Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques

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These gliders must withstand hydrodynamic forces and maintain its body stability. The underwater environments are highly unpredictable, and small changes in the environment can lead to significant instability in underwater vehicles. Methods This study uses different numerical techniques to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of a torpedo-shaped glider. A symmetric torpedo-shaped glider model was created and analyzed using a licensed version of ANSYS 20.1 Fluent tool. The behavior of the torpedo glider under various flow conditions was examined such as variation of grid test, change of turbulent models, the variation in the inflow boundary conditions involves varying the velocity from 10.16 m/s to 15.16 m/s in 1m/s increment and from 10.16 m/s to 7.66 m/s in 0.5 m/s, also six different models were analyzed. Results Research was also attempted with different turbulent models and the Spalart-Allmara model was producing least validation error of 1.28 % with a primary focus on nose optimization. By varying the nose length, the study aimed to identify the best-suited nose geometry to minimize drag force. The nose lengths were varied to 0.205 m and 0.19m, resulting in validation errors of 2.81% and 1.16%, respectively, the results are clearly explained in the sub sequent sections of this article. Conclusion In conclusion, this study has evaluated various modifications and their impact on drag force reduction. The application of Spallart-Allmara model resulted in an improvement of 1.28%. Decrease in velocity lead to a significant reduction in the drag force, with an improvement of 37.3%. The nose optimization also contributed to drag force; a nose length of 0.205m yielded a 3.37% improvement. While a 0.19m nose length resulted in a 1.67% reduction. This study helps researchers in hydrodynamics by optimizing geometry for drag reduction. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1274/v1", "name": "Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater..." } } ] } Home Browse Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article K SP and G S. Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154040.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] Sudheendra Prabhu K 1 , Srinivas G https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9526-0371 1 Sudheendra Prabhu K 1 , Srinivas G https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9526-0371 1 PUBLISHED 24 Oct 2024 Author details Author details 1 Aeronautical & Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Udupi Karnataka, 576104, India Sudheendra Prabhu K Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Software Srinivas G Roles: Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Manipal Academy of Higher Education gateway. This article is included in the Computational Modelling and Numerical Aspects in Engineering collection. Abstract Background Underwater gliders are widely used in marine applications for monitoring purposes. These gliders must withstand hydrodynamic forces and maintain its body stability. The underwater environments are highly unpredictable, and small changes in the environment can lead to significant instability in underwater vehicles. Methods This study uses different numerical techniques to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of a torpedo-shaped glider. A symmetric torpedo-shaped glider model was created and analyzed using a licensed version of ANSYS 20.1 Fluent tool. The behavior of the torpedo glider under various flow conditions was examined such as variation of grid test, change of turbulent models, the variation in the inflow boundary conditions involves varying the velocity from 10.16 m/s to 15.16 m/s in 1m/s increment and from 10.16 m/s to 7.66 m/s in 0.5 m/s, also six different models were analyzed. Results Research was also attempted with different turbulent models and the Spalart-Allmara model was producing least validation error of 1.28 % with a primary focus on nose optimization. By varying the nose length, the study aimed to identify the best-suited nose geometry to minimize drag force. The nose lengths were varied to 0.205 m and 0.19m, resulting in validation errors of 2.81% and 1.16%, respectively, the results are clearly explained in the sub sequent sections of this article. Conclusion In conclusion, this study has evaluated various modifications and their impact on drag force reduction. The application of Spallart-Allmara model resulted in an improvement of 1.28%. Decrease in velocity lead to a significant reduction in the drag force, with an improvement of 37.3%. The nose optimization also contributed to drag force; a nose length of 0.205m yielded a 3.37% improvement. While a 0.19m nose length resulted in a 1.67% reduction. This study helps researchers in hydrodynamics by optimizing geometry for drag reduction. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Torpedo; Hydrodynamics; CFD; Underwater glider; Drag. Corresponding Author(s) Srinivas G ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Srinivas G Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2024 K SP and G S. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: K SP and G S. Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154040.1 ) First published: 24 Oct 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154040.1 ) Latest published: 23 Apr 2025, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154040.2 )  There is a newer version of this article available. Suppress this message for one day. 1. Introduction The torpedoes were invented in 1860 by Robert Whitehead, an English engineer in Australia, long before there was a theoretical foundation for the scientific development of underwater missiles. The torpedo is the most destructive naval weapon ever deployed, yet its role in modern warfare is largely ignored by naval professionals, a symmetric geometry of torpedo glider is shown in Figure 1 . 1 Figure 1. Torpedo sectional view. The analysis of hydrodynamic parameters plays a very important role in underwater torpedo gliders or any underwater vehicles. The hydrodynamic forces are time-varying and very important to maintain the glider’s stability. 2 While designing any torpedo glider, various changes arise. Hydrodynamic coefficient parameters need to be considered when designing a glider. In general, gliders travel at very low velocity, with a maximum speed of up to 0.2 m/s to 0.5 m/s. 3 Various parameters affect the stability of the torpedo glider, the parameters include lift, drag, mass of the glider, and velocity. These lift, drag, mass, and thrust forces need to be balanced for the stability of the torpedo glider. There are parameters like glider design, Reynolds number, lift-to-drag ratio, and the angle of attack that keep changing during maneuverability, which can vary up to 8°, 9°, or 10°. 4 – 6 The torpedo glider might get unstable due to the internal bouncy system and due to tail-wing geometry. 7 A small change in stability leads to a pressure difference, even though the design is correct. Therefore, the glider design needs to be designed in such a way that it can stand up to hydrodynamic forces. 8 A few torpedo gliders like Omni-max, Depla, flying wing anchor (FWA), and FISH type anchors are dropped from the air into the water which leads to instability due to changes in the density, instability is also due to the actuating force. 9 , 10 2. Literature review In underwater it is very difficult to predict stability because of the varying angles of attack. To control drag force is very important for torpedo gliders, these problems are also seen in ships and submarines. 11 This can be controlled by changing the torpedo geometry and analyzing using numerical simulations. 12 The torpedo nose, tail, and wings are very important parts to control the drag, there are various possible methods to minimize the drag. The possible solution includes considering the axisymmetric geometry, avoiding the tail or wing, compered nose, or changing the wing-tail dimensions 12 , 13 and these can be analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) there various methods for analyzing which include the Datcom method, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method, particle image velocimetry (PIV), and fluorescent dye method. 14 – 17 There are also other solutions like changing fin configuration, minimizing the payload, sharp tip angle, high aspect ratio, optimizing the diameter, hemispherical nose, and duct-shaped nose, and super cavitating geometry for the high-speed torpedo. 18 – 21 The study provides the relationship between nose geometry and drag force. In below given subsequent sections, comparison, validation, and the variation in the drag force due to velocity modifications. Similarly, modifications in the nose parabola geometry are clarified; additionally, various numerical methods in the Ansys fluent are performed for comparison, detailed results, and conclusions are provided. 