4 Research Expert 4 A4 Research Expert 4 B4 Research Expert 4 C4 5 Research Expert 5 A5 Research Expert 5 B5 Research Expert 5 C5 6 Research Expert 6 A6 Research Expert 6 B6 Research Expert 6 C6 7 Research Expert 7 A7 Research Expert 7 B7 Research Expert 7 C7 Number of Study Participants (N): 21 experts After the presentation was made to all experts, a question and answer session was allowed for clarification with each expert able to provide their views openly without being interrupted by others. Before the workshop session, a questionnaire was distributed in advance for the experts to review the contents of the questionnaire. The experts were asked about their level of agreement one by one in each group to determine the level of agreement which was translated into appropriate or inappropriate. The level of agreement of the experts was set at 70% and above 27 . This means that if the total percentage of scores obtained for each item was equal to or greater than 70%, then the item was assessed as appropriate. Demographics of Study Experts Section A of the usability study questionnaire collected demographic information from the experts participating in this study. Table 3 presents the key demographic characteristics of these participants. Table 3 Expert Demographic Characteristics The analysis reveals that the expert panel consisted primarily of men (57.1%) with bachelor's degrees (61.9%). Position distribution showed that academic teachers and committee leaders were most prevalent (28.6% each), followed by academic leaders (23.9%) and excellent teachers (19.0%). Notably, the majority of experts (38.1%) had extensive experience of 21-25 years in teaching physical education, with another 33.3% having 16-20 years of experience. This demographic profile indicates that the selected experts possessed substantial practical experience and leadership roles in physical education, making them well-qualified to evaluate the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module. Their extensive field experience likely contributed valuable insights to the usability evaluation process, particularly regarding practical implementation in primary school settings. Expert Views on the Usefulness of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module This section presents a critical analysis of expert perspectives on the usability of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module, specifically focusing on its perceived usefulness. Table 4 summarizes the quantitative findings from 21 Physical Education experts across three participant groups. Table 4 Expert on the Usefulness of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module No. Item Participant Group Score Total Score Percentage 1 (n=7) 2 (n=7) 3 (n=7) The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module helps me to be more effective. 35 35 35 105 100 The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module gives me confidence that Physical Education in the field of gymnastics skills is safe. 32 30 31 93 88.57 The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module is useful for me. 33 34 35 102 97.14 The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module makes it easier for me to learn Physical Education in the field of gymnastics skills. 34 33 33 100 95.24 The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module makes it easier for me to make references to Physical Education in the field of gymnastics skills. 35 34 34 103 98.1 The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module saves me time in understanding the content of Physical Education in the field of gymnastics skills. 33 33 33 99 94.29 The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module improves my skills in Physical Education in the field of gymnastics skills. 35 33 34 102 97.14 The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module helps me become a Physical Education teacher in the field of gymnastics skills 34 34 35 103 98.1 All items received ratings above the 70% threshold 27 , with effectiveness receiving perfect agreement (100%). The safety confidence item received 88.57% agreement, still well above the threshold for appropriateness. Expert A2 affirmed that "this module gives teachers confidence that gymnastics is actually safe," while other experts offered constructive suggestions for enhancement. Expert A3 recommended to "Add more reminders for teachers, how to support students, how to hold them, tell them to be ready..." while Expert B5 suggested that "teachers will feel safer if they add more safety measures, this teacher is old, she can't flip. If she understands how to teach, that would be great..." and Expert C7 noted, "enough reminders for safety in the module, gymnastics can't be done carelessly either..." These recommendations represent opportunities for refinement rather than fundamental deficiencies, and the researcher acknowledged their value for future iterations. The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module effectively supplements existing materials by providing detailed guidance for gymnastics activities, including lesson plans, teaching strategies, and interactive activities. This approach aligns with Constructivism Theory (1978), which supports teachers' development of knowledge and skills through new information and experiences. As 28 note, this constructivist framework enables teachers to develop and apply their knowledge in conducting effective PdPc sessions with students. The module's design enables teachers to enhance their knowledge while acquiring new skills applicable to gymnastics instruction. The results indicate that the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module markedly improves teacher effectiveness, confidence, and competence in gymnastics instruction. The quantitative ratings indicate a strong consensus among experts about the module's utility, with notably high scores for effectiveness (100%), reference facilitation (98.1%), and professional development support (98.1%). Expert feedback indicates that the module effectively meets a significant gap in the curriculum by offering extensive support materials that enhance current resources. The alignment with Constructivism Theory (1978) is particularly beneficial for educators across all experience levels, facilitating the construction of new knowledge on their existing foundation. The experts' recommendations for safety enhancements indicate a proactive strategy for continuous improvement, highlighting the module's overall robust design and execution. Expert Views on Satisfaction with KSSR Gymnastics Training Module This section presents expert feedback on satisfaction with the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module. Table 5 summarizes the quantitative findings from 21 Physical Education experts across three participant groups. Table 5 Expert Views on Satisfaction with KSSR Gymnastics Training Module No. Item Participant Group Score Total Score Percentage 1 (n=7) 2 (n=7) 3 (n=7) I am excited to use the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module 34 35 35 104 99.05 KSSR Gymnastics Training Module gave me confidence 33 34 32 99 94.29 The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module works as a guide as I expected. 35 35 32 102 97.14 I will recommend the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module to friends. 34 35 35 104 99.05 I need to have the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module 33 35 34 102 97.14 I am satisfied with using the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module 34 32 34 100 95.24 The data reveals exceptionally high satisfaction levels across all components, with all items exceeding 90% agreement - well above the 70% threshold required for the Modified NGT method. The highest agreement scores (99.05%) were for enthusiasm about using the module and willingness to recommend it to colleagues. This indicates strong endorsement by experts and suggests potential for widespread adoption. The confidence component received 94.29% agreement, demonstrating that although this module has not yet been implemented in schools, the experts believe it will enhance teacher confidence in gymnastics instruction based on the workshop experience. The consistently high ratings across all satisfaction metrics suggest the module successfully addresses previously identified teacher needs. This high satisfaction level is particularly significant because it validates the developmental process used to create the module. The needs identified in phase one through teacher input and confirmed through fuzzy Delphi approach by field experts have been successfully addressed. The fact that experts strongly agree the module "functions as a guide as I expected" (97.14%) confirms that the design effectively meets its intended purpose. This alignment between identified needs and final product functionality represents a critical achievement in educational resource development. The module not only satisfies immediate teacher requirements but also has potential value for anyone