The effect of microwave radiation on egg and larval stages of the almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker) and the nutritional value of the dates

The effect of microwave radiation on egg and larval stages of the almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker) and the nutritional value of the dates | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The effect of microwave radiation on egg and larval stages of the almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker) and the nutritional value of the dates Naseer Malaky Abbood, Hussein Saleh Al-Yaqoubi, Majid A. Z. Albadry This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5809633/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The mortality rates of 24-hour eggs almond moth Cadra cautella were significantly affected by microwave radiation; the maximum mortality rates of 100% occurred at 15, 20, and 25 seconds exposure for the 600 watt power level, while the kill rate of 100% occurred for 48-hour eggs at 20 and 25 seconds exposure for the 600 watt power level. The incubation period of eggs was likewise impacted by microwaves. Microwaves affected the mortality rates of the almond moth larvae's first-instar, which reached 100% at 600 watt of power and exposure times of 15, 20, and 25 seconds at 400 watt of power and exposure times of 25 seconds. Radiation has a significant effect on the duration of the larval stage, wherein the duration of the larval stage increased with increasing exposure period to microwaves. The highest mortality rate for larvae in the fifth instar (96.67%) at power level 600 watt and period of exposure 25 seconds and significant differences with the treatment of control which amounted to 0%. The results demonstrated that the date components of protein and carbohydrates were not significantly impacted by the microwaves at the power levels and exposure times employed, all values were near to one another, and there was no significant difference from the control treatment. Microwave Radiation Dates Nutritional Value Cadra cautella Figures Figure 1 Introduction Dates grown are infested by moths belonging to the genus Cadra and belonging to the order Lepidoptera, the moth family Pyralidae, the most important of which is the almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker) (Hussain, 1985 ). It is a pest with an economic impact that infests fallen and stored dates and causes serious damage to dates from picking until they ripen. Cadra cautella causes multiple problems through the marketing of Iraqi dates to the markets and the actual spoilage of dates in stores (Al-Zadjali et al., 2006 ). One of the harmful effects of this insect is that when the larvae eat dates and dried fruits, they begin to contaminate food with their feces, parts of dead insects, and the threads that they weave (Haines, 1991 ), as well as on the food material, which creates holes and grooves and thus facilitates the entry of fungi into the food (Djebri, 1983 ), this insect plays an important role in increasing the level of crop contamination with aflatoxins, and its highest rate was on dates compared to the rest of the stored foodstuffs, and the levels of aflatoxins are higher in media infested with the insect than in healthy foodstuffs (Scully et al., 2009 ). As a result of the contamination of dates and stored foodstuffs with this insect, its waste, and its various chemical secretions, as it punctures the seeds and fruits and feeds on them, which leads to a change in the nature of the foods, a decrease in nutritional value, and their unacceptance by consumers (Ali et al., 2005 ). What increases the virulence of this insect is that it can reproduce in large numbers on stored crops and can cause great damage without being detected, and this increases its virulence on stored foods (Jarratt, 2001). These insects also feed on grains and crops and infest a large number of stored foodstuffs, grain flour, ground materials, and all types of legumes and cocoa, they infest dry fruits such as dates, figs, currants, and raisins, the larvae also feed on the grain germ (Alkhafaf, 2005 ). Due to its economic importance, it has become a pest that receives priority and great attention, and efforts are strengthened to control it, Many methods have been used to control stored food pests, but the method of treatment with chemical pesticides and fumigation is the prevailing method of control and has occupied a large space in this field, among the most important of these pesticides is methyl bromide, which recent studies have proven to cause environmental and health damage to humans and the environment and its depletion of the ozone layer, which led to the interest of the international community and its adoption of procedures and a plan to stop its production and use throughout the world in 2005 (Marcotte, 1993 ; Yadav et al ., 2012), it has been decided to ban the production and circulation of this pesticide by the year 2015 in developing countries (Besri, 2010 ), in accordance with the recommendations set forth in the Montreal Protocol (DeCanio and Norman et al ., 2005). It is estimated at the present time that there are more than 500 insect species resistant to the action of chemical pesticides, and that at least half of them are of agricultural importance, while in 1944 there were only 44 insect species resistant to chemical pesticides (Al-Jubury, 2014 ). In view of the residues and pollutants caused by pesticides on stored dates and the emergence of insect resistance to these pesticides, which encouraged researchers to find other alternatives that are safer for the environment and health, as safe and appropriate control methods were searched for as alternative means, including the method of control with non-ionizing radiations using microwave power as a thermal treatment method to control insect pests affecting agricultural products in warehouses as an alternative to methyl bromide (Fleming et al., 2003 ; Yadav et al., 2014 ). Since the principle of action of microwaves is that they work to raise the temperature of the medium with high moisture content exposed to radiation for a very short period (Mullin, 1995 ), microwave radiations have the ability to kill insect pests located outside and inside the grain kernel (Halverson et al., 1996 ). Halverson et al . ( 1996) showed that it is possible to control the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae , the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum , and the lesser grain borer insect Rhyzopertha dominica using microwave radiation with a power of (200) kilowatt and a frequency of 28 kHz. Casagrande ( 2001 ) also used microwave radiation at a frequency of 2450 MHz to control the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum and the yellow mealworm beetles Tenebrio molitor , where explained that exposing the adults of the two insects reared on wheat grits to microwave radiation for 40 seconds achieved a 100% kill rate. In a study conducted by (Perišić, 2020) it was shown that microwave radiations had a significant effect on the rates of mortality and the life stages of the lesser grain borer insect Rhyzopertha dominica , and the mortality rates for the life stages of the insect increased with increasing power levels and periods of exposure to microwave radiations until the mortality rates reached 100% for all life stages at a power level of 700 W and an exposure time of 90 seconds. In view of what was mentioned above, this study has been done to achieve the following aims: Evaluating the use of microwave radiations as a safe and alternative method in controlling the egg and larva stages of the almond moth, Cadra cautella , using power levels of 200, 400, 600 watt and exposure periods of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 seconds. Study the effect of microwave radiation used on the nutritional value of treated dates. Materials and methodology Collection and Breeding of Cadra cautella A pure culture of the almond moth Cadra cautella was obtained from cultures previously established in the laboratories of the Integrated Control Center, Agricultural Research Department, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq. The insect was continued to be raised in the Agricultural Research Department - Baghdad on industrial food consisting of (wheat grits 81%, glycerin 12%, date molasses 6%, dry yeast 1%) according to the method mentioned in (Ahmed et al., 1986 ). Where 20 pairs of insects (males: females) were placed in a ratio of (1:1) in plastic boxes with dimensions (9 x 15 cm) containing (250) grams of industrial food. The nozzles of the boxes were covered with a muslin cloth, tied tightly with a rubber band, and placed in the incubator at a temperature of 28 ± 2°C and a relative humidity of 55–65% for a period of (12:12) light: dark, it was left to reproduce, grow, and develop over time. It was constantly monitored and the culture was renewed throughout the research period. Exposure to microwave radiation A microwave oven with a power of 1000 watt and a frequency of 2450 MHz with multiple levels and times (exposure periods) was used. The dose values given to the two stages of the insect (egg and larva) were: 200, 400, 600 watt and the exposure periods are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 seconds, as well as the control treatment, which represents insect stages not exposed to radiation (dose zero). The effect of microwave radiation on almond moth eggs at 24 and 48 hours of age 24-hour-old eggs were placed on Zuhdi dates, weighing 50 grams, in 10 plastic boxes (5 x 6 cm) with three replicates for each treatment (the treatment represents the power level x the exposure period). The boxes were placed in a microwave oven and the eggs were exposed to the power levels and exposure periods mentioned in the paragraph above, then after the treatment, the boxes were surrounded well with muslin cloth and tied tightly for the purpose of ventilation and to prevent the larvae from exiting the boxes after hatching. They were placed in the incubator at a temperature of 28 ± 2 C ° and a relative humidity of 55–65% as for the control treatment, it was not exposed to radiation (zero dose). The eggs were monitored until they hatched, and the percentage of eggs killed and the incubation period of the eggs were recorded 24 hours after treatment. The same method, with the same replicates and treatments, was performed on 48-hour-old eggs, mortality percentage was corrected according to Schneider-Orelli equation (Püntener, 1981 ): The effect of microwave radiation on the first and last (fifth) larval instars of the almond moth Cadra cautella 10 larvae of the first instar and 10 larvae of the last (fifth) instar at 5–6 days old were collected from the laboratory culture, each instar separate from the other. The first and last instar larvae were placed separately inside date samples weighing 50 grams inside plastic boxes (5 x 6 cm) and were exposed to the same power levels and time periods mentioned in the paragraph above, with three replicates for each treatment in addition to the control treatment (zero dose). The openings of the boxes were covered with muslin cloth after treatment and tied with a rubber band for the purpose of ventilation and to prevent the larvae to exit. Then the samples were transferred to the incubator under the same incubation conditions under which the eggs were treated. Then the percentage of larvae killed and the rate of duration of the second and last (fifth) larval instars were calculated. The effect of microwave radiation in the nutritional value of dates The carbohydrate and protein components of dates were measured, as the dates were taken randomly for the control treatment (zero radiation dose) and the experimental treatments (dates treated with radiation), with three replicates for each treatment. Estimation of total soluble carbohydrates in date samples The total soluble carbohydrates in Al-Zahdi date fruits were estimated according to the method described by (Dobiose et al., 1956 ). (200) mg of the soft date sample was taken and crushed with (10) cm3 of distilled water in a ceramic container, then placed in a device centrifuge for 15 minutes, then placed in a water bath at a temperature of (50) C ° for 30 minutes. Then the centrifugation process was repeated and the resulting filtrate free of solids was taken and the absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of (490) nm, then, the measurement curve was drawn for the relationship between glucose concentration and absorbance, and the glucose concentration was calculated in the samples for every (2) g of fresh weight of date samples. Determination of soluble protein The soluble protein in Al-Zahdi date fruits was estimated according to the method described by (Herbert et al., 1971 ). (200) mg of a fresh date sample was taken and crushed with (10) cm 3 of distilled water in a ceramic container, then placed in the centrifuge for 15 minutes, then it was placed in a water bath at a temperature of (50) C for 30 minutes, then the centrifugation process was repeated and the resulting filtrate free of solids was taken and the absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of (600) nm. Then, a standard curve was drawn for the protein, from which its soluble concentrations were estimated with a weight of (200) mg of dates. Statistical analysis The results of the study were analyzed according to the factorial experiment model, according to the complete randomized design (C.R.D.) and using the statistical program SPSS to analyze the results. The least significant difference (L.S.D) was used at the probability level (0.05) to test the significance of the results, and the corrected values were angularly transformed to be included in the statistical analysis. Results and discussion The effect of microwave radiation on the percentage of mortality of eggs aged 24 hours and 48 hours of the almond moth Cadra cautella . The results in table (1) showed a significant effect of microwave radiation at the power levels of 200, 400 and 600 watt on the eggs of the almond moth Cadra cautella at 24 hours and 48 hours. It was found that the power levels had a significant effect on the rates of mortality eggs at 24 hours at exposure for different periods of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 seconds. The results showed that there were significant differences between the above-mentioned power levels in terms of mortality rates. The mortality rates were 12.0, 51.8 and 79.4% at the power levels 200, 400 and 600 watt respectively. The mortality rates for 24-hour-old eggs and at the mentioned time periods were (13.34, 37.67, 52.67, 63.34, 71.67%), respectively, and formed a significant difference between them at the probability level (P ≤ 0.05). The interaction between the power level and exposure periods had a significant effect on the mortality rates, as the highest mortality rate reached 100% at a power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 15, 20 and 25 seconds, while the lowest kill rate was 4% at a power level of 200 watt and an exposure period of 5 seconds. The results showed that there were significant differences between the power levels in terms of the mortality rates of 48-hour eggs, as the mortality rates reached 11.4, 42.6 and 75.4% at the power levels of 200, 400 and 600 watt, respectively. The mortality rates were (13,34, 31,34, 46,34, 56,67, 68%) and for exposure periods of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 seconds, respectively. There was a significant effect of the interaction between power levels and exposure periods to microwave radiation. The highest percentage of mortality was 100% at the power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 20 and 25 seconds. As for the lowest percentage of mortality of 48-hour eggs, it was 4% at an exposure period of 5 seconds at a power level of 200 watt. The principle of action of these waves is based on raising the temperature of the medium exposed to them in a very short period and works on materials with high moisture content, and since the insect egg has a high moisture content, the effect is greater (Wang et al ., 2003), and it also agrees with the study of Azizoglu et al. (2011) who indicated the significant effect on the mortality rates of Ephestia Kuehniella eggs exposed to different power levels and different exposure periods of microwave radiation, where the egg mortality rate reached 100% at a power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 10 seconds, and it also reached 100% at levels of 150 and 360 Watt with an exposure time of 300 seconds. Table (1) The effect of different power levels of microwave radiation and different exposure periods on the percentages of mortality eggs of the almond moth Cadra cautella at 24 hours and 48 hours old Exposure Periods (sec ) Power Levels (watt ) Rate 25 20 15 10 5 Rate 25 20 15 10 5 Corrected mortality for 48 h eggs% Corrected mortality for 24 h eggs% Control 11.4 21.00 14.00 11.00 7.00 4.00 12.00 22.00 15.00 11.00 8.00 4.00 200 42.6 83.00 56.00 38.00 25.00 11.00 51.8 93.00 75.00 47.00 33.00 11.00 400 75.4 100 100 90.00 62.00 25.00 79.4 100 100 100 72.00 25.00 600 68.00 56.67 46.34 31.34 13.34 71.67 63.34 52.67 37.67 13.34 Rate 13.14 8.64 12.28 14.65 6.97 9.60 LSD 0.05 for power LSD 0.05 for time LSD 0.05 for interaction The numbers represent an average of three replicates The effect of microwave radiation on the incubation period of eggs 24 and 48 hours old of the almond moth Cadra cautella The results in table (2) showed a significant effect of microwave radiation at power levels of 200, 400, and 600 watt on the incubation period of eggs of the almond moth Cadra cautella 24 and 48 hours old. The incubation period of eggs differed significantly according to the power level, the rate of incubation period of eggs 24 hours old was 4.23, 4.93, and 2.16 days at power levels of 200, 400, and 600 watt, respectively, while the exposure periods did not constitute a significant difference in the incubation period of almond moth eggs aged 24 hours at a significant level (P ≤ 0.05). The interaction between power levels and exposure periods had a significant effect on the incubation period of eggs. The highest incubation period for 24-hour-old eggs was reached at a power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 10 seconds (6.34) days, while the lowest incubation duration was (3.67) days at a power level of 200 and exposure period 5 seconds compared to the control treatment (3.50) days. The results showed that microwave radiation had a significant effect on the incubation period of 48-hour eggs, and the incubation duration varied according to the power level and the period of exposure to radiation. The rate incubation period for eggs reached 3.40, 4.40, and 1.97 days at power levels of 200, 400, and 600 watt. Respectively, while in the control treatment it reached 2.67 days, and the exposure period of 10 seconds showed a significant difference in the rate incubation period compared to the other exposure periods. The interaction between power levels and exposure periods had a significant effect on the incubation period of eggs, as the highest incubation period for 48-hour eggs reached 5.34 days at a power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 10 seconds compared to the lowest incubation period of 2.84 days with a power level of 200 watt and an exposure period of 5 seconds and 2.67 days with the control treatment. The results of the study are consistent with what was found by Al-Hamadani and Saleh (2016), who showed that the incubation period of eggs of the Sitotroga cerealella moth increased with an increase in the power level and the period of exposure until it reached 6.50 days at an exposure period of 30 seconds and a power level of 600 compared to the control treatment, in which the egg incubation period was 4.50 days . Table (2) The effect of different power levels of microwave radiation and different exposure periods on the incubation period for eggs 24 and 48 hours old of the almond moth Cadra cautella Exposure periods (sec ) Power levels (watt) Rate 25 20 15 10 5 Rate 25 20 15 10 5 %Corrected mortality for 48 h eggs % Corrected mortality for 24 h eggs 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 control 3.40 4.17 3.84 3.17 3.00 2.84 4.23 4.84 4.50 4.17 4.00 3.67 200 4.40 5.17 4.67 4.34 4.17 3.67 4.93 3.83 5.67 5.50 5.34 4.34 400 1.97 0 0 0 5.34 4.50 2.16 0 0 0 6.34 4.50 600 3.00 2.80 2.54 3.80 3.42 3.04 3.41 3.29 4.80 4.00 Rate 0.70 0.88 1.21 0.70 0.94 1.26 LSD 0.05 for power LSD 0.05 for time LSD 0.05 for interaction The numbers represent an average of three replicates The effect of microwave radiation on the mortality percentage of first larval instar and its duration of the almond moth Cadra cautella Table (3) showed the effect of power levels and different exposure periods of microwave radiation on the mortality percentage and duration of the first larval instar of the almond moth C. cautella , the results showed that the rates of mortality of first larval instar were 21.2, 70.4, and 89. 