2.1 Objective of the article This research focuses on the aerodynamic performance enhancement of torpedo-shaped underwater vehicles using different numerical techniques. The primary objective of this research article is to test the baseline numerical analysis and validate it with the public literature review. Secondly, the flow conditions are tested with different inlet flow boundary conditions and different turbulence models through the grid independence test, finally identifying the best suitable performance parameters for the chosen torpedo. Finally, the model is also tested for nose shape optimization using the trial-and-error method, identifying the most suitable performance parameters for improved aerodynamic concepts. These objectives provide deeper understanding of the torpedo gliders behavior towards drag force and inform how the design optimization helps in lower drag and better performance in the operating environment. 3. Methods As per the diagram Figure 2 below, the complete research article identifies the hydrodynamic problems to fulfill the research objective. Initially baseline was done, and the baseline model for the torpedo glider was prepared using ANSYS designs modeler. Later the torpedo glider model was meshed, the analysis was performed, and baseline results were validated by comparing with the article reference 22 . Once the baseline analysis was set, the research followed the next step of the objective, which included the Grid independency test to validate the mesh. Further the analysis continued with six different turbulence models, and the Spalart-Allmara vorticity-based model was chosen for the next step because this model was producing least validation error of 1.28%. The drag force due to changes in boundary conditions was analyzed, from this step, the variation in the drag force due to change in velocity is observed. After performing this step, the main aim of the research article is to carry out the nose hydrodynamic shape optimization. Figure 2. Research methodology flowchart. Here the nose of the torpedo glider was increased and decreased to 5 iterations with a step size of 0.05 m. From this step, the variation in the drag was observed, and the best-suited nose geometry to minimize the drag was chosen; the results are discussed in the subsequent sections. 3.1 Baseline analysis 3.1.1 Modelling of torpedo glider The torpedo glider is modeled using an ANSYS design modular; the total length of the torpedo is 1.5 m; the nose of the torpedo is a parabola with a length of 0.2 m; the aft length is 0.3 m with 20° tail angle; and the middle body is a cylinder with a diameter of 0.2 m. Similarly, the fluid domain is created, and the dimensions of both the torpedo and fluid domains are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 , the dimensions of the torpedo glider and the fluid domain were taken from the reference 22 . Figure 3. Torpedo glider dimensions. Figure 4. Fluid domain dimensions. The nose body shapes of the torpedo glider model have been optimized through various iterations. These shapes have been plotted using MATLAB with appropriate codes, incrementally increasing and decreasing by 0.05 m, as illustrated in Figure 5 . Figure 5. Torpedo nose length optimization. 3.1.2 Meshing of torpedo and fluid domain After creating torpedo model, the torpedo and fluid domain model was imported for meshing, before meshing inflation body was created as shown in Figure 6 , acting like additional fluid domain. A general triangular mesh was chosen, with a y + of 1 and a boundary layer was created around the torpedo surface. In the Figure 7 below, the mesh over the torpedo and fluid domain can be seen. The mesh size chosen for this model was 48.2 mm, and the number of elements was 4.5 million, after multiple iterations this mesh size was chosen as the baseline for the simulation. Figure 6. Final mesh with inflation layer in farfield. Figure 7. Mesh over the torpedo surface. 3.1.3 Numerical modeling CFD analysis helps in understanding hydrodynamics on the torpedo gliders or any underwater vehicles, it also helps in understanding the flow behavior of the fluid over the torpedo glider as well as the pressure distribution on the surface of the glider. The speed of the torpedo glider is very small, and the flow is considered as the 3-dimensional steady state and incompressible. The Spallart-Allmaras turbulence model is known as one equation model, describes eddy viscous eddy current flow. This turbulence model is commonly used in aerodynamic applications including wall bounded conditions, since there is only one equation to solve the process is faster compared to other models. The governing equation: (1) ∂ v ∂ x j = 0 The Spallart-Allmaras model, one equation is given by: (2) ∂ v ̂ ∂ t + ∂ v ̂ ∂ x j = C b 1 ( 1 − f t 2 ) S ̂ v ̂ − [ C w 1 f w 1 − C b 1 k 2 ] ( v ̂ d ) 2 + 1 σ [ δ δ x j ( ( v + v ̂ ) ∂ v ̂ ∂ x j ) ] + C b 2 ∂ v ∂ x j ∂ v ∂ x i Since the assumption is steady state, (3) ∂ v ̂ ∂ t = 0 The turbulent eddy viscosity can be computed from the equation: (4) μ t = ρ v ̂ f v 1 (5) f v 1 = x 3 x 3 + C v 1 3 x = v ̂ v Where ρ is the density, v is molecular kinematic viscosity, and μ is molecular dynamic viscosity. C b 1 , C b 2 , k and C v 1 are constants. To estimate the lift force ( F L ) and drag force ( F D ), the equations (1) and (2) are used. (6) F L = 1 2 ρ V 2 A C L (7) F D = 1 2 ρ V 2 A C D Where A is the area on which force is acting. C L and C D are the lift and drag coefficients, and V is the free stream velocity of the fluid, All the above equations from (1) to (7) are referred from Ref. 23 . 3.1.4 Boundary conditions on torpedo After meshing the model was taken to ANSYS Fluent and the boundary conditions were applied. The Spalart-allmaras model was chosen for the simulation and the steady state for the torpedo was chosen. The velocity was 3.046 m/s, and the angle of attack was 9°, since the torpedo was stationary free stream velocity was calculated and given as 10.16 m/s and the fluid parameters, density of 998 kg/m 3 and kinematic viscosity of 1.00481×10 − 6 m 2 /s was set. The torpedo glider was considered as the rigid body, since the speed was too low the far-field was chosen as the wall, and constant density for water was set, the boundary conditions for the Spalart-Allmara vorticity-based model is given in the Table 1 . Table 1. Fluent boundary conditions. Boundary U p v t v Boundary type Inlet Fixed value Zero gradient Fixed value Fixed value Velocity inlet Outlet Zero gradient Fixed value Zero gradient Zero gradient Pressure outlet Wall Fixed value Zero gradient Fixed value Fixed value Wall type Internal field Uniform Uniform Uniform Uniform Internal fluid The above boundary conditions were set for the baseline for the simulation, Figure 8 , Figure 9 , and Figure 10 represents the fluent setup including inlet, outlet, wall, and half-plane. The drag force obtained from the above simulation was compared with the experimental study. 22 Later stage the velocity was increased from 10.16 m/s to 15.16 m/s and decreased to 7.66 m/s with each increment and decrement step of 1 m/s. At the final stage of the simulation, the nose geometry was altered, and the same boundary conditions were applied. The nose parabola optimization was performed by incrementing and decrementing the parabola length from 0.2 m to 0.22 m during increment and 0.2 m to 0.175 m during decrement. During decrement with 0.05 m step change, the drag force for all the design changes and boundary condition changes can be seen in the result section. Figure 8. Inlet, outlet and torpedo setup in fluent. Figure 9. Wall around the torpedo-glider. Figure 10. Inlet-outlet boundary with half-plane. 3.1.5 Grid independency test To check whether the obtained drag force does not depend on the grid used for the simulation, five different mesh sizes were chosen and resulting in 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5 million mesh elements in the graph below 4.5 M and 4.4 M are resulting with the same drag force hence the mesh size of 48.2 mm was chosen for the simulation and taken as the base for the analysis of the drag force, the drag force with respect to change in the number cells is observed in Figure 11 . Figure 11. Drag force with respect to number of cells. 4. Results and Discussions Results were analyzed regarding drag force and the change in the drag force concerning change in the boundary conditions, change in the velocity, and nose optimization for the same (0.2mx1.5m) are discussed. In the below subsection, each step is carried out for analyzing the reports starting from the baseline, method sections, grid independence test, variation of flow velocity, and nose optimization are discussed in detail. 