seeking to learn Year 5 Basic Gymnastics knowledge. The findings demonstrate that the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module achieved its goals as a supplementary educational resource. Expert evaluations confirm high satisfaction across multiple dimensions including enthusiasm for use, confidence building, functionality as a guide, recommendation potential, perceived necessity, and overall satisfaction. This comprehensive endorsement suggests the module effectively bridges an existing gap in gymnastics instruction resources. The high satisfaction ratings, particularly for items related to guidance and recommendation, indicate that the module successfully addresses both pedagogical and practical needs of Physical Education teachers. These findings validate the module development process and suggest potential for successful implementation in classroom settings. Expert Views on Ease of Use of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module This section evaluates expert perspectives on the ease of use of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module. Table 6 presents the quantitative findings from 21 Physical Education experts across three participant groups. Table 6 Expert Views on Ease of Use of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module No. Item Participant Group Score Total Score Percentage 1 (n=7) 2 (n=7) 3 (n=7) The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module is easy to use. 34 33 35 102 97.14 A simple KSSR Gymnastics Training Module is used. 33 30 32 95 90.48 The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module is user-friendly. 35 34 34 103 98.1 The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module is easily accessible. 31 34 34 99 94.29 I was able to understand the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module quickly. 33 34 32 99 94.29 I can practice the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module easily. 30 31 33 94 89.52 The data demonstrates strong consensus regarding the module's ease of use, with all components receiving expert agreement ratings above 80%. The "user-friendly" component received the highest agreement (98.1%), closely followed by "easy to use" (97.14%). Even the lowest-rated component, "practice easily" (89.52%), exceeded the Modified NGT threshold of 70% by a substantial margin. These findings address a critical need identified in the initial needs analysis phase, where existing teacher guides for Basic Gymnastics were found insufficient to meet educator requirements. As noted by 29 , user-friendly and accessible educational materials are essential for facilitating teacher adoption and mastery of new skills. The consistently high ratings across all usability dimensions suggest the 29 , module effectively balances comprehensive content with intuitive design. The module's development was guided by the Technology, Usability and Pedagogy Assessment Model (TUP Model) 30 , which provided a structured framework for evaluation. The high agreement ratings validate this approach and suggest that the integration of online applications within the module enhanced rather than complicated usability. 31 principle that module development must prioritize utility for target users appears to have been successfully implemented. The expert panel's endorsement of technical aspects (accessibility at 94.29%) and pedagogical elements (quick understanding at 94.29%) illustrates the module's effectiveness in integrating technological and educational needs. This balanced approach to module design signifies a notable improvement over earlier resources and sets an important standard for future educational materials in physical education. The findings indicate that the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module effectively meets high usability standards, which can serve as benchmarks for future educational resource development. The expert evaluation process, which was carried out via Modified NGT workshop sessions, offered strong validation across various dimensions. The high acceptance of technology integration, user-friendliness, and structured content organization suggests the module successfully addresses previously recognized deficiencies in gymnastics instructional resources. The consistently high ratings in all usability components indicate that the development team effectively balanced comprehensive content with accessible presentation. This achievement is notable due to the specialized nature of gymnastics instruction and the diverse technical abilities of the intended user population. The module's usability supports its potential for broad adoption and effective implementation across various educational contexts. Discussions The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module's usability assessment reveals critical insights about the product's effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction. All three aspects evaluated—usefulness, satisfaction, and ease of use—consistently received high ratings above 80%, with several components approaching near-perfect scores (98-100%). While these findings strongly affirm the module's quality, they also prompt critical questions about potential evaluation biases. The remarkably high agreement levels might reflect expert selection bias or workshop conditions that discouraged critical evaluation. Nevertheless, the consistently high ratings across diverse expert groups suggest genuine satisfaction with fundamental aspects of the module's design, particularly its user-friendliness (98.1%) and effectiveness (100%). The alignment with the TUP Model (2002) emerges as a particular strength, integrating technology, usability, and pedagogical considerations in a balanced framework. However, 32 conceptualization of usability suggests that while satisfaction was thoroughly assessed, future evaluations should more rigorously examine effectiveness and efficiency. Experts' emphasis on safety improvements highlights a significant gap that requires attention in future iterations. This underscores the conflict between predominantly favorable quantitative ratings and more intricate qualitative feedback, representing a methodological consideration for future studies utilizing Modified NGT approaches. The module effectively integrates online applications with traditional pedagogical methods, marking a notable improvement in gymnastics instructional resources. Expert consensus indicates that the module successfully addresses existing curricular gaps and remains accessible to teachers with differing levels of technological proficiency. The findings confirm the development methodology and propose refinements, especially about safety protocols and implementation guidance. This balanced perspective, which recognizes strengths and areas for improvement, offers a comprehensive understanding of the module's usability across various educational contexts rather than merely presenting high approval ratings. Conclusion The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module effectively meets essential requirements in gymnastics instruction for Physical Education teachers, as evidenced by consistently high expert evaluations in usefulness, satisfaction, and ease of use. The module establishes a significant precedent for educational resource development by integrating technology with pedagogy through the TUP Model framework while complying with MOE curriculum requirements. The substantial agreement levels concerning user-friendliness (98.1%) and effectiveness (100%) substantiate the development methodology and set benchmarks for future instructional materials. This research has practical implications that reach beyond the immediate educational context. Physical Education teachers now possess a comprehensive and accessible resource that improves their confidence and competence in gymnastics instruction. This addresses persistent issues in the effective and safe implementation of the gymnastics component of the KSSR curriculum. Integrating online applications within the module enhances accessibility, while the organized content structure promotes efficient learning. The employed development methodology offers a replicable framework for producing effective educational resources in various specialized domains, which may impact broader curricular implementation practices. This study concludes that deliberate module development, informed by identified teacher needs, expert evaluation, and established usability principles, yields high-quality educational resources. Despite recognizing limitations in the evaluation methodology, the strong expert consensus on the module's value indicates its potential to enhance gymnastics instruction in Primary Education significantly. Future research should investigate the module's effectiveness in real classroom settings and address identified opportunities for safety enhancement. The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module significantly enhances Physical Education instruction by integrating comprehensive content with an accessible design, thereby serving as a valuable model for developing future educational resources across various subjects. Declarations The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding researcher but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of the participants. Funding Not Applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References Burson SL, Mulhearn SC, Castelli DM, van der Mars H. Essential Components of Physical Education: Policy and Environment. 