6% at power levels of 200, 400, and 600, respectively, and the difference between them was statistically significant at a significant level (P ≤ 0.05). The table also showed the effect of exposure periods to microwave radiation on the rate mortality percentage of insect larvae, the longer the exposure period, the greater the mortality percentage, as it was 30.34. 48,34, 64,67, 74, 84,67% at exposure periods of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 seconds, respectively. The results indicated that the interaction between power levels and exposure period had a significant effect on the mortality rates of the first larval instar of the almond moth C. cautella . The highest percentage of mortality was 100% at the exposure period of 25 seconds for the power levels of 400 and 600 watt, and at the periods of 15 and 20 seconds for the power level of 600. Watt, while the lowest mortality rate was 4% at a power level of 200 watt and an exposure period of 5 seconds. The results in table (3) showed that the duration of the larval instar was affected by high power levels. The rate of duration of the first larval instar was 8.57, 6.17, and 5.03 days at the power levels of 200, 400, and 600 watt, respectively, compared with the control treatment 7. 84 days, and the exposure periods had a significant effect on the duration of the first larval instar, amounting to 9.13, 9.97, 6.92, 4.13, and 4.83 days for durations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 seconds, respectively, the interaction between power level and exposure period had a significant effect on the duration of the larval instar, as the highest duration was 13.67 days at a power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 10 seconds, and the minimum duration for the first larval instar was 8 days at a power level of 200 watt and an exposure period of 5 and 10 seconds, and in the control treatment 7, 84 days. The results of the current study are consistent with the findings of Pandir and Guven (2014) that the percentage of mortality day-old larvae of the Mediterranean meal moth E. Kuehniella increased with an increase in both the power level and the period of exposure, reaching 100% at the power levels of 70, 150, 300, 600 watt and at exposure period of 5, 10, 20, 40 seconds, respectively. Table (3) The effect of different power levels of microwave radiation and different exposure periods on the mortality percentages and the duration of the first larval stage of the almond moth Cadra cautella Exposure periods (sec ) Power levels (watt) Rate 25 20 15 10 5 Rate 25 20 15 10 5 Duration of the first larval instar (day ) % corrected mortality of first instar larvae 7.84 7.84 7.84 7.84 7.84 7.84 control 8.57 9.67 8.67 8.50 8.00 8.00 21.2 54.00 29.00 11.00 8.00 4.00 200 6.17 -- -- 11.34 10.34 9.17 70.4 100 93.00 83.00 54.00 22.00 400 5.03 -- -- -- 13.67 11.50 89.6 100 100 100 83.00 65.00 600 4.38 4.13 6.92 9.97 9.13 84.67 74.00 64.67 48.34 30.34 Rate 1.96 2.50 3.34 14.74 8.67 11.74 LSD 0.05 for power LSD 0.05 for time LSD 0.05 for interaction The numbers represent an average of three replicates Symbol -- indicates killing the stage before taking readings The effect of microwave radiation on the mortality percentage of last larval instar and its duration of the almond moth Cadra cautella The results in table (4) showed a clear effect of the different power levels of microwave radiation and the different exposure periods on the percentage kill rates and the duration of the last larval stage of the almond moth. With regard to the percentage kill rates, their rates reached 10, 30, 56.67% at the power levels of 200, 400, and 600 watt, respectively, the difference between them was significant at the probability level (P ≤ 0.05), as the high power levels led to an increase in mortality rates, the results also showed the effect of periods of exposure to microwave radiation on the mortality rate of insect larvae, the longer the exposure period, the faster the mortality of larvae, as the mortality rates were 4.17, 11.67, 21.67, 35.83, and 47.50% at exposure periods of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 seconds, respectively. The interaction between power levels and exposure periods had a significant effect on the mortality rates of the last larval instar of the almond moth, and the highest percentage of mortality was 96.67% at an exposure period of 25 seconds and at a power level of 600 watt, while the lowest percentage of mortality was 3.34% at a power level 200 watt, an exposure period of 15 seconds, and a power level of 400 watt, an exposure period of 5 seconds, and no kill rate was recorded in the control treatment. The results in table (4) showed that the power level of 200 watt had a significant effect on the rate of duration of the larval instar, amounting to 3.13. day compared to other power levels, which did not differ significantly from each other, and their rates were 4.30 and 4.93 days at levels 400 and 600 watt. With regard to exposure periods, the exposure periods of 20 and 25 seconds were significantly superior, with the rate of duration of the last (fifth) larval instar being 4.50 and 2.96 days, respectively, compared to the other exposure periods, which did not differ significantly from each other, and their rates were 3, 3.46, and 3.83 days at periods of 5, 10 and 15 seconds. The interaction between power level and exposure period had a significant effect on the duration of the larval instar, as the highest duration was 7.67 days at a power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 20 seconds, and the minimum duration for the last larval instar was 2.17 days at a power level of 200 watt and an exposure period of 10 seconds, and in the control treatment 1.83 days. The current results agreed with the results of the study by Boina & Subramanyam (2004), which showed that the old larvae of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum were more thermally tolerant than the young larvae when exposed to a temperature of 46–60°C. Table (4) The effect of different power levels of microwave radiation and different exposure periods on the mortality percentages and the duration of the last larval instar of the almond moth Cadra cautella Exposure periods (sec ) Power levels (watt) Rate 25 20 15 10 5 Rate 25 20 15 10 5 Duration of the last larval instar (day ) % corrected mortality of the last instar larvae 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 control 3.13 4.83 3.50 2.83 2.17 2.33 10.00 26.67 20.00 3.34 0 0 200 4.30 5.17 5.00 4.17 4.00 3.17 30.00 66.67 43.34 23.34 13.34 3.34 400 4.93 -- 7.67 6.50 5.83 4.67 56.67 96.67 80.00 60.00 33.34 13.34 600 2.96 4.50 3.83 3.46 3.00 47.50 35.83 21.67 11.67 4.17 Rate 1.16 1.38 1.77 13.87 9.09 8.68 LSD 0.05 for power LSD 0.05 for time LSD 0.05 for interaction The numbers represent an average of three replicates Symbol -- indicates killing the stage before taking readings The effect of microwave radiation on the nutritional value of dates (Proteins and Carbohydrates) The results in Figure (1) indicated the effect of microwave radiations on the dietary components of dates; proteins and carbohydrates. The results showed that the power levels and different exposure periods to microwave radiations used in the study did not have a significant effect in changing the content of soluble proteins and the content of total carbohydrates of dates, as the values were close to each other at all levels and exposure periods, as the rates of protein percentages reached 20.06, 19.28 and 19.98% at the power levels of 200, 400 and 600 watt, respectively, and in the control treatment 21.97%, the carbohydrate concentration was 69.29, 70.11, and 70.11 mg/L, respectively, compared to the control 73.36 mg/L. The results of the study agreed with the study of Abo-El-Saad et al., (2011), in which he showed that the power levels and exposure periods used in his study did not have a significant effect on the soluble protein concentration of treated dates, he explained that the protein concentration in untreated dates was 0.876 mg /liter, while in dates treated with a power level of 100 watt, it was 0.876, 0.872, and 0.877 mg/liter at exposure periods of 5, 10, and 15 seconds respectively, He also showed that the concentration of carbohydrates in dates was not affected by treatment with microwave radiation at a power level of 100 watt and an exposure period of 15 second. The results of the study also agreed with the study of El-Sayed and Baeshin (1983) when gamma radiations were used to control the saw-toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis in dates, as they showed that the dose of 25 kilorads did not cause any effect or significant change in the nutritional value of dates in terms of carbohydrates and proteins and amino acids. Figure (1) The effect of different power levels and different exposure periods of microwave radiation on the chemical content of Zahdi dates, (A = protein content, B = carbohydrate content ) Conclusion Microwave radiation has a significant effect on the egg and larva stages of the almond moth Cadra cautella in terms of mortality rates and the duration of stage development. The