4.1 Baseline analysis The baseline boundary conditions are discussed in the methodology section, the velocity of the glider was set to 3.046 and K-omega SST model was applied due vey slower velocity, torpedo glider was assumed to be steady, and the angle of attack was set to 9°. Since the torpedo was considered as wall and free stream velocity of 10.16 m/s from the inlet was set, different mesh sizes were applied for the same SST model. For the mesh size of 48 mm and 48.2 mm the drag force of 86.11 N can be seen in the Table 2 , obtained drag forces are compared with the experimental study. 22 Table 2. Grid independency test results and error evaluation. Element size (mm) Number of elements (in millions) Drag force (N) Reference drag force (N) 22 Error (%) 50 4.1 82.65 87.4 5.43 49.5 4.2 83.65 87.4 4.29 49 4.3 83.7 87.4 4.23 48 4.4 86.11 87.4 1.47 48.2 4.5 86.11 87.4 1.47 The baseline mesh size was set to 48.2 mm, additional 6 different models for the same torpedo glider geometry was tested and from Table 2 , the Spalart-Allmara vorticity-based model results in accurate drag force of 86.28 N and this model was chosen for the next analysis seen in Table 3 . Table 3. Drag forces at different viscous models. Model Drag force (N) Number of elements (in millions) K-elipson Standard model 94.18 4.5 K-omega SST model 86.11 4.5 Spalart-Allmara vorticity-based model 86.28 4.5 Transition SST model 80.24 4.5 Transition K-Kl model 121.46 4.5 Reynolds stress model 73.01 4.5 From the Figure 12 it is observed that the K-kl model results in higher drag force compared to other 5 different models, the k-omega SST model and Sparlart-Allmara Model results in the drag force of 86.11 N and 86.28 N but the aim is to minimize the drag. Therefore, the Sparlart-Allmara Model was chosen for further simulation since the error is less compared to other viscous models. Figure 12. Number of cells vs drag force with 6 different viscous models. From Figure 13 the velocity of 8.911 m/s is observed that, at the leading edge and flow separation is observed at the trailing edge. Similarly, from Figure 14 , an intermediate pressure between 4.78 kPa to 10.67 kPa is observed. The figure also shows that the trailing edge tip has a maximum pressure of 13.61 kPa, both contour and velocity contours can be observed in Figure 13 and Figure 14 , utilizing the K-omega SST model. Figure 13. K-omega SST model velocity contour. Figure 14. K-omega SST model pressure contour. From Figure 15 the velocity of 8.902 m/s is observed at the torpedo leading edge and flow separation at the trailing edge. Similarly, from Figure 16 , an intermediate pressure between 1.27 kPa to 10.07 kPa is observed, and the figure also shows that the trailing edge tip has a maximum pressure of 15.94 kPa. The pressure and velocity contours can be observed in Figure 15 and Figure 16 utilizing the Spallart-Allmara vorticity-based model. Figure 15. Spalart-Allmara vorticity-based model velocity contour. Figure 16. Spalart-Allmara vorticity-based model pressure contour. 4.2 Variation of flow velocity over the torpedo In further validation the velocities are varied from 10.16 m/s and the freestream velocity was incremented and decremented to each of 5 iterations as shown in the Table 4 . The velocities are varied to understand the variation the drag force, from the analysis it can be observed that higher the velocity more will be the drag and the angle of attack was set to 9°, the angle of attack also plays very important role in stability as the velocity and angle of attack increases the drag will increases. From the table it is observed that, at 15.16 m/s free stream velocity the drag will be 230.9 N, at 7.66 m/s free stream velocity the drag force will be 54.78 N. Table 4. Values of drag force due to change in the velocities. Increment Decrement Velocity (m/s) Drag force (N) Velocity (m/s) Drag force (N) 11.16 100.99 9.66 79.33 12.16 111.64 9.16 72.42 13.16 135.96 8.66 65.81 14.16 127.9 8.16 60.38 15.16 230.9 7.66 54.78 Figure 18 represents the variation in the drag concerning the increment in the velocity by 1m/s and observed that the drag forces increases as the velocity increases, similarly, Figure 17 represents the variation in the drag force due to a decrement in the velocity by 0.5 m/s, from the graph it is observed that the drag force decreases as the velocity decreases. Figure 17. Torpedo-glider velocity decrement at 0.5 m/s. Figure 18. Torpedo-glider velocity increment at 1 m/s. Figure 18 and Figure 19 represents the velocity and pressure contours at velocity 15.16 m/s, also it is observed that as the velocity increases the pressure on the torpedo glider also increases, this leads to uniform distribution of the fluid streamlines and the change in pressure is also due the angle of attack. As the angle of attack changes with a velocity of the fluid, flow distribution over the torpedo glider changes and as the result there is a pressure difference at the upper and lower part of the geometry. From Figure 18 and Figure 19 it is observed that shape of tails helps in pushing water out more gradually and less abruptly this helps in minimizing the drag. But the sharp nose is not preferred for low-speed gliders. Figure 19. Velocity contour at 15.16 m/s. From Figure 19 at velocity of 3.355 m/s it is observed that at the leading-edge surface, maximum velocity of 15.099 m/s, and flow separation at the trailing edge. Similarly, from Figure 20 , an intermediate pressure between 1.128 KPa to 20.6 KPa is observed, and the figure also shows that the trailing edge tip has a maximum pressure of 33.59 Kpa. Both pressure and velocity contours can be observed from Figure 19 and Figure 20 , utilizing the Spallart-Allmara vorticity-based model. From Figure 22 the velocity of 2.543 m/s is observed at the leading-edge surface, maximum velocity of 7.628 m/s, and flow separation at the trailing edge. Similarly, from Figure 21 , an intermediate pressure between 5.79 KPa to 7.027 KPa is observed, and the figure also shows that the trailing edge tip has a maximum pressure of 9.818 KPa, both pressure and velocity contours can be observed from Figure 21 and Figure 22 , utilizing the Spallart-Allmara vorticity based model. Figure 20. Pressure contour at 15.16 m/s. Figure 21. Pressure contour at 7.66 m/s. Figure 22. Velocity contour at 7.66 m/s. Figure 20 and Figure 21 shows the velocity and pressure contour at 7.66 m/s free stream velocity, here the drag force is found to be 54.78 N which is much less compared to 230.9 N drag due to 15.16 m/s free stream velocity. This part of the simulation is just to understand the change in drag due to change in the flow parameters like free stream velocity and angle of attack. Here it can be observed that the drag can be reduced by decreasing the velocity, but the reducing velocity does not help in the torpedo gliders because torpedoes are mainly used for defence applications and they have to maintain a constant speed, as a result, the only way to minimize the drag is by altering the geometry, in the next subsection it is clearly how the drag can be reduced by changing geometry. 4.3 Torpedo nose optimization In the defence application, speed is a very important aspect, and the torpedo glider should have minimum speed. Therefore, the speed cannot be reduced to minimize the drag, another alternative method is to modify the geometry. Here nose part is modified because the torpedo travels at a very low velocity compared to missiles hence the tail shape tail part is well suited for this simulation. As the watertight volume changes the drag force will change. This study aims to understand the change in the drag force when the nose is optimized. In this simulation the parabolic nose is considered because the torpedo travels at a very low speed as a result there is no shock wave on the nose surface, since the speed is less parabolic shape can be used, consideration of the parabolic nose is an advantage over the drag but the light of the nose is also very important because as the length changes the total mass and volume also changes which will affect the drag, hence the nose light should be optimum to minimize the drag. in this simulation, the parabolic nose lengths are incremented and decreased as shown in this table and the lengths are changed to 5 iterations with a change in step length of 0.05 m as shown in Figure 5 . From Figure 24 as the torpedo length increases from 0.2m the drag force will also increase at each step increment and at 0.215 m nose length the drag force reaches the maximum value of 86.48 N and after further increment the drag force gradually starts decreasing from the graph it is observed that the drag forces decrease from 86.48 N to 85.37 N at the nose length of 0.225 m. Similarly, from Figure 23 the variation in the drag force can be observed, after decreasing the nose length the drag force starts