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Use of the nominal group technique and the delphi method to draw up evaluation indicators for strategies to deal with violence against children and adolescents in Brazil. Rev Bras Saude Matern Infant . 2010;10(SUPPL. 1):29-37. doi:10.1590/s1519-38292010000500003 Liu CH, Matthews R. Vygotsky’s philosophy: Constructivism and its criticisms examined. Int Educ J . 2005;6(3):386-399. Dicken K, Muhammad Tajul Arifin. Cabaran Pengajaran Subjek Pendidikan Jasmani di Sekolah Menengah di Malaysia. J Nusant Stud . 2017;2(June):53-65. Bednarik R, Gerdt P, Miraftabi R, Tukiainen M. Development of the TUP model - Evaluating educational software. Proc - IEEE Int Conf Adv Learn Technol ICALT 2004 . Published online 2004. doi:10.1109/ICALT.2004.1357627 McKillip J. Identifying Needs . SAGE Publications, Inc; 2011. doi:10.4324/9780203857373-11 Zhang L, Wider W, Fauzi MA, Jiang L, Tanucan JCM, Naces Udang L. Psychological capital research in HEIs: Bibliometric analysis of current and future trends. Heliyon . 2024;10(4):e26607. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26607 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 12 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 08 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 02 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 19 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 24 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Research has established the significance of physical education in promoting lifelong health and well-being, demonstrating its beneficial impacts on students\u0026apos; physical fitness, motor skills, self-discipline, and overall academic performance \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Gymnastics is a vital component of physical education, as it employs a holistic movement-based methodology that improves strength, flexibility, coordination, and balance \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. The effective implementation of gymnastics in primary schools is challenged by teachers\u0026apos; insufficient confidence, knowledge, and skills in delivering lessons safely and effectively \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e. The Primary School Standard Curriculum (KSSR), implemented by the Ministry of Education Malaysia (KPM), seeks to deliver organized learning experiences in physical education, including gymnastics, to develop essential physical literacy skills among students \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e. Teachers, especially those lacking specialized physical education training, face challenges delivering gymnastics lessons. These challenges stem from concerns regarding injury risks, insufficient teaching resources, and limited training opportunities \u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e. The challenges highlight the necessity for a structured training module to assist teachers in providing effective and safe gymnastics instruction.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module has been created to address these challenges, functioning as a thorough pedagogical resource for primary school physical education teachers. The module seeks to align curriculum requirements with teachers\u0026apos; practical implementation abilities through detailed instructional guidance, skill progression strategies, and safety protocols. This module\u0026apos;s significance transcends gymnastics instruction, aligning with Malaysia\u0026apos;s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically Goal 4: Quality Education, which underscores the importance of inclusive and equitable education that provides students with essential life skills \u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e. This module enhances teachers\u0026apos; competency in delivering gymnastics lessons, thereby supporting the goal of fostering physically active and healthy students who exemplify holistic well-being. Prior research indicates that structured training modules enhance teachers\u0026apos; confidence and instructional effectiveness in physical education \u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e. This study evaluates the usability of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module among Primary School Physical Education Experts, addressing the scarcity of user-friendly and curriculum-aligned gymnastics teaching resources. This study\u0026apos;s findings offer insights into the module\u0026apos;s effectiveness, usability, and potential for widespread implementation, thereby enhancing the quality of physical education in Malaysian primary schools.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eEducation is a fundamental catalyst for national development, significantly influencing the formation of a skilled, knowledgeable, and responsible society. The United Nations (UN), in collaboration with 192 global leaders, established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to advance inclusive and equitable education globally \u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e. SDG 4: Quality Education offers comprehensive educational opportunities that equip individuals for future challenges \u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. Malaysia has synchronized its national education agenda with global aspirations via the 11th Malaysia Plan (11MP) and the Vision for Prosperity (WKB), ensuring educational initiatives promote social transformation and human capital development. The Malaysian National Education Philosophy (FPK) is a fundamental component of this vision, focussing on the comprehensive development of individuals through the integration of spiritual, intellectual, emotional, and physical growth \u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e. Physical education is considered a vital curriculum element in this context, enhancing students\u0026apos; overall well-being and promoting lifelong healthy habits \u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e. Despite its acknowledged significance, physical education is frequently deprioritized in favor of core academic subjects, resulting in inequities in curriculum implementation and student involvement \u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e. Addressing these gaps requires targeted interventions, including teacher training programs and specialized instructional resources, to ensure the effective implementation of physical education in schools.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe KSSR was implemented in 2011 to enhance Malaysia\u0026apos;s primary education system through a focus on student-centered learning, skill mastery, and holistic development \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e. The curriculum comprises six fundamental pillars: physical and aesthetic development, personal skills, attitudes and values, communication, science and technology, and cognitive growth \u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e. Basic Gymnastics has been incorporated as an essential element of physical education, providing students with fundamental motor skills that improve their physical fitness and coordination. Gymnastics training establishes a basis for overall movement competence, enhancing students\u0026apos; engagement in diverse sports and physical activities \u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e. Despite its inclusion in the curriculum, challenges remain in effective delivery, primarily due to insufficient teacher training, limited resources, and concerns regarding student safety \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e. Evidence indicates that well-organized training modules can improve teachers\u0026apos; confidence and instructional abilities in specialized physical education topics (Jayantilal \u0026amp; O\u0026rsquo;Leary, 2021). The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module has been developed to fill gaps by offering detailed lesson plans, skill breakdowns, safety guidelines, and assessment tools for physical education instructors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStructured instructional resources for Basic Gymnastics are substantiated by research demonstrating the advantages of gymnastics in improving children\u0026apos;s motor skills, flexibility, balance, and overall physical literacy \u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e \u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003eindicate that children participating in regular gymnastics training demonstrate enhanced body control, spatial awareness, and