older instars were more resistant to microwave radiation than the younger instars, as the last larval instar was less sensitive to radiation than the first larval instar, and 48-hour-old eggs were less sensitive than 24-hour-old eggs. Microwave radiation did not have a significant effect on the nutritional value of dates, as proteins and carbohydrates were not affected at high levels of power. Declarations Author Contribution Researcher (A) prepared the main manuscript, collected data and conducted statistical analysis, and researchers (B) and (C) prepared the figures and tables and designed the technical template for the research. Funding Declaration: Not applicable. References Abo -El-Saad, M. M., Elshafie, H. A., Al Ajlan, A. M., & Bou-Khowh, I. A. (2011). Non-chemical alternatives to methyl bromide against Ephestia cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): microwave and ozone. Agric. Biol. J. North Am , 2 , 1222-1231. Ahmed , M. S. H., Hameed, A. A., & Kadhum, A. A. (1986). Disinfestation of commercially packed dates by a combination treatment. Acta Alimentaria , 15 (3), 221-226. Al - Hamadani , A. H. and Saleh, H. Al-Din A. M ( 2016 ) ALaboratory studies around the effects of Microwave radiation on grain moth Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver)(Lipedoptera: Gelechiidae). Jornal of Al-Muthanna for Agricultural Sciences , 4 (2). Ali , Juhaina A. , Sahhel K. Al-Jamil, Rassmia O. Sultan. (2005). The Effects of Three Biological Agents Control on Khapra Beetle Trogoderma granarium (Everts.)(Coleoptera: Dermastidae). Rafidain Journal of Science , 16 (14), 8-16. Al-Jubury , A. R. Y. (2014). Calculation of the sensitivity of the insects depending on its insecticide-resistance. Arab Journal of Plant Protection , 32 (2), 177-181. Alkhafaf , W. A. Y. (2005). Effect of host kind on average rate of increase average food consumption and some biological characteristics of fig moth Ephestia cautella (Walk.). Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture , 33 (3). Al-Zadjali , T. S., ABD-ALLAH, F. F., & EL-HAIDARI, H. S. (2006). Insect pests attacking date palms and dates in Sultanate of Oman. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research , 84 (1), 51-59. Azizoglu , U., Yilmaz, S., KARABÖRKLÜ, S., & Ayvaz, A. (2011). Ovicidal activity of microwave and UV radiations on Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella ( Zeller ) , 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology , 35 (3), 437-446. Besri , M. (2010, March). The montreal protocol and the methyl bromide phase out in the dates sector. In IV International Date Palm Conference 882 (pp. 535-543). Boina , D., & Subramanyam, B. (2004). Relative susceptibility of Tribolium confusum life stages exposed to elevated temperatures. Journal of Economic Entomology , 97 (6), 2168-2173. Casagrande , D. (2001) . Can microwave radiation be used to control pantry pests, http//www.planfornewpa.com. DeCanio , S. J., & Norman, C. S. (2005). Economics of the “critical use” of methyl bromide under the Montreal Protocol. Contemporary Economic Policy , 23 (3), 376-393. Djebri, M. (1983). Report on consultancy mission on date palm pests and diseases. FAO-Rome. 28 pp. Dobiose, M.K. ; Crills, K.A. ; Hamiltor, J.K. ; Rebers, D.A. and Smith, F.(1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and substances. Anal. Chem ., 28:350-356. El-Sayed , S. A., & Baeshin, N. A. (1983). Feasibility of disinfestations of date fruits produced in Saudi Arabia by gamma irradiation. In Proc 1st Symp on the date palm in Saudi Arabia. King Faisal University, AI-Hassa, Saudi Arabia (Vol. 342). Fleming , M. R., Hoover, K., Janowiak, J. J., Fang, Y., Wang, X., Liu, W., ... & Roy, R. (2003). Microwave irradiation of wood packing material to destroy the Asian longhorned beetle. Forest Products Journal , 53 (1), 46-52. Haines, C.P. (1991). Insects and arachnids of tropical stored products: Their biology and identification (A training manual) . Natural Resources Institute, Chatham .246 pp. Halverson , S. L., Burkholder, W. E., Bigelow, T. S., Nordheim, E. V., & Misenheimer, M. E. (1996). High-power microwave radiation as an alternative insect control method for stored products. Journal of economic entomology , 89(6), 1638-1648. Herbert , D., Phipps, P. J., & Strange, R. E. (1971). Methods in microbiology. JR Norris, DW Ribbons (Eds.) , 324 . Hussain , A. A. (1985). Date Palm, Dates and their Pests. Basra University, Iraq . Jarratt , J. H., Wallace, M. J., & Daly, G. (2001). Pest-management Principles: Industrial, Institutional, and Structural Pest Control, Category 7-A . Mississippi State University Extension Service. Marcotte , M. (1993). United nations environment programme methyl bromide technical options committee. Food Irrad. Newslett , 17 , 27-32. Mullin, J. (1995). Microwave Processing. In new methods of food preservation, Ed. G.W. Gould, 112-134. Bioshopbriggs ,Glasgow . Blakie Academic and professional. Pandir , D., & Guven, E. (2014). Effect of microwave radiation on stored product pest Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. TURKIYE ENTOMOLOJI DERGISI-TURKISH JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY , 38 (2). Perišić , V., Perišić, V., Vukajlović, F., Predojević, D., Rajičić, V., Andrić, G., & Kljajić, P. (2020). Effects of abamectin on lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica F.(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), infestation on some stored grains. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control , 30 (1), 1-7. Püntener , W. (Ed.). (1981). Manual for field trials in plant protection . Ciba-Geigy. Scully , B. T., Krakowsky, M. D., Ni, X., Wilson, J. P., Lee, R. D., & Guo, B. Z. (2009). Preharvest aflatoxin contamination of corn and other grain crops grown on the US Southeastern Coastal Plain. Toxin Reviews , 28 (2-3), 169-179. Yadav , D. N., Anand, T., Sharma, M., & Gupta, R. K. (2014). Microwave technology for disinfestation of cereals and pulses: An overview. Journal of food science and technology , 51 , 3568-3576. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5809633","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":402002471,"identity":"72fa7f78-55dd-49e2-94ba-ec28bc9e4deb","order_by":0,"name":"Naseer Malaky Abbood","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABE0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACgwMwBhBLfGBg4IHymcEIG7BA1iI5A6yFGb8WG2Qt0jwwC3CqB2k5fvzhg497GOTN2ZsP3rb5YyfDIJF/8AZDhXViAzvzBmxazM7kGBvOeMZguLPnWLJ1blsyD4NEMrMFw5n0xAZmtgKsWg7ksEnzHGBg3HAjx0w6t+EASAubBGPbYaAWHgNsWozPP3/++88BBnuwFos/MC3/cGsxvJFgxsxwgCERrIWBDaalAZ+WN8aSPQckkkF+sewF+oWN57GxRcKxdOM2HH4xOJ/+8MOPAza224EhduPHHzt7fvbEhzc+1FjL9vMfxhpiUCCBYLKBuAkQBlaH4TeBBC2jYBSMglEwjAEAL19bzzvshxgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Thi-Qar Education Directorate, Ministry of Education, Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq.","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naseer","middleName":"Malaky","lastName":"Abbood","suffix":""},{"id":402002472,"identity":"99c40057-47dd-4af2-b58b-6cb605a9f33a","order_by":1,"name":"Hussein Saleh Al-Yaqoubi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Thi-Qar Education Directorate, Ministry of Education, Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hussein","middleName":"Saleh","lastName":"Al-Yaqoubi","suffix":""},{"id":402002473,"identity":"6ca237ef-cbe6-4c35-8a94-be1caf89fc9b","order_by":2,"name":"Majid A. Z. Albadry","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Thi-Qar Education Directorate, Ministry of Education, Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Majid","middleName":"A. Z.","lastName":"Albadry","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-11 13:23:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5809633/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5809633/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73958561,"identity":"4e89061a-7d59-4022-baea-9070b21b8907","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-16 10:59:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":184420,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of different power levels and different exposure periods of microwave radiation on the chemical content of Zahdi dates, (A = protein content , B = carbohydrate content )\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5809633/v1/9a63c0771021aa777eadc04a.png"},{"id":74157112,"identity":"0d062053-c930-43b0-a785-1cdf76e805e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-18 22:46:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2232158,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5809633/v1/2e4cc78c-028f-47bc-917d-87810b27fef6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The effect of microwave radiation on egg and larval stages of the almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker) and the nutritional value of the dates","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDates grown are infested by moths belonging to the genus \u003cem\u003eCadra\u003c/em\u003e and belonging to the order Lepidoptera, the moth family Pyralidae, the most important of which is the almond moth \u003cem\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/em\u003e (Walker) (Hussain, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e). It is a pest with an economic impact that infests fallen and stored dates and causes serious damage to dates from picking until they ripen. \u003cem\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/em\u003e causes multiple problems through the marketing of Iraqi dates to the markets and the actual spoilage of dates in stores (Al-Zadjali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the harmful effects of this insect is that when the larvae eat dates and dried fruits, they begin to contaminate food with their feces, parts of dead insects, and the threads that they weave (Haines, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e), as well as on the food material, which creates holes and grooves and thus facilitates the entry of fungi into the food (Djebri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e), this insect plays an important role in increasing the level of crop contamination with aflatoxins, and its highest rate was on dates compared to the rest of the stored foodstuffs, and the levels of aflatoxins are higher in media infested with the insect than in healthy foodstuffs (Scully et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result of the contamination of dates and stored foodstuffs with this insect, its waste, and its various chemical secretions, as it punctures the seeds and fruits and feeds on them, which leads to a change in the nature of the foods, a decrease in nutritional value, and their unacceptance by consumers (Ali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). What increases the virulence of this insect is that it can reproduce in large numbers on stored crops and can cause great damage without being detected, and this increases its virulence on stored foods (Jarratt, 2001). These insects also feed on grains and crops and infest a large number of stored foodstuffs, grain flour, ground materials, and all types of legumes and cocoa, they infest dry fruits such as dates, figs, currants, and raisins, the larvae also feed on the grain germ (Alkhafaf, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to its economic importance, it has become a pest that receives priority and great attention, and efforts are strengthened to control it, Many methods have been used to control stored food pests, but the method of treatment with chemical pesticides and fumigation is the prevailing method of control and has occupied a large space in this field, among the most important of these pesticides is methyl bromide, which recent studies have proven to cause environmental and health damage to humans and the environment and its depletion of the ozone layer, which led to the interest of the international community and its adoption of procedures and a plan to stop its production and use throughout the world in 2005 (Marcotte, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Yadav \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2012), it has been decided to ban the production and circulation of this pesticide by the year 2015 in developing countries (Besri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), in accordance with the recommendations set forth in the Montreal Protocol (DeCanio and Norman \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2005).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is estimated at the present time that there are more than 500 insect species resistant to the action of chemical pesticides, and that at least half of them are of agricultural importance, while in 1944 there were only 44 insect species resistant to chemical pesticides (Al-Jubury, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In view of the residues and pollutants caused by pesticides on stored dates and the emergence of insect resistance to these pesticides, which encouraged researchers to find other alternatives that are safer for the environment and health, as safe and appropriate control methods were searched for as alternative means, including the method of control with non-ionizing radiations using microwave power as a thermal treatment method to control insect pests affecting agricultural products in warehouses as an alternative to methyl bromide (Fleming et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Yadav et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Since the principle of action of microwaves is that they work to raise the temperature of the medium with high moisture content exposed to radiation for a very short period (Mullin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e), microwave radiations have the ability to kill insect pests located outside and inside the grain kernel (Halverson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). Halverson \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. ( 1996) showed that it is possible to control the rice weevil \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e, the red flour beetle \u003cem\u003eTribolium castaneum\u003c/em\u003e, and the lesser grain borer insect \u003cem\u003eRhyzopertha dominica\u003c/em\u003e using microwave radiation with a power of (200) kilowatt and a frequency of 28 kHz. Casagrande (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) also used microwave radiation at a frequency of 2450 MHz to control the confused flour beetle \u003cem\u003eTribolium confusum\u003c/em\u003e and the yellow mealworm beetles \u003cem\u003eTenebrio molitor\u003c/em\u003e, where explained that exposing the adults of the two insects reared on wheat grits to microwave radiation for 40 seconds achieved a 100% kill rate. In a study conducted by (Perišić, 2020) it was shown that microwave radiations had a significant effect on the rates of mortality and the life stages of the lesser grain borer insect \u003cem\u003eRhyzopertha dominica\u003c/em\u003e, and the mortality rates for the life stages of the insect increased with increasing power levels and periods of exposure to microwave radiations until the mortality rates reached 100% for all life stages at a power level of 700 W and an exposure time of 90 seconds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn view of what was mentioned above, this study has been done to achieve the following aims:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating the use of microwave radiations as a safe and alternative method in controlling the egg and larva stages of the almond moth, \u003cem\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/em\u003e, using power levels of 200, 400, 600 watt and exposure periods of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 seconds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy the effect of microwave radiation used on the nutritional value of treated dates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCollection and Breeding of\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA pure culture of the almond moth \u003cem\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/em\u003e was obtained from cultures previously established in the laboratories of the Integrated Control Center, Agricultural Research Department, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq. The insect was continued to be raised in the Agricultural Research Department - Baghdad on industrial food consisting of (wheat grits 81%, glycerin 12%, date molasses 6%, dry yeast 1%) according to the method mentioned in (Ahmed et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). Where 20 pairs of insects (males: females) were placed in a ratio of (1:1) in plastic boxes with dimensions (9 x 15 cm) containing (250) grams of industrial food. The nozzles of the boxes were covered with a muslin cloth, tied tightly with a rubber band, and placed in the incubator at a temperature of 28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C and a relative humidity of 55\u0026ndash;65% for a period of (12:12) light: dark, it was left to reproduce, grow, and develop over time. It was constantly monitored and the culture was renewed throughout the research period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eExposure to microwave radiation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA microwave oven with a power of 1000 watt and a frequency of 2450 MHz with multiple levels and times (exposure periods) was used. The dose values given to the two stages of the insect (egg and larva) were: 200, 400, 600 watt and the exposure periods are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 seconds, as well as the control treatment, which represents insect stages not exposed to radiation (dose zero).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of microwave radiation on almond moth eggs at 24 and 48 hours of age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24-hour-old eggs were placed on Zuhdi dates, weighing 50 grams, in 10 plastic boxes (5 x 6 cm) with three replicates for each treatment (the treatment represents the power level x the exposure period). The boxes were placed in a microwave oven and the eggs were exposed to the power levels and exposure periods mentioned in the paragraph above, then after the treatment, the boxes were surrounded well with muslin cloth and tied tightly for the purpose of ventilation and to prevent the larvae from exiting the boxes after hatching. They were placed in the incubator at a temperature of 28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 C \u0026deg; and a relative humidity of 55\u0026ndash;65% as for the control treatment, it was not exposed to radiation (zero dose). The eggs were monitored until they hatched, and the percentage of eggs killed and the incubation period of the eggs were recorded 24 hours after treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe same method, with the same replicates and treatments, was performed on 48-hour-old eggs, mortality percentage was corrected according to Schneider-Orelli equation (P\u0026uuml;ntener, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAbgAAAArCAYAAAAKT53qAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAA5/SURBVHhe7Z3fi1bFH8eP33szreu9cL2RXQhyrS70wsBSg/BiQ42QIDG2vBNaSbtqvciiQKRsQYhA17Cgm6IfUBeJUBRslHjjSoh4ZenuP7Df8xrPe/3sOOd5zrPPeZ599tnPC+Y5M3PmfD5zZubMzJmZM8+a+ZzMcRzHcfqM/xVHx3Ecx+krvIFzHMdx+hJv4BzHcZy+xBs4x3Ecpy/xBs5xHMfpS7yBcxzHcfoSb+Acx3GcvqSrDdyNGzeyTZs2ZRs2bMguXrxY+N7njTfeyC5fvly4lsa3334b5K9ZsyY7depU4dvbcM/EF2PB3W56WOqW51THy/3DeLmvj127dq2ovO8mXW3gPvjgg+z06dPZzz//nJ04caLwvV/YqQS2bdtW+LTOv//+m73wwgvZV199lf3yyy/ZwMBAcab7UOCqFjbu+ezZs4WrnFZk1o0qo27QCxVS3Wm9Wsp9K3m3Esp9J6nzmTp//nw2ODhYuBxL19/g9uzZkz3xxBPZ+vXrC98sm5iYyD7++OPCtTR+/fXXcEQ2D8/+/fuDezm4fv16YavG0NBQYXsAG8zYiq9VmTGxvFa4detWYesslI9eoN20jlkN5X4pedfr5b6T1PlMPfbYY+EN3kmQF4Cu8fzzzxe2B/apqan5sbGxYG/EnTt35t9+++35vIJga7H5kZGR+enp6eJs2G5swVg9kPdsF/zfe++9IAPzzTffBJmck1tU1cc1ee8p2EF2GcWFOGDHD5m4heInFE5hUjIVRuEkQ25LLE9h8bfpQV7E4Ce5MlwvmXkvPCmf9MKPuFu5MzMzIb8li+uBtFVayxA3DHbyQtchk/DSixu5Avu+ffvCOWRyrUjFmyP5DWX51w5Whuz9VO7L8g5sWSGMyggofkLhFCaVFwqjcJIhtyWW16gslWHTwoZFpso45wknmulp95mK9QHhlebOA7rawJHZZC4VEBkOZBoPlTI0zjiBP9dwLeGpwCQDKABcXwbX2weM660b/fiJZvp4wFUYOW/P4W8LGzrQJVmEtfcZx50wuBU3iGUSJi7o2FOVZkpeKj1IgxR6YC2SiT7sXI8s7tHK1cNMGMCuCpVryH/BNXE8gTAYm37WjT41lMA5pRVhrM443lQ6sU7cdVYWq6HcKx42HbGjS7IIa+9T1wjCxDJw11nuU2WpLK/jtMCOLNzEQdfpPshj0UwPdnvvoPiWPVON9JGPZfexmunqEOXrr78eJtXzjA9zEoytv/TSS9mPP/6YbdmyJcszNfviiy+Swx2ffPJJdvjw4Wzjxo3hlfzIkSNZnvHZn3/+WYRozLp167KnnnpqYbjiySefXOR+9tlns3v37gU7NNP3yCOPhCP3xPlGQyno+O+//xZkMZzwxx9/FGcfhjDNIMyxY8eyH374ofDJgv3dd98tXA9IyUulRytI5ssvvxzsLJ5AFnl59+7dbPv27WGO4cCBAyHctWvXwjEvc2G4DtD5+++/B3sjkE85seln3dzH7OxsCEv+IHN8fDzozyuW4P/333+HYxxvhvZaBbllJjVf5OW+d8o9fnFZKiNOC+7VlvG33norhMMvb2Cyr7/+OrihFT2CcFD2TDXS56TpagNHZUKBxzz99NPZpUuXQqbdvHkz2717d8jUvNeS3b59u7iiP2AhAJWaVjt9//33xZn2GB0dDZU5E9affvppeKD0kCw3NGTW8FACDy3pwIpCGqFOkfdyF+lX5VAHVm5sUnq83K+ecu/0Fh1t4Fi+vHXr1lC449VV77zzTnb06NHC9QB6nCmYPJ+cnAy9XB6cM2fOhN65euBzc3PhyLkU9PA5p/Nyi9hdVV+q101P3b5RnDt3LshiQQG9dc5bXZpwlp89J2KZQO9wbGwsxO3999/PXnvtteAfk5LX7P4tw8PD4ch5pYfCxpPlzzzzTDhS8QDhSUvCUwZ4o2MlIZU9cQfJ2rx5cziSttIF2P/5559gB9xKC7Bu8mf9+vXZhQsXgj/m+PHjC+UPN8TlRW5IpXVd9Gu5T+VdL5Z7/CQPYrflueeeC50RwmBorDnu3LkznNfbOmWLxnvv3r3BDc30tPJMNdOnayWfZ498jOvc5YT4qbNTBmEY6dBoCPdQ9vwhi04y4WhjaGuS5L3OjqAxZjs3IhhTZsxYMJascee8QIfzMZxjTBqZGOx2clj+Vq7QmDWGeDVzQ1V9mBjNO+UVQ5iz4DrG0PHjPhnbxy5dkqO4c8SNThHLFJpDkqwUsbwq929RvnBe+SSZGK63EFfiyTmu03krh+spG7IL5MuPeyM+uDHIaeYGrpMe4mHLoI13yg1lad0u/V7u47zD9FK5JyxuTFnZsdhyzn0QF2HLOEcbjyp67LPQ6jPVTB9wRL6dq1wueP5UDpTXKYgvhrTgWcDOdbgt3BP+lAHOqdzFaQYdaeBQisKyxOUmbWQIr8y2Gec0h7RLFQKn9/ByXx9e7pujNEq9ZDSDaymvtnMTow5aI2gDpJ+yXtbAqSNj9WlBk302aPjws/dEXPFLye5IA6fIplpUpx7ITDKbAuaVo7Na8HLfGqqLU6MDjaDR0BtU6lrJ5VgV8q6sgeMtG10x6CAegoYNv7jhRS7+cYenI3Nwf/31VzhqYYHTGQYHB8N8U50LKByn1/FyXx3msUgr5kNbgUU73333XUjrvPFZmB8EFooxl543bkF+HbASltW9MXnjtmilNbsBgeaEBauRQau1RWkDp4m+MqMJzxSNlgI79UDhyzso2cmTJwsfx+l/vNy3Dotl+AylVdTIAYtDaOS0UCx/e66tcQM+g0gRr461n7RYyhZplTZwFKJGplnvKX9lLGyO4zjOcsG3jzMzM4vewqqiRo7raeRefPHFsIJ1pbw9d/U7uNSboBs3bty4qc+UEQ/fVYVGjk89NFTY7v6p3aSrDVzqTdCNGzdu3NRn6oZv0bQTD2DvJswhVmXt2rWF7T4dmYNzHMdxVj4Max46dCgsNmGokkUebGFWdyNH45na6QY/u/hEi0nij9h/+umncIwXn3RsDm4p472O4zhOZ9BuM1WhDtfOIzRuDFXSgLB6kkZOuxXVAdutgW24tIvJq6++Go7A1nZw5cqVcBS//fbbws5Ii8gbq9rRNwmO4zjO8sI3Zux+0gr6Dg4Tf1sGrX4HhwziwDUpefjxHRz6+O7O6o+hfSGsvrPmm0jcqe/1OjIHp9dIx3EcZ3nhGzO+ZWsV9njUm1sMnwicrfCP7Npc/fHHHw8rMQE7fpwT6GD4kyPDoYSR/hj+wRz9+scS9vLkWvYofYiioasVte6+k0l/wc4R5Cs9KNsLo+eEXzsgj54Y8jtULDuC4mvLOmlR5y4byGo3fXsd0m+l5f1KQHVx6u1mNdCRNzjtfs2O7k69MO7NLtoxjFfTK6JHw39Pxbtws9s2/pwnXKtzpPSS2Fk9LzPZo48+Gv6jSjDhzD8EtMOHH34Y/mEA+cmx9C7RbMfzmOnp6cJWDvMKpHs/QlrVseCMXY+qvBE41eEZ59nko+zk280qoCMNHK+ZJKomIn3BSftQSfJazqt46qt/Vjrx55U0EAxH7Nixozhzv3F65ZVXss8++yz8bQm8+eab4VgV/qtME8EHDx4M/2UGxIuHp91t2RhG0Z+uLud3NvZveaoQr9oChlXsIqz4709aBVmpoZpeoNEfnrbK0NBQYXPaRR3elfRRdkfgNa5T8HrMJCFqfLiyPTTEoKEcCxuP4qdhQ442zdmg1E7WapfuVkCWht2snYnjKsMfXKOywISw/acJZOEvo3gLhufw5z5k58h9a+I6HsKrog8/DYviZ4dIZYD05Dxy8GPS3oKf4izZHEFDRNZYPQoXuwVy8bf3p7Dko+6/7J87gDgoHPeAG7gvrtN9kV52E9tmeuQnQxxtfJVminszfbrWaQ+eE8qoyuRqxkvTCiNVCaT8cKuAU9HYCnIpFQmNGBUSlRQVNJUkBtlUgFRaVHi2whJcy3lV3tKvihZUIaZQg41e7GrQ5ZY86a6ij3vBEJYKQWGJh00rwK2KnbDIQq/ArbQG5Np7wU4YCzIJJ0hDpW8Mum2c1EEhLqA4pVBYxY+KT3FDLnlGGqCXc7hFFT247b2CGjF0kieKezN9yifHqQsvTSuMVCWQ8sOtSo0KyFaQcXjO4U4Ze53ePPCjgqJyskcqQMLEpCpGZNg3IdxxRWnhet0PNHK3ow9/TBlKu0ZxiWVjj+MjOaQbkG5WhqVZ/sVuC/dcdj+2EwCSo45CFT2443SM4yta1ec47dKROThneWCuDTTnabetsXMlc3Nzi7a/YX4nLwtJY+d+mBuTH3+/MTExEeZbWbzCcXR0dCEO/YTmP7lPlibXAXOWeccgpCPzJaSb/72U49SLN3ArjKtXr4ajXbhDxUiDpf98+vLLL0PlqQUQeW86fIPCSkr4/PPP2/qrCyrjycnJh2TQyKXQqlqttqPBYAuevXv3BjdwP7Ozs4VrMbpXLdaQm4YaYndVfakFJXzDKXlaiUqjxgIYOglTU1PBT7rUoMsNul4MDw+HI/6E13k6CKTj+Ph4w1WocbqU3XesF1hsxC4Puhe+PSI9gPxDv+J05syZReWmip6RkZGF+EkHbsLE8WmmL85fx2mbvEfurAA0fGONHQZimIehQvyZy9Gwj2D+iSEizjNspaGxpRAPp6GXeRV0pIYogXOKH0c7VIVd92TlCu5T56u4oao+6w+kG+lkh9M0NIsczUthINYt2eQBaQKkNW78kWXTHj02H2OU74RT2kifrovdMcx9KQx2QTwoCzqH3ZYb+TfSQzrjp7Sx5TSOT6v6HKdd1vCTFyrHqQS9f9487NCl/uE3r+TCcv/V+s3NUmC3ho8++siHJx2nA3gD5zhdhqHTgYGBYOfbxF79xs1xVjo+B+c4ywBvvDRu7KvnOE5n8Dc4x3Ecpy/xNzjHcRynL/EGznEcx+lDsuz/IoIILmIQ9gMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of microwave radiation on the first and last (fifth) larval instars of the almond moth\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 larvae of the first instar and 10 larvae of the last (fifth) instar at 5\u0026ndash;6 days old were collected from the laboratory culture, each instar separate from the other. The first and last instar larvae were placed separately inside date samples weighing 50 grams inside plastic boxes (5 x 6 cm) and were exposed to the same power levels and time periods mentioned in the paragraph above, with three replicates for each treatment in addition to the control treatment (zero dose). The openings of the boxes were covered with muslin cloth after treatment and tied with a rubber band for the purpose of ventilation and to prevent the larvae to exit. Then the samples were transferred to the incubator under the same incubation conditions under which the eggs were treated. Then the percentage of larvae killed and the rate of duration of the second and last (fifth) larval instars were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe effect of microwave radiation in the nutritional value of dates\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe carbohydrate and protein components of dates were measured, as the dates were taken randomly for the control treatment (zero radiation dose) and the experimental treatments (dates treated with radiation), with three replicates for each treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEstimation of total soluble carbohydrates in date samples\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total soluble carbohydrates in Al-Zahdi date fruits were estimated according to the method described by (Dobiose et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e). (200) mg of the soft date sample was taken and crushed with (10) cm3 of distilled water in a ceramic container, then placed in a device centrifuge for 15 minutes, then placed in a water bath at a temperature of (50) C\u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003e for 30 minutes. Then the centrifugation process was repeated and the resulting filtrate free of solids was taken and the absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of (490) nm, then, the measurement curve was drawn for the relationship between glucose concentration and absorbance, and the glucose concentration was calculated in the samples for every (2) g of fresh weight of date samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDetermination of soluble protein\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe soluble protein in Al-Zahdi date fruits was estimated according to the method described by (Herbert et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e). (200) mg of a fresh date sample was taken and crushed with (10) cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e of distilled water in a ceramic container, then placed in the centrifuge for 15 minutes, then it was placed in a water bath at a temperature of (50) C for 30 minutes, then the centrifugation process was repeated and the resulting filtrate free of solids was taken and the absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of (600) nm. Then, a standard curve was drawn for the protein, from which its soluble concentrations were estimated with a weight of (200) mg of dates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results of the study were analyzed according to the factorial experiment model, according to the complete randomized design (C.R.D.) and using the statistical program SPSS to analyze the results. The least significant difference (L.S.D) was used at the probability level (0.05) to test the significance of the results, and the corrected values were angularly transformed to be included in the statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of microwave radiation on the percentage of mortality of eggs aged 24 hours and 48 hours of the almond moth\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results in table (1) showed a significant effect of microwave radiation at the power levels of 200, 400 and 600 watt on the eggs of the almond moth \u003cem\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/em\u003e at 24 hours and 48 hours. It was found that the power levels had a significant effect on the rates of mortality eggs at 24 hours at exposure for different periods of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 seconds. The results showed that there were significant differences between the above-mentioned power levels in terms of mortality rates. The mortality rates were 12.0, 51.8 and 79.4% at the power levels 200, 400 and 600 watt respectively. The mortality rates for 24-hour-old eggs and at the mentioned time periods were (13.34, 37.67, 52.67, 63.34, 71.67%), respectively, and formed a significant difference between them at the probability level (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The interaction between the power level and exposure periods had a significant effect on the mortality rates, as the highest mortality rate reached 100% at a power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 15, 20 and 25 seconds, while the lowest kill rate was 4% at a power level of 200 watt and an exposure period of 5 seconds. The results showed that there were significant differences between the power levels in terms of the mortality rates of 48-hour eggs, as the mortality rates reached 11.4, 42.6 and 75.4% at the power levels of 200, 400 and 600 watt, respectively. The mortality rates were (13,34, 31,34, 46,34, 56,67, 68%) and for exposure periods of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 seconds, respectively. There was a significant effect of the interaction between power levels and exposure periods to microwave radiation. The highest percentage of mortality was 100% at the power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 20 and 25 seconds. As for the lowest percentage of mortality of 48-hour eggs, it