decreasing and from the graph it can be observed that the drag force reaches the minimum value 85.94 N at the nose length of 0.19m, on further decrease in length the drag starts increasing gradually. Figure 23. Drag force due to an decrease torpedo nose length by 0.05 m. Figure 24. Drag force due to an increase in torpedo nose length by 0.05 m. In this simulation the thrust is not considered, here only the change in drag force due to the change in angle of attack is studied. The change in geometry always does not help because if the nose length is reduced then it is not sure that the drag force will increase. After all, the change in overall length is only very important. The length of the torpedo glider is related to total volume whereas the diameter is directly related to total volume, but the fineness ratio and diameter are not related to each other. Hence the fineness ratio can be neglected for this simulation because for that reason the nose optimization is performed, and this study mainly focuses on the design of an symmetric body which will help in reducing the drag force. The above figure represents the velocity and pressure contours over the torpedo glider, here the same free stream velocity of 10.16 m/s is considered, and the same boundary conditions are applied. Figure 25 and Figure 26 represent the velocity and pressure contours due to a nose length of 0.205 m. Similarly, Figure 27 and Figure 28 represents the velocity and pressure contours over the torpedo glider at a velocity of 10.16 m/s for the same 0.19 m nose length. The 0.19 m and 0.205 m are chosen because it produces less drag force of 84.54 N and 87.32 N. From Figure 25 the low velocity of 2.224 m/s is observed at the leading-edge surface, maximum velocity of 10 m/s, and flow separation at the trailing edge. Similarly, an intermediate pressure between 2.398 kPa to 5.79 kPa is observed from Figure 26 , and the figure also shows that the trailing edge tip has a maximum pressure of 9.818 KPa, both contour and velocity contours can be observed from Figure 25 and Figure 26 . Similarly, from Figure 28 an intermediate pressure between 1.157 kPa to 10.01 kPa is observed, and the figure also shows that the trailing edge tip has a maximum pressure of 15.8 kPa, both contour and velocity contours can be observed from Figure 27 and Figure 28 . Figure 25. Velocity contour due to 0.205 m. Figure 26. Pressure contour due to 0.205 m. Figure 27. Velocity contour due to 0.19 m. Figure 28. Pressure contour due to 0.19 m. 4.4 Results overview Several numerical methods were employed and analyzed, based on Figure 29 observations. The grid independency test, conducted with a mesh consisting of million elements resulted in a drag force 86.11 N, achieving a 1.47% improvement in drag force reduction. The application of the Spallart-Allmaras model results in a drag force of 86.28 N with a 1.28% improvement in drag force reduction. Further analysis at a velocity of 7.66 m/s demonstrated an improvement in a drag force of 54.78 N, which corresponds to a 37.3% reduction. Additionally, nose optimization was performed, nose length of 0.19 m resulting in a drag force of 85.94 N with 1.67% improvement. Increasing the nose length to 0.205 m further reduced the drag force to 84.54 N, resulting in a 3.27% improvement. These observations highlight the impact of the nose optimization on drag reduction, effectiveness of velocity adjustments and selecting the suitable turbulence model in minimizing the hydrodynamic drag force. Figure 29. Different numerical methods with drag force. 5. Conclusions In this study, the relationship between the nose geometry of the cylindrical torpedo hull and drag force is investigated using 3D CFD simulation. The study mainly focuses on drag minimization by optimizing the parabolic nose, to optimize the nose many validations are performed. The important step was selecting the proper baseline where the drag force was found to be 86.28 N. The result was validated, there was 1.47% error while comparing with the reference drag force of 87.4 N. After selecting the proper baseline, the torpedo model was simulated for different turbulence models and the Sparlart-Allmara model was chosen as the baseline model for further simulation. In the later stages, the velocities are varied to observe the variation in the drag force, the velocities are incremented from 10.16 m/s to 15.16 m/s where the maximum drag force of 230.9 N is observed. Similarly, the velocity is decreased from 10.16 m/s to 7.16 m/s where a minimum drag force of 54.78 N is observed, from the above steps it can be concluded that the drag force can be minimized by reducing the velocity, but in the defence application speed is always an important parameter. By considering the above aspects nose optimization is chosen where the torpedo glider nose is incremented from 0.2 m to 0.025 m and decrement from 0.2 m to 0.175 m. From this study it can be observed that the 0.205 m and 0.19 m nose lengths produce 84.54 N and 85.94 N drag force which is lower compared to other optimization nose lengths. While comparing with the referenced drag force the error was found to be 3.32% and 1.67% which is acceptable. From the overall simulation it can be observed that the reducing velocity does not reduce the drag, nowadays torpedo speeds are increasing and the possible hydrodynamic solution to reduce the drag force is by optimizing the tail or nose. In this study the focus was to optimize the nose because the speed was less, torpedo glider body was symmetric, and the tail was sharp with the tail angle of 20°. While optimizing the nose it is very important to consider volume and diameter, because the overall length is directly related to total volume and diameter. These design parameters also affect the drag force, hence considering this parameter for the design will help in minimizing the drag force. The future scope of this work includes conducting thermal analysis of the torpedo glider and designing the most suitable geometry. As the torpedo speeds are upgrading, thermal analysis is also essential to predict the drag. Since in the water medium the pressure is much higher compared to an air medium. Therefore, thermal analysis and optimizing the design are crucial to reduce the drag effectively. Ethics and consent Ethics and consent were not required. Data availability All data underlying the results are available as part of the article and no additional source data are required. References 1. Gao T, Wang Y, Pang Y, et al. : Hull shape optimization for autonomous underwater vehicles using CFD. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics. Jan. 2016; 10 (1): 599–607. Publisher Full Text 2. Liu Y, Ma J, Ma N, et al. : Experimental and Numerical Study on Hydrodynamic Performance of an Underwater Glider. Math. Probl. Eng. 2018; 2018 : 1–13. Publisher Full Text 3. Yang L, Cao J, Cao J, et al. : Hydrodynamic and vertical motion analysis of an underwater glider. OCEANS 2016 - Shanghai, China. 2016; pp. 1–6. Publisher Full Text 4. 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Şerifoğlu MO, Tutak B: Drag force-internal volume relationship for underwater gliders and drag coefficient estimation using machine learning. Ocean Eng. Oct. 2022; 262 : 112325. Publisher Full Text 23. Ting MC, Mujeebu MA, Abdullah MZ, et al. : Numerical Study on Hydrodynamic Performance of Shallow Underwater Glider Platform.2012. Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 24 Oct 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Aeronautical & Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Udupi Karnataka, 576104, India Sudheendra Prabhu K Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Software Srinivas G Roles: Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 23 Apr 2025, 13:1274 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154040.2 version 1 Published: 24 Oct 2024, 13:1274 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154040.1 Copyright © 2024 K SP and G S. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article K SP and G S. Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154040.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 24 Oct 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Qin D. Reviewer Report For: Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.169017.r337534 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1274/v1#referee-response-337534 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 23 Nov 2024 Denghui Qin , Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.169017.r337534 This article presents a numerical simulation study on the influence of different head shapes on the resistance of torpedo gliders. Among them, the results of different turbulence models and different head lengths were compared. Comments about this ... Continue reading READ ALL This article presents a numerical simulation study on the influence of different head shapes on the resistance of torpedo gliders. Among them, the results of different turbulence models and different head lengths were compared. Comments about this paper: 1. Figures 2 have no meaning. A scientific paper does not need to introduce literature reading and identify problems in this way. 2. Figures 3: If the author has basic knowledge of fluid mechanics, they should be aware that the resistance of the torpedo model shown in Figure 3 will be significant, as its nose does not even have a streamlined transition with its body. It is unreasonable to use a curve with high resistance as a baseline. 