coordination, positively affecting their physical development into adulthood. Gymnastics activities promote psychosocial development by enhancing students\u0026apos; self-discipline, resilience, and teamwork \u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e. The Basic Gymnastics curriculum in Malaysia is implemented starting in Year 1 to cultivate foundational movement skills crucial for sustained physical activity \u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e. However, findings from previous studies indicate that only a small percentage of teachers feel adequately equipped to teach gymnastics effectively \u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e. This disparity underscores the pressing need for comprehensive, user-friendly teaching materials that support teachers in delivering engaging, safe, and structured gymnastics lessons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo address this issue, this study aims to conduct a Usability Evaluation of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module Among Primary School Physical Education Experts to assess its effectiveness, practicality, and alignment with the needs of PE teachers. Although previous research has highlighted the challenges teachers face in teaching gymnastics \u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e, there remains a significant research gap in evaluating the usability and applicability of structured training modules tailored to the Malaysian education system. Most existing resources provide general guidelines rather than step-by-step instructional support that aligns with KSSR standards. By evaluating the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module, this study will identify its strengths, limitations, and areas for improvement, ensuring that it serves as an effective pedagogical tool. The practical implications of this research extend to both teachers and students\u0026mdash;teachers will gain access to a structured, research-backed module that enhances their instructional confidence and competence, while students will benefit from improved learning experiences, skill development, and engagement in gymnastics. Furthermore, the findings will provide valuable insights for policymakers and curriculum developers in refining PE instructional materials, ultimately contributing to higher-quality gymnastics education in Malaysian primary schools.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis Modified NGT method using \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003eusability questionnaire instrument to measure the usability of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSample\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePurposive sampling was used in this study. Experts were selected based on extensive experience in Physical Education and Basic Gymnastics. The number of participants in implementing the Modified NGT method was 21 experts. From the previous study by \u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e, between 30 to 40 expert panels is sufficient to evaluate the usability of the module. In the context of this study, the basic requirement for an expert must be teaching Physical Education and have more than 10 years of experience. This is to illustrate pedagogical expertise in the field of Physical Education. This requirement can be assessed from the teacher\u0026apos;s educational background in fields related to Physical Education and Sports Science. The characteristics outlined in the selection of experts are as follows:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHave at least a Bachelor\u0026apos;s Degree in Physical Education or Sports Science and teach in primary schools in Malaysia, and\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHave taught Physical Education subjects in primary schools for more than 10 years\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eInstrumentation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study employed the Lund Usability Questionnaire \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e, a methodically adapted instrument drawn from established research from \u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; to critically evaluate the KSSR Gymnastic Training Module. This rigorously structured 20-item assessment tool systematically examines three fundamental dimensions of usability: usefulness (8 items), satisfaction (6 items), and ease of use (6 items). This instrument also went through a rational validity process by involving language experts and content experts. In the usability stage, 21 expert respondents answered the questionnaire which was divided into three aspects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe usefulness dimension definitively assessed the module\u0026apos;s capacity to deliver effective gymnastic instruction, with explicit attention to safety protocols, pedagogical scaffolding, progressive skill development pathways, and strategic alignment with diverse student needs and developmental stages. The satisfaction construct rigorously measured the experts\u0026apos; professional and emotional responses to the module\u0026apos;s design and content, thoroughly examining levels of confidence in its implementation, sustained enthusiasm for its approach, and the extent to which it fulfilled pedagogical expectations within primary school contexts. The ease of use dimension provided decisive evaluation of the module\u0026apos;s instructional design elements, with particular focus on clarity of presentation, flexibility across teaching environments, accessibility of content, and intuitive implementation for educators with varying levels of gymnastic expertise. This focused Modified NGT evaluation framework delivered a structured approach to identifying both the module\u0026apos;s strengths and specific areas requiring enhancement, providing actionable insights from practicing primary school physical education specialists who will ultimately implement this curriculum resource.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eProcedures\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 shows the procedures and steps for using the Modified NGT methoda ccording to the context of the study being conducted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eDescription of the Modified NGT Procedure Conducted in the Study Context\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteps\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDescription and presentation of the developed module\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe researcher as the facilitator began the Modified NGT workshop session by explaining the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module that had been developed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExplanation of the main components and elements in the module\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this step, the facilitator gave the study participants time to ask questions about things that were not understood and were somewhat unclear during the model presentation step.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiscussion between study participants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this step, the participants were allowed to discuss among themselves the presentation that had been made and the items contained in the usability assessment questionnaire that had been provided in the first step of the Modified NGT. The opinions of the study participants were also recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVoting through a questionnaire based on the presented and final modules\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNext, in this step, the participants were given 20 minutes to carry out the evaluation process through the usability form that had been provided. After completing all the module usability forms, the facilitator collected them again.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresentation of the findings of the usability study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe facilitator will collect and enter all the voting data that was done in the module usability form by the study participants into Microsoft Excel to see the percentage and acceptance of the study participants towards the developed module. Next, the findings will be presented to all participants to show the percentage level and their acceptance of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc153227928\"\u003eStudy Period\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe duration of this workshop do the Modified NGT approach is 3 hours. \u0026nbsp;This period of time is ideal for the participants to respond and actively follow the research workshop being conducted. This argument is supported by \u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e who asserted that the workshop process using Modified NGT usually lasts between two and three hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApproval to conduct the study was obtained from the Ministry of Education Malaysia [KPM.600-3/2/3-eras(10807), State Education Department \u0026ndash; Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur [JPWPKL.600.9/1/5 Vol.5(94)], State Education Department \u0026ndash; Federal Territory of Putrajaya [JPWPP.100-2/2/1 Vol.10(25)] and the Committee from the Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia [UKM.FND/ P103932].