was 4% at an exposure period of 5 seconds at a power level of 200 watt. The principle of action of these waves is based on raising the temperature of the medium exposed to them in a very short period and works on materials with high moisture content, and since the insect egg has a high moisture content, the effect is greater (Wang \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2003), and it also agrees with the study of Azizoglu et al. (2011) who indicated the significant effect on the mortality rates of \u003cem\u003eEphestia Kuehniella\u003c/em\u003e eggs exposed to different power levels and different exposure periods of microwave radiation, where the egg mortality rate reached 100% at a power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 10 seconds, and it also reached 100% at levels of 150 and 360 Watt with an exposure time of 300 seconds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(1) The effect of different power levels of microwave radiation and different exposure periods on the percentages of mortality eggs of the almond moth\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eat 24 hours and 48 hours old\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure Periods (sec )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevels (watt )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrected mortality for 48 h eggs%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrected mortality for 24 h eggs%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e200\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e400\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e600\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD 0.05 for power\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD 0.05 for time\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD 0.05 for interaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe numbers represent an average of three replicates\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of microwave radiation on the incubation period of eggs 24 and 48 hours old of the almond moth\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results in table (2) showed a significant effect of microwave radiation at power levels of 200, 400, and 600 watt on the incubation period of eggs of the almond moth \u003cem\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/em\u003e 24 and 48 hours old. The incubation period of eggs differed significantly according to the power level, the rate of incubation period of eggs 24 hours old was 4.23, 4.93, and 2.16 days at power levels of 200, 400, and 600 watt, respectively, while the exposure periods did not constitute a significant difference in the incubation period of almond moth eggs aged 24 hours at a significant level (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The interaction between power levels and exposure periods had a significant effect on the incubation period of eggs. The highest incubation period for 24-hour-old eggs was reached at a power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 10 seconds (6.34) days, while the lowest incubation duration was (3.67) days at a power level of 200 and exposure period 5 seconds compared to the control treatment (3.50) days. The results showed that microwave radiation had a significant effect on the incubation period of 48-hour eggs, and the incubation duration varied according to the power level and the period of exposure to radiation. The rate incubation period for eggs reached 3.40, 4.40, and 1.97 days at power levels of 200, 400, and 600 watt. Respectively, while in the control treatment it reached 2.67 days, and the exposure period of 10 seconds showed a significant difference in the rate incubation period compared to the other exposure periods. The interaction between power levels and exposure periods had a significant effect on the incubation period of eggs, as the highest incubation period for 48-hour eggs reached 5.34 days at a power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 10 seconds compared to the lowest incubation period of 2.84 days with a power level of 200 watt and an exposure period of 5 seconds and 2.67 days with the control treatment. The results of the study are consistent with what was found by Al-Hamadani and Saleh (2016), who showed that the incubation period of eggs of the \u003cem\u003eSitotroga cerealella\u003c/em\u003e moth increased with an increase in the power level and the period of exposure until it reached 6.50 days at an exposure period of 30 seconds and a power level of 600 compared to the control treatment, in which the egg incubation period was 4.50 days .\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(2) The effect of different power levels of microwave radiation and different exposure periods on the incubation period for eggs 24 and 48 hours old of the almond moth\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure periods (sec )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elevels (watt)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Corrected mortality for 48 h eggs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Corrected mortality for 24 h eggs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econtrol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e200\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e400\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e600\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD 0.05 for power\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD 0.05 for time\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD 0.05 for interaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe numbers represent an average of three replicates\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of microwave radiation on the mortality percentage of first larval instar and its duration of the almond moth\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable (3) showed the effect of power levels and different exposure periods of microwave radiation on the mortality percentage and duration of the first larval instar of the almond moth \u003cem\u003eC. cautella\u003c/em\u003e, the results showed that the rates of mortality of first larval instar were 21.2, 70.4, and 89. 6% at power levels of 200, 400, and 600, respectively, and the difference between them was statistically significant at a significant level (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The table also showed the effect of exposure periods to microwave radiation on the rate mortality percentage of insect larvae, the longer the exposure period, the greater the mortality percentage, as it was 30.34. 48,34, 64,67, 74, 84,67% at exposure periods of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 seconds, respectively. The results indicated that the interaction between power levels and exposure period had a significant effect on the mortality rates of the first larval instar of the almond moth \u003cem\u003eC. cautella\u003c/em\u003e. The highest percentage of mortality was 100% at the exposure period of 25 seconds for the power levels of 400 and 600 watt, and at the periods of 15 and 20 seconds for the power level of 600. Watt, while the lowest mortality rate was 4% at a power level of 200 watt and an exposure period of 5 seconds. The results in table (3) showed that the duration of the larval instar was affected by high power levels. The rate of duration of the first larval instar was 8.57, 6.17, and 5.03 days at the power levels of 200, 400, and 600 watt, respectively, compared with the control treatment 7. 84 days, and the exposure periods had a significant effect on the duration of the first larval instar, amounting to 9.13, 9.97, 6.92, 4.13, and 4.83 days for durations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 seconds, respectively, the interaction between power level and exposure period had a significant effect on the duration of the larval instar, as the highest duration was 13.67 days at a power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 10 seconds, and the minimum duration for the first larval instar was 8 days at a power level of 200 watt and an exposure period of 5 and 10 seconds, and in the control treatment 7, 84 days. The results of the current study are consistent with the findings of Pandir and Guven (2014) that the percentage of mortality day-old larvae of the Mediterranean meal moth \u003cem\u003eE. Kuehniella\u003c/em\u003e increased with an increase in both the power level and the period of exposure, reaching 100% at the power levels of 70, 150, 300, 600 watt and at exposure period of 5, 10, 20, 40 seconds, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(3) The effect of different power levels of microwave radiation and different exposure periods on the mortality percentages and the duration of the first larval stage of the almond moth\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure periods (sec )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elevels (watt)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of the first larval instar (day )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% corrected mortality of first instar larvae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econtrol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e200\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e400\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e600\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD 0.05 for power\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD 0.05 for time\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD 0.05 for interaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eThe numbers represent an average of three replicates\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSymbol -- indicates killing the stage before taking readings\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of microwave radiation on the mortality percentage of last larval instar and its duration of the almond moth\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results in table (4) showed a clear