3. Figure 5: Why are the models of the two baselines different? 4. Table 1: These are common knowledge and do not need to be listed separately 5. Figure 8 should provide a detailed description of the size of the computational domain, as it is crucial for CFD calculations. Figures 8, 9, and 10 can all be combined into one image. 6. Figure 11 shows that the number of grids for grid independence verification should be based on the magnification factor, rather than 4.1-4.5 million 7. Figure 14-28, those figures are not suitable CFD Contours. Please refer to more CFD papers for graphics. Based on the comments, this paper is not proper to be indexed. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Fluid Mechanics I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Qin D. Reviewer Report For: Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.169017.r337534 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1274/v1#referee-response-337534 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Yang S. Reviewer Report For: Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.169017.r337532 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1274/v1#referee-response-337532 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 22 Nov 2024 Shaoqiong Yang , Tianjin University, Tianjin, China Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.169017.r337532 Review comments on the manuscript (Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques) In the manuscript (#Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques), the drag reduction effect resulting from the shape optimization ... Continue reading READ ALL Review comments on the manuscript (Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques) In the manuscript (#Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques), the drag reduction effect resulting from the shape optimization of the nose of a torpedo-shaped underwater vehicle was investigated via the numerical simulation method of CFD to minimize the drag of the nose. Meanwhile, based on the optimization results, the key techniques for effectively reducing the drag of underwater vehicles were identified. This manuscript provides methodological support for the hull shape design of a torpedo-shaped underwater vehicle using CFD methods, and the results of the study also have significant implications for future research on hull shape optimization. However, there are some problems with the description in the manuscript. If the problems in the manuscript can be explained and corrected in the revised version, it can be indexed. 1. In the manuscript, the authors used the term “aerodynamic performance” several times, but for the study of underwater vehicles, it is recommended to use “hydrodynamic performance” for description. 2. The figures presented in the manuscript (e.g., Figure 3) have relatively low resolution. It is suggested that figures with higher resolution be employed for display. 3. In section 3.1, it is advised to provide more detailed information on the optimization method used. 4. In section 3.1.4, it is suggested that the authors introduce the setting process of the working condition parameters in greater detail. 5. In Figure 12, the curve used to represent the " k -elipson Standard model" is not shown in the figure, and it is recommended to make corrections. At the same time, 'elipson' should be 'epsilon'; it is suggested to re-examine. 6. The results in Figures 23 and 24 are suggested to be combined into one figure to observe more comprehensively the influence of the changes in the bow length on the drag. 7. The speed of underwater gliders is generally relatively low, can it reach over 10m/s? 8. By the way, we give some papers about the shape optimization based on CFD to authors for reference this time or communications in future:[1],[2],[3],[4],[5] Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No source data required Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Yang M, Wang Y, Yang S, Zhang L, et al.: Shape optimization of underwater glider based on approximate model technology. Applied Ocean Research . 2021; 110 . Publisher Full Text 2. Yang M, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liang Y, et al.: Parameterized Dynamic Modeling and Spiral Motion Pattern Analysis for Underwater Gliders. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering . 2023; 48 (1): 112-126 Publisher Full Text 3. Sun T, Chen G, Yang S, Wang Y, et al.: Design and optimization of a bio-inspired hull shape for AUV by surrogate model technology. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics . 2021; 15 (1): 1057-1074 Publisher Full Text 4. Wang Y, Wang C, Yang M, Liang Y, et al.: Glide performance analysis of underwater glider with sweep wings inspired by swift. Frontiers in Marine Science . 2022; 9 . Publisher Full Text 5. Liu M, Song Y, Yang S, Yang M: Rapid data-driven individualised shape design of AUVs based on CFD and machine learning. Ships and Offshore Structures . 2024. 1-15 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: My studies mainly focus on design theory, novel drag-reduction technology, and sea trial & marine application of unmanned underwater vehicles, especially underwater gliders. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Yang S. Reviewer Report For: Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.169017.r337532 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1274/v1#referee-response-337532 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 23 Apr 2025 SRINIVAS G , Aeronautical & Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India 23 Apr 2025 Author Response 1.In the manuscript, the authors used the term “aerodynamic performance” several times, but for the study of underwater vehicles, it is recommended to use “hydrodynamic performance” for description . Response: ... Continue reading 1.In the manuscript, the authors used the term “aerodynamic performance” several times, but for the study of underwater vehicles, it is recommended to use “hydrodynamic performance” for description . Response: As per your advice, the changes have been implemented throughout the manuscript. 2.The figures presented in the manuscript (e.g., Figure 3) have relatively low resolution. It is suggested that figures with higher resolution be employed for display. Response: The high-resolution image has been replaced and updated in the manuscript. Please refer the image here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717197.154040-Image_1.pdf 3. In section 3.1, it is advised to provide more detailed information on the optimization method used. Response: The optimization of the nose shape design has been explained in detail and updated in the new version. 4. In section 3.1.4, it is suggested that the authors introduce the setting process of the working condition parameters in greater detail. Response: The following sentences have been added to the new version of the article under Section 3.1.4: "The vorticity-based Spalart-Allmaras model was chosen for the analysis, with aluminum as the glider material. The inlet was defined as a velocity inlet with a turbulence intensity of 10% and a hydraulic diameter of 2 m. The outlet was specified as a pressure outlet with a backflow turbulence ratio of 10. Both the glider and walls were treated as fixed walls with a roughness constant of 0.5. The SIMPLE algorithm was selected as the solution method for the baseline analysis." 5. In Figure 12, the curve used to represent the " k -elipson Standard model" is not shown in the figure, and it is recommended to make corrections. At the same time, 'elipson' should be 'epsilon'; it is suggested to re-examine. Response: The corrections have been made as per the suggestions and incorporated into the new version of the article. Additionally, a new graph has been plotted using MATLAB. Please refer to the new graph here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717198.154040_-_New_Graph.pdf 6. The results in Figures 23 and 24 are suggested to be combined into one figure to observe more comprehensively the influence of the changes in the bow length on the drag. Response: The velocity increment and decrement graphs have been combined into a single graph, and the updated graph has been included in the research paper. Please refer to the updated graph here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717199.154040_-_Updated_Graph.pdf 7. The speed of underwater gliders is generally relatively low, can it reach over 10m/s? Response: it is possible. As per the reference paper, the free stream velocity was mentioned to be possible up to 14 m/s. This article focuses on varying the velocity from 11.16 m/s to 15.16 m/s, as well as decreasing the velocity from 9.66 m/s to 7.66 m/s to evaluate performance variations. 