Electric Bikes and Scooters Versus Muscular Bikes in Free-Floating Shared Services: Reconstructing Trips with GPS Data From Florence and Bologna, Italy

Bike-sharing services contribute to reducing emissions and conserving natural resources within urban transportation systems. They also promote public health by encouraging physical activity and generate economic benefits through shorter travel times, lower transportation costs, and decreased demand for parking infrastructure. This paper examines the use of shared micro-mobility services in the Italian cities of Firenze and Bologna, based on an analysis of GPS origin–destination data and associated temporal coordinates provided by the RideMovi company. Given the still limited number of studies on free-floating and electric bike-sharing systems, the objective of this work is to quantify the performance of electric bikes and E-scooters in bike-sharing schemes and compare it to traditional, muscular bikes. Results show that E-bikes are from 22 to 26\% faster on average with respect to muscular bikes, extending trip range in Bologna, but not in Firenze. Electric modes attract more users than traditional bikes, E-bikes have from 40 to 128\% higher daily turnover in Bologna and Firenze, and E-scooters from 33 to 62\% higher in Firenze with respect to traditional bikes. Overall, turnover is fairly low, with less than 2 trips per vehicle per day. The performance is measured in terms of trip duration, speed, and distance. Further characteristics such as daily turnover by transport mode, trip purpose, and user type are investigated and compared. The results aim to support planners and operators in designing and managing more efficient and user-oriented services.