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted based on four guiding principles: respect for persons, beneficence, justice, and research merit and integrity, as prescribed by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Participant\u0026rsquo;s rights were fully preserved, and the consent form detailed study risks, participant rights, and data confidentiality. Participants confirmed their understanding of these rights by providing informed consent. Informed consent have been obtained from all the participants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this section, a data analysis procedure was carried out using Modified NGT to answer the third phase research questions. A total of 21 experts consisting of Physical Education teachers were divided into three small groups; Group A, Group B and Group C. The code representation for each research expert and this expert group is displayed as Table 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003eRepresentative of Study Experts and Expert Groups\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.98502%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.9617%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRepresentatives Code\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Group A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRepresentatives Code\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Group B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRepresentatives Code\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Group C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.15308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.98502%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.9617%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.15308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.98502%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.9617%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.15308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.98502%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.9617%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.15308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.98502%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.9617%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.15308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.98502%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.9617%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.15308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.98502%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.9617%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.15308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.98502%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.9617%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.98669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.9634%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch Expert 7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.15308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Study Participants (N): 21 experts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the presentation was made to all experts, a question and answer session was allowed for clarification with each expert able to provide their views openly without being interrupted by others. Before the workshop session, a questionnaire was distributed in advance for the experts to review the contents of the questionnaire. The experts were asked about their level of agreement one by one in each group to determine the level of agreement which was translated into appropriate or inappropriate. The level of agreement of the experts was set at 70% and above \u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e. This means that if the total percentage of scores obtained for each item was equal to or greater than 70%, then the item was assessed as appropriate.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDemographics of Study Experts\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSection A of the usability study questionnaire collected demographic information from the experts participating in this study. Table 3 presents the key demographic characteristics of these participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 \u003cem\u003eExpert Demographic Characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/132203_cef980177e9a226b/132203_custom_files/img1763488439.png\" style=\"width: 620px; height: 445.151px;\" width=\"620\" height=\"445.151\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis reveals that the expert panel consisted primarily of men (57.1%) with bachelor\u0026apos;s degrees (61.9%). Position distribution showed that academic teachers and committee leaders were most prevalent (28.6% each), followed by academic leaders (23.9%) and excellent teachers (19.0%). Notably, the majority of experts (38.1%) had extensive experience of 21-25 years in teaching physical education, with another 33.3% having 16-20 years of experience. This demographic profile indicates that the selected experts possessed substantial practical experience and leadership roles in physical education, making them well-qualified to evaluate the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module. Their extensive field experience likely contributed valuable insights to the usability evaluation process, particularly regarding practical implementation in primary school settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc153227931\"\u003eExpert Views on the Usefulness of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section presents a critical analysis of expert perspectives on the usability of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module, specifically focusing on its perceived usefulness. Table 4 summarizes the quantitative findings from 21 Physical Education experts across three participant groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 \u003cem\u003eExpert on the Usefulness of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"579\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.21762%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 24.8705%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Participant Group Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.49914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.5078%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.21762%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (n=7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (n=7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (n=7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.49914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.5078%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.21762%;\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module helps me to be more effective.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.49914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.5078%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.21762%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module gives me confidence that Physical Education in the field of gymnastics skills is safe.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.49914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.5078%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.21762%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module is useful for me.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.49914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.5078%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.21762%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module makes it easier for me to learn Physical Education in the field of gymnastics skills.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.49914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.5078%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.21762%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module makes it easier for me to make references to Physical Education in the field of gymnastics skills.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.49914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.5078%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.21762%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module saves me time in understanding the content of Physical Education in the field of gymnastics skills.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.49914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.5078%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.21762%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module improves my skills in Physical Education in the field of gymnastics skills.