8.By the way, we give some papers about the shape optimization based on CFD to authors for reference this time or communications in future:[1],[2],[3],[4],[5] Responses: The suggested research papers have been cited in the present study. 1.In the manuscript, the authors used the term “aerodynamic performance” several times, but for the study of underwater vehicles, it is recommended to use “hydrodynamic performance” for description . Response: As per your advice, the changes have been implemented throughout the manuscript. 2.The figures presented in the manuscript (e.g., Figure 3) have relatively low resolution. It is suggested that figures with higher resolution be employed for display. Response: The high-resolution image has been replaced and updated in the manuscript. Please refer the image here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717197.154040-Image_1.pdf 3. In section 3.1, it is advised to provide more detailed information on the optimization method used. Response: The optimization of the nose shape design has been explained in detail and updated in the new version. 4. In section 3.1.4, it is suggested that the authors introduce the setting process of the working condition parameters in greater detail. Response: The following sentences have been added to the new version of the article under Section 3.1.4: "The vorticity-based Spalart-Allmaras model was chosen for the analysis, with aluminum as the glider material. The inlet was defined as a velocity inlet with a turbulence intensity of 10% and a hydraulic diameter of 2 m. The outlet was specified as a pressure outlet with a backflow turbulence ratio of 10. Both the glider and walls were treated as fixed walls with a roughness constant of 0.5. The SIMPLE algorithm was selected as the solution method for the baseline analysis." 5. In Figure 12, the curve used to represent the " k -elipson Standard model" is not shown in the figure, and it is recommended to make corrections. At the same time, 'elipson' should be 'epsilon'; it is suggested to re-examine. Response: The corrections have been made as per the suggestions and incorporated into the new version of the article. Additionally, a new graph has been plotted using MATLAB. Please refer to the new graph here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717198.154040_-_New_Graph.pdf 6. The results in Figures 23 and 24 are suggested to be combined into one figure to observe more comprehensively the influence of the changes in the bow length on the drag. Response: The velocity increment and decrement graphs have been combined into a single graph, and the updated graph has been included in the research paper. Please refer to the updated graph here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717199.154040_-_Updated_Graph.pdf 7. The speed of underwater gliders is generally relatively low, can it reach over 10m/s? Response: it is possible. As per the reference paper, the free stream velocity was mentioned to be possible up to 14 m/s. This article focuses on varying the velocity from 11.16 m/s to 15.16 m/s, as well as decreasing the velocity from 9.66 m/s to 7.66 m/s to evaluate performance variations. 8.By the way, we give some papers about the shape optimization based on CFD to authors for reference this time or communications in future:[1],[2],[3],[4],[5] Responses: The suggested research papers have been cited in the present study. Competing Interests: No Competing Interests. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 23 Apr 2025 SRINIVAS G , Aeronautical & Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India 23 Apr 2025 Author Response 1.In the manuscript, the authors used the term “aerodynamic performance” several times, but for the study of underwater vehicles, it is recommended to use “hydrodynamic performance” for description . Response: ... Continue reading 1.In the manuscript, the authors used the term “aerodynamic performance” several times, but for the study of underwater vehicles, it is recommended to use “hydrodynamic performance” for description . Response: As per your advice, the changes have been implemented throughout the manuscript. 2.The figures presented in the manuscript (e.g., Figure 3) have relatively low resolution. It is suggested that figures with higher resolution be employed for display. Response: The high-resolution image has been replaced and updated in the manuscript. Please refer the image here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717197.154040-Image_1.pdf 3. In section 3.1, it is advised to provide more detailed information on the optimization method used. Response: The optimization of the nose shape design has been explained in detail and updated in the new version. 4. In section 3.1.4, it is suggested that the authors introduce the setting process of the working condition parameters in greater detail. Response: The following sentences have been added to the new version of the article under Section 3.1.4: "The vorticity-based Spalart-Allmaras model was chosen for the analysis, with aluminum as the glider material. The inlet was defined as a velocity inlet with a turbulence intensity of 10% and a hydraulic diameter of 2 m. The outlet was specified as a pressure outlet with a backflow turbulence ratio of 10. Both the glider and walls were treated as fixed walls with a roughness constant of 0.5. The SIMPLE algorithm was selected as the solution method for the baseline analysis." 5. In Figure 12, the curve used to represent the " k -elipson Standard model" is not shown in the figure, and it is recommended to make corrections. At the same time, 'elipson' should be 'epsilon'; it is suggested to re-examine. Response: The corrections have been made as per the suggestions and incorporated into the new version of the article. Additionally, a new graph has been plotted using MATLAB. Please refer to the new graph here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717198.154040_-_New_Graph.pdf 6. The results in Figures 23 and 24 are suggested to be combined into one figure to observe more comprehensively the influence of the changes in the bow length on the drag. Response: The velocity increment and decrement graphs have been combined into a single graph, and the updated graph has been included in the research paper. Please refer to the updated graph here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717199.154040_-_Updated_Graph.pdf 7. The speed of underwater gliders is generally relatively low, can it reach over 10m/s? Response: it is possible. As per the reference paper, the free stream velocity was mentioned to be possible up to 14 m/s. This article focuses on varying the velocity from 11.16 m/s to 15.16 m/s, as well as decreasing the velocity from 9.66 m/s to 7.66 m/s to evaluate performance variations. 8.By the way, we give some papers about the shape optimization based on CFD to authors for reference this time or communications in future:[1],[2],[3],[4],[5] Responses: The suggested research papers have been cited in the present study. 1.In the manuscript, the authors used the term “aerodynamic performance” several times, but for the study of underwater vehicles, it is recommended to use “hydrodynamic performance” for description . Response: As per your advice, the changes have been implemented throughout the manuscript. 2.The figures presented in the manuscript (e.g., Figure 3) have relatively low resolution. It is suggested that figures with higher resolution be employed for display. Response: The high-resolution image has been replaced and updated in the manuscript. Please refer the image here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717197.154040-Image_1.pdf 3. In section 3.1, it is advised to provide more detailed information on the optimization method used. Response: The optimization of the nose shape design has been explained in detail and updated in the new version. 4. In section 3.1.4, it is suggested that the authors introduce the setting process of the working condition parameters in greater detail. Response: The following sentences have been added to the new version of the article under Section 3.1.4: "The vorticity-based Spalart-Allmaras model was chosen for the analysis, with aluminum as the glider material. The inlet was defined as a velocity inlet with a turbulence intensity of 10% and a hydraulic diameter of 2 m. The outlet was specified as a pressure outlet with a backflow turbulence ratio of 10. Both the glider and walls were treated as fixed walls with a roughness constant of 0.5. The SIMPLE algorithm was selected as the solution method for the baseline analysis." 