Energy absorption of PLA (Polylactic Acid) - based metamaterials manufactured by material extrusion: dynamic loads and shape recovery

Energy absorption of PLA (Polylactic Acid) - based metamaterials manufactured by material extrusion: dynamic loads and shape recovery | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Energy absorption of PLA (Polylactic Acid) - based metamaterials manufactured by material extrusion: dynamic loads and shape recovery Desole Maria Pia, Gisario Annamaria, Massimiliano Barletta This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3477704/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Mar, 2024 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract An investigation of the behaviour of solid cell structures made of Polylactic Acid (PLA) by material extrusion was conducted. The studied structures are Strut-Based, TPMS (Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces) and Spinodal. To evaluate the performance of the different structures, impact tests were carried out. Through failure tests, the structures were divided into three macro-categories according to their capacity to absorb the impact energy: low, medium and high. Subsequently, the samples that showed a lower deformation for each macro-category were selected for a second step. In the second step, cyclic loads of the deformation by impact were applied to the samples. Immediately after, the deformed samples were submitted to shape recovery by dipping them in a thermostatic bath at a temperature (70°C) higher than the glass transition of the PLA. Based on the experimental evidence, the most performing geometries were the TPMS, both for high and medium impact energies, exhibiting few internal defects. Conversely, the Spinodal structures exhibited good behaviour at low impact energies, but they were less suitable for cyclic tests due to their geometric features. The "Strut-based" structures, despite having the same density as the TPMS, were not suitable for cyclic tests due to their overall poor mechanical strength. 4D Printing Metamaterials Material Extrusion Shape Memory Materials Energy Absorption Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Mar, 2024 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revisions Needed 06 Jan, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Nov, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Nov, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 26 Oct, 2023 First submitted to journal 25 Oct, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3477704","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":249827343,"identity":"63f74548-a6e6-4d53-b1af-90f285081e55","order_by":0,"name":"Desole Maria Pia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Desole","middleName":"Maria","lastName":"Pia","suffix":""},{"id":249827344,"identity":"5c8034ca-cca7-4b81-a9e6-17ee417829e2","order_by":1,"name":"Gisario Annamaria","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gisario","middleName":"","lastName":"Annamaria","suffix":""},{"id":249827345,"identity":"e4be7299-4b56-4740-9e46-79bfe0c078ae","order_by":2,"name":"Massimiliano Barletta","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1277-8034","institution":"Universita degli Studi Roma Tre","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Massimiliano","middleName":"","lastName":"Barletta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-10-22 14:13:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3477704/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3477704/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13430-0","type":"published","date":"2024-03-23T15:02:54+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53403760,"identity":"2ae2ab28-7eaa-4985-974b-cdd6b14d1a25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 15:14:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2427951,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Articolometamterialiimpatto211023.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3477704/v1_covered_418429af-41be-4b52-89e7-3fd73fb4ad41.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Energy absorption of PLA (Polylactic Acid) - based metamaterials manufactured by material extrusion: dynamic loads and shape recovery","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"4D Printing, Metamaterials, Material Extrusion, Shape Memory Materials, Energy Absorption","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3477704/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3477704/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAn investigation of the behaviour of solid cell structures made of Polylactic Acid (PLA) by material extrusion was conducted. The studied structures are Strut-Based, TPMS (Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces) and Spinodal. To evaluate the performance of the different structures, impact tests were carried out. Through failure tests, the structures were divided into three macro-categories according to their capacity to absorb the impact energy: low, medium and high. Subsequently, the samples that showed a lower deformation for each macro-category were selected for a second step. In the second step, cyclic loads of the deformation by impact were applied to the samples. Immediately after, the deformed samples were submitted to shape recovery by dipping them in a thermostatic bath at a temperature (70\u0026deg;C) higher than the glass transition of the PLA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the experimental evidence, the most performing geometries were the TPMS, both for high and medium impact energies, exhibiting few internal defects. 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