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.49914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.5078%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.21762%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module helps me become a Physical Education teacher in the field of gymnastics skills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.29016%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.49914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.5078%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll items received ratings above the 70% threshold \u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e, with effectiveness receiving perfect agreement (100%). The safety confidence item received 88.57% agreement, still well above the threshold for appropriateness. Expert A2 affirmed that \u0026quot;this module gives teachers confidence that gymnastics is actually safe,\u0026quot; while other experts offered constructive suggestions for enhancement. Expert A3 recommended to \u0026quot;Add more reminders for teachers, how to support students, how to hold them, tell them to be ready...\u0026quot; while Expert B5 suggested that \u0026quot;teachers will feel safer if they add more safety measures, this teacher is old, she can\u0026apos;t flip. If she understands how to teach, that would be great...\u0026quot; and Expert C7 noted, \u0026quot;enough reminders for safety in the module, gymnastics can\u0026apos;t be done carelessly either...\u0026quot; These recommendations represent opportunities for refinement rather than fundamental deficiencies, and the researcher acknowledged their value for future iterations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module effectively supplements existing materials by providing detailed guidance for gymnastics activities, including lesson plans, teaching strategies, and interactive activities. This approach aligns with Constructivism Theory (1978), which supports teachers\u0026apos; development of knowledge and skills through new information and experiences. As \u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e note, this constructivist framework enables teachers to develop and apply their knowledge in conducting effective PdPc sessions with students. The module\u0026apos;s design enables teachers to enhance their knowledge while acquiring new skills applicable to gymnastics instruction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module markedly improves teacher effectiveness, confidence, and competence in gymnastics instruction. The quantitative ratings indicate a strong consensus among experts about the module\u0026apos;s utility, with notably high scores for effectiveness (100%), reference facilitation (98.1%), and professional development support (98.1%). Expert feedback indicates that the module effectively meets a significant gap in the curriculum by offering extensive support materials that enhance current resources. The alignment with Constructivism Theory (1978) is particularly beneficial for educators across all experience levels, facilitating the construction of new knowledge on their existing foundation. The experts\u0026apos; recommendations for safety enhancements indicate a proactive strategy for continuous improvement, highlighting the module\u0026apos;s overall robust design and execution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExpert Views on Satisfaction with KSSR Gymnastics Training Module\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section presents expert feedback on satisfaction with the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module. Table 5 summarizes the quantitative findings from 21 Physical Education experts across three participant groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eExpert Views on Satisfaction with KSSR Gymnastics Training Module\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.36042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1661%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 27.5618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Participant Group Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.0707%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.36042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1661%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (n=7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (n=7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (n=7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.0707%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.36042%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1661%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am excited to use the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.0707%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.36042%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"10\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1661%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKSSR Gymnastics Training Module gave me confidence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.0707%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.36042%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"11\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1661%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module works as a guide as I expected.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.0707%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.36042%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1661%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI will recommend the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module to friends.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.0707%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.36042%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1661%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need to have the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.0707%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.36042%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"14\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1661%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am satisfied with using the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.18728%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.0707%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data reveals exceptionally high satisfaction levels across all components, with all items exceeding 90% agreement - well above the 70% threshold required for the Modified NGT method. The highest agreement scores (99.05%) were for enthusiasm about using the module and willingness to recommend it to colleagues. This indicates strong endorsement by experts and suggests potential for widespread adoption. The confidence component received 94.29% agreement, demonstrating that although this module has not yet been implemented in schools, the experts believe it will enhance teacher confidence in gymnastics instruction based on the workshop experience. The consistently high ratings across all satisfaction metrics suggest the module successfully addresses previously identified teacher needs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis high satisfaction level is particularly significant because it validates the developmental process used to create the module. The needs identified in phase one through teacher input and confirmed through fuzzy Delphi approach by field experts have been successfully addressed. The fact that experts strongly agree the module \u0026quot;functions as a guide as I expected\u0026quot; (97.14%) confirms that the design effectively meets its intended purpose. This alignment between identified needs and final product functionality represents a critical achievement in educational resource development. The module not only satisfies immediate teacher requirements but also has potential value for anyone seeking to learn Year 5 Basic Gymnastics knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings demonstrate that the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module achieved its goals as a supplementary educational resource. Expert evaluations confirm high satisfaction across multiple dimensions including enthusiasm for use, confidence building, functionality as a guide, recommendation potential, perceived necessity, and overall satisfaction. This comprehensive endorsement suggests the module effectively bridges an existing gap in gymnastics instruction resources. The high satisfaction ratings, particularly for items related to guidance and recommendation, indicate that the module successfully addresses both pedagogical and practical needs of Physical Education teachers. These findings validate the module development process and suggest potential for successful implementation in classroom settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExpert Views on Ease of Use of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section evaluates expert perspectives on the ease of use of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module. Table 6 presents the quantitative findings from 21 Physical Education experts across three participant groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eExpert Views on Ease of Use of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.35689%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.4028%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 28.7986%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Participant Group Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.6007%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.35689%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.4028%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (n=7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.71731%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (n=7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (n=7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.6007%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.35689%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"15\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.4028%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module is easy to use.