5. In Figure 12, the curve used to represent the " k -elipson Standard model" is not shown in the figure, and it is recommended to make corrections. At the same time, 'elipson' should be 'epsilon'; it is suggested to re-examine. Response: The corrections have been made as per the suggestions and incorporated into the new version of the article. Additionally, a new graph has been plotted using MATLAB. Please refer to the new graph here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717198.154040_-_New_Graph.pdf 6. The results in Figures 23 and 24 are suggested to be combined into one figure to observe more comprehensively the influence of the changes in the bow length on the drag. Response: The velocity increment and decrement graphs have been combined into a single graph, and the updated graph has been included in the research paper. Please refer to the updated graph here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717199.154040_-_Updated_Graph.pdf 7. The speed of underwater gliders is generally relatively low, can it reach over 10m/s? Response: it is possible. As per the reference paper, the free stream velocity was mentioned to be possible up to 14 m/s. This article focuses on varying the velocity from 11.16 m/s to 15.16 m/s, as well as decreasing the velocity from 9.66 m/s to 7.66 m/s to evaluate performance variations. 8.By the way, we give some papers about the shape optimization based on CFD to authors for reference this time or communications in future:[1],[2],[3],[4],[5] Responses: The suggested research papers have been cited in the present study. Competing Interests: No Competing Interests. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 24 Oct 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 4 5 Version 2 (revision) 23 Apr 25 read read read Version 1 24 Oct 24 read read Shaoqiong Yang , Tianjin University, Tianjin, China Denghui Qin , Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China Prof: Sandeep Juluru , Sandip University, Nashik, India Hari Warrior , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India Ajith Raj , Karunya University, Coimbatore, India Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Raj A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 15 May 2025 | for Version 2 Ajith Raj , Department of Aerospace Engineering, Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 0 Views copyright © 2025 Raj A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The manuscript presents a detailed numerical investigation into the hydrodynamic performance of a torpedo-shaped underwater glider. A symmetric glider model was developed and analyzed using the licensed ANSYS Fluent 20.1 software. The study includes a series of simulations conducted under various flow conditions, incorporating a grid independence study, the evaluation of multiple turbulence models, and systematic variations in inflow boundary conditions. Specifically, inflow velocity was varied from 10.16 m/s to 15.16 m/s in 1 m/s increments and from 10.16 m/s to 7.66 m/s in 0.5 m/s decrements. A total of six turbulence models were assessed. Among the turbulence models analyzed, the Spalart–Allmaras model exhibited the highest level of accuracy, producing a minimum validation error of 1.28%. A notable aspect of the research is the investigation into nose geometry optimization for drag reduction. Two nose lengths—0.205 m and 0.19 m—were evaluated, resulting in validation errors of 2.81% and 1.16%, respectively. These results are clearly presented and thoroughly discussed in the subsequent sections of the manuscript. The study effectively examines the impact of various design modifications on drag force reduction. The use of the Spalart–Allmaras model significantly improved accuracy, with a validation error of 1.28%. Moreover, reducing the inflow velocity led to a substantial decrease in drag, with a maximum improvement of 37.3%. Nose geometry optimization further enhanced hydrodynamic performance, with the 0.205 m nose yielding a 3.37% drag reduction, and the 0.19 m nose producing a 1.67% reduction. These findings offer valuable insights for researchers involved in underwater vehicle design and hydrodynamic optimization. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Material Science, Aerodynamics I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Raj A. Peer Review Report For: Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179622.r380916) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1274/v2#referee-response-380916 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Warrior H. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 03 May 2025 | for Version 2 Hari Warrior , Department of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India 0 Views copyright © 2025 Warrior H. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This is a good paper on the applications of nose optimization on hydrodynamic performance. The work is acceptable if some questions are addressed. 1) Kindly split the drag into a pressure drag and viscous drag and study how these individual components change. This would explain the variation in total drag, especially when it might increase and then decrease. 2) I think equations 1 to 5 require a workover. Please check the indices and please mention what v stands for. Is it velocity or eddy viscosity? Please make the corrections and resubmit it. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Ocean Engineering, Computational Fluid Dynamics I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Warrior H. Peer Review Report For: Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179622.r380915) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1274/v2#referee-response-380915 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Juluru P. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 30 Apr 2025 | for Version 2 Prof: Sandeep Juluru , Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Sandip University, Nashik, Maharashtra, India 0 Views copyright © 2025 Juluru P. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The authors conducted a study on the Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques. This research employed various numerical methods to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of a symmetric torpedo-shaped glider. The glider model was developed and analyzed using a licensed version of the ANSYS Fluent 20.1 software. The study explored the glider’s behavior under different flow conditions, including grid sensitivity tests, variations in turbulence models, and changes in inflow boundary conditions. Specifically, the inflow velocity was varied from 10.16 m/s to 15.16 m/s in 1 m/s increments, and from 10.16 m/s to 7.66 m/s in 0.5 m/s decrements. Additionally, six different glider models were examined. The research also involved testing various turbulence models, with the Spalart-Allmaras model yielding the lowest validation error of 1.28%, focusing particularly on nose optimization. To minimize drag, the nose length was varied, with lengths of 0.205 m and 0.19 m producing validation errors of 2.81% and 1.16%, respectively. Detailed results and analyses are presented in the subsequent sections of this article. In conclusion, this study comprehensively evaluated several modifications and their impacts on drag force reduction. The novelty of the work is maintained through the application of different numerical techniques, and all results are validated and presented with a high level of detail and realism. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise My area of research is in Aerodynamic using CFD I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Juluru PS. Peer Review Report For: Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179622.r380913) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1274/v2#referee-response-380913 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Qin D. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 23 Nov 2024 | for Version 1 Denghui Qin , Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China 0 Views copyright © 2024 Qin D. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This article presents a numerical simulation study on the influence of different head shapes on the resistance of torpedo gliders. Among them, the results of different turbulence models and different head lengths were compared. Comments about this paper: 1. Figures 2 have no meaning. A scientific paper does not need to introduce literature reading and identify problems in this way. 2. Figures 3: If the author has basic knowledge of fluid mechanics, they should be aware that the resistance of the torpedo model shown in Figure 3 will be significant, as its nose does not even have a streamlined transition with its body. It is unreasonable to use a curve with high resistance as a baseline. 