effect of the different power levels of microwave radiation and the different exposure periods on the percentage kill rates and the duration of the last larval stage of the almond moth. With regard to the percentage kill rates, their rates reached 10, 30, 56.67% at the power levels of 200, 400, and 600 watt, respectively, the difference between them was significant at the probability level (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05), as the high power levels led to an increase in mortality rates, the results also showed the effect of periods of exposure to microwave radiation on the mortality rate of insect larvae, the longer the exposure period, the faster the mortality of larvae, as the mortality rates were 4.17, 11.67, 21.67, 35.83, and 47.50% at exposure periods of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 seconds, respectively. The interaction between power levels and exposure periods had a significant effect on the mortality rates of the last larval instar of the almond moth, and the highest percentage of mortality was 96.67% at an exposure period of 25 seconds and at a power level of 600 watt, while the lowest percentage of mortality was 3.34% at a power level 200 watt, an exposure period of 15 seconds, and a power level of 400 watt, an exposure period of 5 seconds, and no kill rate was recorded in the control treatment. The results in table (4) showed that the power level of 200 watt had a significant effect on the rate of duration of the larval instar, amounting to 3.13. day compared to other power levels, which did not differ significantly from each other, and their rates were 4.30 and 4.93 days at levels 400 and 600 watt. With regard to exposure periods, the exposure periods of 20 and 25 seconds were significantly superior, with the rate of duration of the last (fifth) larval instar being 4.50 and 2.96 days, respectively, compared to the other exposure periods, which did not differ significantly from each other, and their rates were 3, 3.46, and 3.83 days at periods of 5, 10 and 15 seconds. The interaction between power level and exposure period had a significant effect on the duration of the larval instar, as the highest duration was 7.67 days at a power level of 600 watt and an exposure period of 20 seconds, and the minimum duration for the last larval instar was 2.17 days at a power level of 200 watt and an exposure period of 10 seconds, and in the control treatment 1.83 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe current results agreed with the results of the study by Boina \u0026amp; Subramanyam (2004), which showed that the old larvae of the red flour beetle \u003cem\u003eTribolium castaneum\u003c/em\u003e were more thermally tolerant than the young larvae when exposed to a temperature of 46\u0026ndash;60\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(4) The effect of different power levels of microwave radiation and different exposure periods on the mortality percentages and the duration of the last larval instar of the almond moth\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure periods (sec )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elevels (watt)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of the last larval instar (day )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% corrected mortality of the last instar larvae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econtrol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e200\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e400\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e600\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD 0.05 for power\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD 0.05 for time\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD 0.05 for interaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eThe numbers represent an average of three replicates\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSymbol -- indicates killing the stage before taking readings\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eThe effect of microwave radiation on the nutritional value of dates (Proteins and Carbohydrates)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results in Figure (1) indicated the effect of microwave radiations on the dietary components of dates; proteins and carbohydrates. The results showed that the power levels and different exposure periods to microwave radiations used in the study did not have a significant effect in changing the content of soluble proteins and the content of total carbohydrates of dates, as the values were close to each other at all levels and exposure periods, as the rates of protein percentages reached 20.06, 19.28 and 19.98% at the power levels of 200, 400 and 600 watt, respectively, and in the control treatment 21.97%, the carbohydrate concentration was 69.29, 70.11, and 70.11 mg/L, respectively, compared to the control 73.36 mg/L. The results of the study agreed with the study of Abo-El-Saad et al., (2011), in which he showed that the power levels and exposure periods used in his study did not have a significant effect on the soluble protein concentration of treated dates, he explained that the protein concentration in untreated dates was 0.876 mg /liter, while in dates treated with a power level of 100 watt, it was 0.876, 0.872, and 0.877 mg/liter at exposure periods of 5, 10, and 15 seconds respectively, He also showed that the concentration of carbohydrates in dates was not affected by treatment with microwave radiation at a power level of 100 watt and an exposure period of 15 second. The results of the study also agreed with the study of El-Sayed and Baeshin (1983) when gamma radiations were used to control the saw-toothed grain beetle \u003cem\u003eOryzaephilus surinamensis\u003c/em\u003e in dates, as they showed that the dose of 25 kilorads did not cause any effect or significant change in the nutritional value of dates in terms of carbohydrates and proteins and amino acids.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure (1) The effect of different power levels and different exposure periods of microwave radiation on the chemical content of Zahdi dates, (A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;protein content, B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;carbohydrate content )\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrowave radiation has a significant effect on the egg and larva stages of the almond moth \u003cem\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/em\u003e in terms of mortality rates and the duration of stage development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe older instars were more resistant to microwave radiation than the younger instars, as the last larval instar was less sensitive to radiation than the first larval instar, and 48-hour-old eggs were less sensitive than 24-hour-old eggs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrowave radiation did not have a significant effect on the nutritional value of dates, as proteins and carbohydrates were not affected at high levels of power.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearcher (A) prepared the main manuscript, collected data and conducted statistical analysis, and researchers (B) and (C) prepared the figures and tables and designed the technical template for the research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbo\u003c/strong\u003e-El-Saad, M. 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Microwave technology for disinfestation of cereals and pulses: An overview. \u003cem\u003eJournal of food science and technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e51\u003c/em\u003e, 3568-3576.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Microwave Radiation, Dates, Nutritional Value, Cadra cautella","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5809633/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5809633/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe mortality rates of 24-hour eggs almond moth \u003cem\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/em\u003e were significantly affected by microwave radiation; the maximum mortality rates of 100% occurred at 15, 20, and 25 seconds exposure for the 600 watt power level, while the kill rate of 100% occurred for 48-hour eggs at 20 and 25 seconds exposure for the 600 watt power level. The incubation period of eggs was likewise impacted by microwaves. Microwaves affected the mortality rates of the almond moth larvae's first-instar, which reached 100% at 600 watt of power and exposure times of 15, 20, and 25 seconds at 400 watt of power and exposure times of 25 seconds. Radiation has a significant effect on the duration of the larval stage, wherein the duration of the larval stage increased with increasing exposure period to microwaves. The highest mortality rate for larvae in the fifth instar (96.67%) at power level 600 watt and period of exposure 25 seconds and significant differences with the treatment of control which amounted to 0%. The results demonstrated that the date components of protein and carbohydrates were not significantly impacted by the microwaves at the power levels and exposure times employed, all values were near to one another, and there was no significant difference from the control treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The effect of microwave radiation on egg and larval stages of the almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker) and the nutritional value of the dates","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-16 10:51:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5809633/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c5d53186-806d-434d-b088-6ae3ccc80db7","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-18T22:38:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-16 10:51:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5809633","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5809633","identity":"rs-5809633","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}