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.71731%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.6007%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.35689%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"16\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.4028%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA simple KSSR Gymnastics Training Module is used.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.71731%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.6007%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.35689%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"17\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.4028%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module is user-friendly.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.71731%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.6007%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.35689%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"18\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.4028%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module is easily accessible.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.71731%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.6007%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.35689%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"19\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.4028%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI was able to understand the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module quickly.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.71731%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.6007%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.35689%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"20\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.4028%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI can practice the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module easily.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.71731%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.54064%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.6007%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data demonstrates strong consensus regarding the module\u0026apos;s ease of use, with all components receiving expert agreement ratings above 80%. The \u0026quot;user-friendly\u0026quot; component received the highest agreement (98.1%), closely followed by \u0026quot;easy to use\u0026quot; (97.14%). Even the lowest-rated component, \u0026quot;practice easily\u0026quot; (89.52%), exceeded the Modified NGT threshold of 70% by a substantial margin. These findings address a critical need identified in the initial needs analysis phase, where existing teacher guides for Basic Gymnastics were found insufficient to meet educator requirements. As noted by \u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e, user-friendly and accessible educational materials are essential for facilitating teacher adoption and mastery of new skills. The consistently high ratings across all usability dimensions suggest the \u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e, module effectively balances comprehensive content with intuitive design.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe module\u0026apos;s development was guided by the Technology, Usability and Pedagogy Assessment Model (TUP Model) \u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e, which provided a structured framework for evaluation. The high agreement ratings validate this approach and suggest that the integration of online applications within the module enhanced rather than complicated usability. \u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e principle that module development must prioritize utility for target users appears to have been successfully implemented. The expert panel\u0026apos;s endorsement of technical aspects (accessibility at 94.29%) and pedagogical elements (quick understanding at 94.29%) illustrates the module\u0026apos;s effectiveness in integrating technological and educational needs. This balanced approach to module design signifies a notable improvement over earlier resources and sets an important standard for future educational materials in physical education.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate that the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module effectively meets high usability standards, which can serve as benchmarks for future educational resource development. The expert evaluation process, which was carried out via Modified NGT workshop sessions, offered strong validation across various dimensions. The high acceptance of technology integration, user-friendliness, and structured content organization suggests the module successfully addresses previously recognized deficiencies in gymnastics instructional resources. The consistently high ratings in all usability components indicate that the development team effectively balanced comprehensive content with accessible presentation. This achievement is notable due to the specialized nature of gymnastics instruction and the diverse technical abilities of the intended user population. The module\u0026apos;s usability supports its potential for broad adoption and effective implementation across various educational contexts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module's usability assessment reveals critical insights about the product's effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction. All three aspects evaluated—usefulness, satisfaction, and ease of use—consistently received high ratings above 80%, with several components approaching near-perfect scores (98-100%). While these findings strongly affirm the module's quality, they also prompt critical questions about potential evaluation biases. The remarkably high agreement levels might reflect expert selection bias or workshop conditions that discouraged critical evaluation. Nevertheless, the consistently high ratings across diverse expert groups suggest genuine satisfaction with fundamental aspects of the module's design, particularly its user-friendliness (98.1%) and effectiveness (100%). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe alignment with the TUP Model (2002) emerges as a particular strength, integrating technology, usability, and pedagogical considerations in a balanced framework. However, \u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e conceptualization of usability suggests that while satisfaction was thoroughly assessed, future evaluations should more rigorously examine effectiveness and efficiency. Experts' emphasis on safety improvements highlights a significant gap that requires attention in future iterations. This underscores the conflict between predominantly favorable quantitative ratings and more intricate qualitative feedback, representing a methodological consideration for future studies utilizing Modified NGT approaches.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe module effectively integrates online applications with traditional pedagogical methods, marking a notable improvement in gymnastics instructional resources. Expert consensus indicates that the module successfully addresses existing curricular gaps and remains accessible to teachers with differing levels of technological proficiency. The findings confirm the development methodology and propose refinements, especially about safety protocols and implementation guidance. This balanced perspective, which recognizes strengths and areas for improvement, offers a comprehensive understanding of the module's usability across various educational contexts rather than merely presenting high approval ratings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe KSSR Gymnastics Training Module effectively meets essential requirements in gymnastics instruction for Physical Education teachers, as evidenced by consistently high expert evaluations in usefulness, satisfaction, and ease of use. The module establishes a significant precedent for educational resource development by integrating technology with pedagogy through the TUP Model framework while complying with MOE curriculum requirements. The substantial agreement levels concerning user-friendliness (98.1%) and effectiveness (100%) substantiate the development methodology and set benchmarks for future instructional materials.