AI-Enhanced Nano-Biological Approaches and Nanotechnologies for the Detection, Measurement, and Remediation of Toxic White Phosphorus (P4)

AI-Enhanced Nano-Biological Approaches and Nanotechnologies for the Detection, Measurement, and Remediation of Toxic White Phosphorus (P4) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article AI-Enhanced Nano-Biological Approaches and Nanotechnologies for the Detection, Measurement, and Remediation of Toxic White Phosphorus (P 4 ) Adda Boualem This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9281713/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract White phosphorus (P4), a highly toxic substance widely used in fertilizer production, matches, and military-grade incendiaries, poses significant environmental and biological risks due to its persistence and toxicity. Conventional methods for P4 management, such as chemical extraction and transformation, often lack precision, scalability, and ecological safety. Additionally, detecting P4 in complex environments and understanding its interactions with biological systems, particularly insects, remains a significant challenge. This study presents an innovative approach that integrates AI-enhanced nano-biological solutions and advanced nanotechnologies for the detection, quantification, and remediation of white phosphorus in diverse environments, including urban, agricultural, and industrial zones. By combining biologically inspired detection mechanisms, such as insect-based biosensors, with engineered nanomaterials, the proposed system offers a dual-mode functionality—responsive detection and targeted remediation. Through comparative simulations and performance benchmarking, the method is evaluated against traditional techniques, such as bioremediation and activated carbon adsorption. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly outperforms conventional methods in terms of sensitivity, response time, and long-term ecological compatibility. These findings underscore the transformative potential of nano-biological technologies for the effective environmental control and remediation of toxic white phosphorus. Nano-Sensor Network AI-Conversion of Toxic White Phosphorus Control and Measurement P4 Elimination of P4 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 09 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 31 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9281713","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":621566439,"identity":"b6d88051-760c-404a-9cff-123c7c8b9696","order_by":0,"name":"Adda Boualem","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Ibn Khaldoun University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adda","middleName":"","lastName":"Boualem","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-31 15:08:55","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9281713/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9281713/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":109760099,"identity":"98fe01d9-3548-4c8f-a4b9-13c2ef85e919","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-22 07:28:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":786926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SpringerControlMeasurementandEliminationofToxicP4UsingBiologicalSolutionsandNanotechnologies.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9281713/v1_covered_e662b24b-1fe1-4429-b447-55c6ef180013.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAI-Enhanced Nano-Biological Approaches and Nanotechnologies for the Detection, Measurement, and Remediation of Toxic White Phosphorus (P\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-monitoring-and-assessment","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Monitoring and Assessment](http://link.springer.com/journal/10661)","snPcode":"10661","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10661/3","title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Nano-Sensor Network, AI-Conversion of Toxic White Phosphorus, Control and Measurement P4, Elimination of P4","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9281713/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9281713/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"White phosphorus (P4), a highly toxic substance widely used in fertilizer production, matches, and military-grade incendiaries, poses significant environmental and biological risks due to its persistence and toxicity. 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