3. Figure 5: Why are the models of the two baselines different? 4. Table 1: These are common knowledge and do not need to be listed separately 5. Figure 8 should provide a detailed description of the size of the computational domain, as it is crucial for CFD calculations. Figures 8, 9, and 10 can all be combined into one image. 6. Figure 11 shows that the number of grids for grid independence verification should be based on the magnification factor, rather than 4.1-4.5 million 7. Figure 14-28, those figures are not suitable CFD Contours. Please refer to more CFD papers for graphics. Based on the comments, this paper is not proper to be indexed. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Fluid Mechanics I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Qin D. Peer Review Report For: Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.169017.r337534) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1274/v1#referee-response-337534 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Yang S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 22 Nov 2024 | for Version 1 Shaoqiong Yang , Tianjin University, Tianjin, China 0 Views copyright © 2024 Yang S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Review comments on the manuscript (Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques) In the manuscript (#Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques), the drag reduction effect resulting from the shape optimization of the nose of a torpedo-shaped underwater vehicle was investigated via the numerical simulation method of CFD to minimize the drag of the nose. Meanwhile, based on the optimization results, the key techniques for effectively reducing the drag of underwater vehicles were identified. This manuscript provides methodological support for the hull shape design of a torpedo-shaped underwater vehicle using CFD methods, and the results of the study also have significant implications for future research on hull shape optimization. However, there are some problems with the description in the manuscript. If the problems in the manuscript can be explained and corrected in the revised version, it can be indexed. 1. In the manuscript, the authors used the term “aerodynamic performance” several times, but for the study of underwater vehicles, it is recommended to use “hydrodynamic performance” for description. 2. The figures presented in the manuscript (e.g., Figure 3) have relatively low resolution. It is suggested that figures with higher resolution be employed for display. 3. In section 3.1, it is advised to provide more detailed information on the optimization method used. 4. In section 3.1.4, it is suggested that the authors introduce the setting process of the working condition parameters in greater detail. 5. In Figure 12, the curve used to represent the " k -elipson Standard model" is not shown in the figure, and it is recommended to make corrections. At the same time, 'elipson' should be 'epsilon'; it is suggested to re-examine. 6. The results in Figures 23 and 24 are suggested to be combined into one figure to observe more comprehensively the influence of the changes in the bow length on the drag. 7. The speed of underwater gliders is generally relatively low, can it reach over 10m/s? 8. By the way, we give some papers about the shape optimization based on CFD to authors for reference this time or communications in future:[1],[2],[3],[4],[5] Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No source data required Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Yang M, Wang Y, Yang S, Zhang L, et al.: Shape optimization of underwater glider based on approximate model technology. Applied Ocean Research . 2021; 110 . Publisher Full Text 2. Yang M, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liang Y, et al.: Parameterized Dynamic Modeling and Spiral Motion Pattern Analysis for Underwater Gliders. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering . 2023; 48 (1): 112-126 Publisher Full Text 3. Sun T, Chen G, Yang S, Wang Y, et al.: Design and optimization of a bio-inspired hull shape for AUV by surrogate model technology. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics . 2021; 15 (1): 1057-1074 Publisher Full Text 4. Wang Y, Wang C, Yang M, Liang Y, et al.: Glide performance analysis of underwater glider with sweep wings inspired by swift. Frontiers in Marine Science . 2022; 9 . Publisher Full Text 5. Liu M, Song Y, Yang S, Yang M: Rapid data-driven individualised shape design of AUVs based on CFD and machine learning. Ships and Offshore Structures . 2024. 1-15 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise My studies mainly focus on design theory, novel drag-reduction technology, and sea trial & marine application of unmanned underwater vehicles, especially underwater gliders. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 23 Apr 2025 SRINIVAS G, Aeronautical & Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India 1.In the manuscript, the authors used the term “aerodynamic performance” several times, but for the study of underwater vehicles, it is recommended to use “hydrodynamic performance” for description . Response: As per your advice, the changes have been implemented throughout the manuscript. 2.The figures presented in the manuscript (e.g., Figure 3) have relatively low resolution. It is suggested that figures with higher resolution be employed for display. Response: The high-resolution image has been replaced and updated in the manuscript. Please refer the image here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717197.154040-Image_1.pdf 3. In section 3.1, it is advised to provide more detailed information on the optimization method used. Response: The optimization of the nose shape design has been explained in detail and updated in the new version. 4. In section 3.1.4, it is suggested that the authors introduce the setting process of the working condition parameters in greater detail. Response: The following sentences have been added to the new version of the article under Section 3.1.4: "The vorticity-based Spalart-Allmaras model was chosen for the analysis, with aluminum as the glider material. The inlet was defined as a velocity inlet with a turbulence intensity of 10% and a hydraulic diameter of 2 m. The outlet was specified as a pressure outlet with a backflow turbulence ratio of 10. Both the glider and walls were treated as fixed walls with a roughness constant of 0.5. The SIMPLE algorithm was selected as the solution method for the baseline analysis." 5. In Figure 12, the curve used to represent the " k -elipson Standard model" is not shown in the figure, and it is recommended to make corrections. At the same time, 'elipson' should be 'epsilon'; it is suggested to re-examine. Response: The corrections have been made as per the suggestions and incorporated into the new version of the article. Additionally, a new graph has been plotted using MATLAB. Please refer to the new graph here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717198.154040_-_New_Graph.pdf 6. The results in Figures 23 and 24 are suggested to be combined into one figure to observe more comprehensively the influence of the changes in the bow length on the drag. Response: The velocity increment and decrement graphs have been combined into a single graph, and the updated graph has been included in the research paper. Please refer to the updated graph here - https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/717199.154040_-_Updated_Graph.pdf 7. The speed of underwater gliders is generally relatively low, can it reach over 10m/s? Response: it is possible. As per the reference paper, the free stream velocity was mentioned to be possible up to 14 m/s. This article focuses on varying the velocity from 11.16 m/s to 15.16 m/s, as well as decreasing the velocity from 9.66 m/s to 7.66 m/s to evaluate performance variations. 8.By the way, we give some papers about the shape optimization based on CFD to authors for reference this time or communications in future:[1],[2],[3],[4],[5] Responses: The suggested research papers have been cited in the present study. View more View less Competing Interests No Competing Interests. reply Respond Report a concern Yang S. Peer Review Report For: Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Gliders Using Numerical Techniques [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1274 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.169017.r337532) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1274/v1#referee-response-337532 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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