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research has practical implications that reach beyond the immediate educational context. Physical Education teachers now possess a comprehensive and accessible resource that improves their confidence and competence in gymnastics instruction. This addresses persistent issues in the effective and safe implementation of the gymnastics component of the KSSR curriculum. Integrating online applications within the module enhances accessibility, while the organized content structure promotes efficient learning. The employed development methodology offers a replicable framework for producing effective educational resources in various specialized domains, which may impact broader curricular implementation practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study concludes that deliberate module development, informed by identified teacher needs, expert evaluation, and established usability principles, yields high-quality educational resources. Despite recognizing limitations in the evaluation methodology, the strong expert consensus on the module's value indicates its potential to enhance gymnastics instruction in Primary Education significantly. Future research should investigate the module's effectiveness in real classroom settings and address identified opportunities for safety enhancement. The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module significantly enhances Physical Education instruction by integrating comprehensive content with an accessible design, thereby serving as a valuable model for developing future educational resources across various subjects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding researcher but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBurson SL, Mulhearn SC, Castelli DM, van der Mars H. Essential Components of Physical Education: Policy and Environment. \u003cem\u003eRes Q Exerc Sport\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;92(2):209-221. doi:10.1080/02701367.2021.1884178\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGil-Madrona P, Cejudo J, Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Gonz\u0026aacute;lez JM, L\u0026oacute;pez-S\u0026aacute;nchez GF. 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The Design of GIFTED Motivation Module Using the ADDIE Model Approaches Among the Gifted and Talented Students. \u003cem\u003eInt J Acad Res Progress Educ Dev\u003c/em\u003e. 2020;9(2):20-21. doi:10.6007/ijarped/v9-i2/7494\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSyar Meeze Mohd Rashid. Pembangunan dan Penilaian Aplikasi Modul Pembelajaran Bahasa Isyarat (M-Isharah) untuk Pelajar Sarjana Muda Pendidikan Khas. Published online 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO\u0026rsquo;Neil MJ, Jackson L. Nominal Group Technique: A process for initiating curriculum development in higher education. \u003cem\u003eStud High Educ\u003c/em\u003e. 1983;8(2):129-138. doi:10.1080/03075078312331378994\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeslandes SF, Mendes CHF, Pires T de O, Campos D de S. 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Published online 2004. doi:10.1109/ICALT.2004.1357627\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcKillip J. \u003cem\u003eIdentifying Needs\u003c/em\u003e. SAGE Publications, Inc; 2011. doi:10.4324/9780203857373-11\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang L, Wider W, Fauzi MA, Jiang L, Tanucan JCM, Naces Udang L. Psychological capital research in HEIs: Bibliometric analysis of current and future trends. \u003cem\u003eHeliyon\u003c/em\u003e. 2024;10(4):e26607. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26607\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"gymnastics, physical education, usability phase, training module \u0026 education","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6426862/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6426862/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGymnastics is an important part of Physical Education (PE) since it improves strength, flexibility, coordination, and balance in students. Despite its inclusion in Malaysia's Primary School Standard Curriculum (KSSR), effective gymnastics education remains challenging due to instructors' lack of confidence, understanding, and specialized training. Worries about student safety, limited instructional resources, and insufficient professional development opportunities exacerbate these difficulties. The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module was created to fill these gaps by offering complete instructional assistance consistent with curriculum standards and safety regulations. This research aimed to analyze the usability of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module among Primary School Physical Education Experts, specifically its efficacy, efficiency, and user satisfaction as a pedagogical resource for gymnastics teaching in Malaysian primary schools. The research used the Modified Nominal Group Technique (NGT) to assess the module's effectiveness, satisfaction, and convenience. The evaluation approach used features from the Technology, Usability, and Pedagogy (TUP) Model to enable a thorough assessment across several dimensions. The usability examination yielded consistently good ratings for all three aspects—usefulness, satisfaction, and simplicity—with over 80% agreement values. User-friendliness obtained a 98.1% agreement grade, while efficacy received a flawless 100% consensus from experts. The module's combination of online applications and conventional educational techniques was highly regarded. Qualitative comments revealed areas for improvement, notably in safety standards. However, these ideas were made within an overall framework of good acceptance. Conclusion: The KSSR Gymnastics Training Module meets important demands in gymnastics training for PE instructors, efficiently bridging curricular gaps while remaining accessible to educators of different technology proficiency. The high levels of agreement justify the module's content and development approach, establishing it as an important pedagogical resource for increasing teacher confidence and competence in gymnastics training. The module contributes to PE curriculum implementation in Malaysian primary schools, with possible implications for larger educational resource development. Future studies should examine the module's performance in real classroom settings while addressing noted safety improvement possibilities.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Usability Evaluation of the KSSR Gymnastics Training Module among Primary School Physical Education Experts","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-18 17:58:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6426862/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-12T08:09:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-08T10:05:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-03T04:35:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"124308477732992760722036375688039815794","date":"2026-02-26T02:46:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"289846182610935841755222061486531447012","date":"2026-02-24T19:18:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-19T07:08:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"121980379674264749448473743261024769719","date":"2025-11-11T06:52:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"316029204036092440939724158734439770048","date":"2025-11-09T20:58:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-09T17:35:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T12:49:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-24T04:21:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-23T10:10:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-04-23T10:06:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"62be0059-7190-492b-b044-423e1cfd0d32","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":57778005,"name":"Biological sciences/Evolution"},{"id":57778006,"name":"Biological sciences/Physiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-21T08:53:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-18 17:58:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6426862","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6426862","identity":"rs-6426862","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}