Thermal Conductivity of Particulate Epoxy Matrix Composite Materials

Thermal Conductivity of Particulate Epoxy Matrix Composite Materials | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Thermal Conductivity of Particulate Epoxy Matrix Composite Materials Mohamed O. Al-Zedan, Omer S. Alabidalkreem, Zenaa M. Abid, Hassan M. Alsarraj, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6106289/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The thermal conductivity was tested for epoxy-based composites filled with microparticles of silicon carbide and fly ash with different volume fractions and different particle sizes. Three volume fractions of the fillers (10, 20, and 30 Volume%) and five sizes of particles (37, 53, 75, 106, and 150 microns). The silicon carbide particles and fly ash were fabricated separately by using the hand lay-up method. Using Lee's disc apparatus, the thermal conductivity of all samples was measured experimentally. According to the results, the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites rises with increases in the volume percentage of silicon carbide particles. Same behavior is found as decreasing particle size of these particles. The maximum thermal conductivity values were found, which were 40.6% higher than the thermal conductivity value of pure epoxy. In contrast, the thermal conductivity of the epoxy composites falls as the volume fraction increases when adding the fly ash. Same behavior is found as decreasing particle size of the fly ash. The lowest thermal conductivity value was obtained with a reduction rate of 32.5% of the thermal conductivity of pure epoxy. In conclusion, adding fly ash to pure epoxy improves the thermal insulation properties of the fly ash/epoxy composites. Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering Physical sciences/Materials science/Structural materials/Composites Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Traditional heat dissipater materials have struggled to match the packaging requirements of electronic devices as the semiconductor industry's desire for integrating electronic devices has grown. As a result, epoxy resin-based high-conductivity polymers that provide great insulation, superior corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and cheap cost are increasingly employed in heat dissipation applications [ 1 – 5 ]. Nevertheless, epoxy resins extremely low thermal conductivity previously restricted its use in heat dissipation [ 6 ]. the epoxy resin-based material's thermal conductivity may alter by adding other materials with a variable volume or mass ratio ( i.e. composite material). A composite material can be defined as a combination or mixing between two or more different materials to produce a new material have a different properties from its constituents [ 7 – 9 ]. Several researchers investigated the thermal and electrical properties of epoxy composites that were filled with silicon oxide and aluminum oxide micro particles. [ 10 – 12 ]. Samples were created with different weight percentages of filler material up to 60%. To estimate the thermal conductivity of two-phase composites, the mixture rule was used to compare the theoretical results with the experimental investigation. The results showed that incorporating all of the fillers used in this study resulted in a substantial increase in thermal conductivity when compared to pure epoxy. Other researchers studied the heat transfer process inside a composite material of epoxy reinforced with micro-sized zirconia particles, and the practical results were compared with the obtained from the numerical simulation. They discovered that when the volume proportion of zirconia in the epoxy matrix increases, so does the effective thermal conductivity [ 13 ]. This work investigated the effective thermal conductivity of epoxy/teak wood dust for various volume fractions, and compared the experimental results with four theoretical models (Russel model, Maxwell model, Rule of Mixture model, and Baschirow & Selenew model). It was concluded that when the filler material percentage increases cause decreases in the thermal conductivity value. Meaning that epoxy/teak wood dust composites have good insulating properties. The influence of micro-particle size, volume fraction, and filler types on thermal conductivity was investigated in this study [ 14 ]. Through experimental investigation, the purpose of this research is to determine how the addition of fillers with varying sizes and concentrations of fly ash and silicon carbide particles to epoxy resin affects the material's thermal conductivity. The study's findings might be useful as a guide for researchers studying thermal conductivity management. 2. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 2.1. Materials 2.1.1. Matrix Material Epoxy is one of the most common thermosetting polymers [ 15 ]. The Epoxy used in this research as a matrix material is (Sikadur®-52 LP) type which is manufactured by the Turkish company (Sika) and its specification is shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Epoxy characteristic according to the manufacture specification Property Value Density 1.06 g/cc Mixing ratio resin: hardener 2:1 The chemical compound of Epoxy is pertaining to the epoxide family which is known as (Bisphenol -A-Diglycidyl-Ether). 2.1.2. Filler Materials 2.1.2.1 Silicon Carbide Particles Good thermal properties of Silicon Carbide make it preferred as a reinforcing filler material for polymer, ceramic and metal matrices. Silicon Carbide was used as a reinforcing material for the preparation of the polymer composites, its density (3.1 g/cc). Five different micro-sized of Silicon Carbide were tested (37, 53, 75, 106, and 150 microns). The chemical composition of Silicon Carbide is shown in the table (2). Table 2 Quantitative findings Elt O Ti Line Ka Ka Int 326.0 1449.5 Error 4.6235 0.8212 K 0.1574 0.8426 1.0000 Kr 0.0878 0.4700 0.5578 W% 47.27 52.73 100.00 A% 72.86 27.14 100.00 ZAF 0.1857 0.8914 Formula Ox% 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pk/Bg 41.96 51.41 Class A A Lconf 44.97 51.51 Hconf 49.57 53.95 Cat# 0.00 0.00 0.00 The SEM micrograph and typical EDX spectra result of Silicon Carbide particles are illustrated in Fig. 1 . 2.1.2.2 Fly ash Particles A waste product or byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants is fly ash, as it rises with the gases coming out of the stacks of these plants. Fly ash with five different particle sizes (37, 53, 75, 106, and 150 microns), were used in this research as a filler material in the fabrication of the composites. Fly ash density that used in this work is (2.12 g/cc). The chemical compositions of Fly ash are shown in the table (3). Table 3 Quantitative findings Elt O Mg Al Si Ca Ti Line Ka Ka Ka Ka Ka Ka Int 286 19.1 484.8 1013.6 75.6 30.4 Error 2.6692 1.5706 1.5706 1.5706 0.8515 0.8515 K 0.2572 0.0078 0.1988 0.4391 0.0641 0.033 Kr 0.1556 0.0047 0.1202 0.2656 0.0388 0.0199 W% 42.65 0.66 15.22 34.59 4.42 2.46 A% 57.33 0.59 12.13 26.48 2.37 1.1 ZAF 0.3647 0.7145 0.79 0.7678 0.8776 0.8112 Formula Ox% 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pk/Bg 42.76 2.72 17.86 38.38 4.05 2.98 Class A B A A A B LConf 40.41 0.53 14.6 33.62 3.97 2.06 Elt O Mg Al Si Ca Ti Line Ka Ka Ka Ka Ka Ka The SEM micrograph and typical EDX spectra result of Fly ash particles are illustrated in Fig. 2 . 2.2. Methods Prior to being dried, the molds were manually cleaned with DI-water, ethanol, and compressed nitrogen. The process of fabricating the Epoxy based composite is in three different volume fractions (10, 20, and 30%) with five different particles size (37, 53, 75, 106, and 150 microns). Placing the specified amount of pre-weighted Epoxy resin in a paper cup and then adding the filler material amount according to the specified sample volume fraction. Mixing Epoxy resin with the filler particles using a variable speed drilling, at a high speed for five minutes to uniformly disperse the fillers in the Epoxy resin. Then, the hardener with the specified amount is added to the mixture and mix at low speed to avoid bubbles formation (or minimum bubbles formation) for five minutes to ensure a homogeneous mixture of the Epoxy matrix with the fillers. The mixing ratio of the Epoxy resin and its hardener is 2:1 by weight as recommended by the manufacturer. The polyvinylchloride (PVC) tubes are cut into molds, which result in rings with an inner diameter of 100 mm and a thickness of 5 mm . The samples were scoped into the PVC molds. All the molds were placed on glass substrate. To prevent samples adhesive with the substrate, the substrates coated with Folientrennmittel PVA liquid. After 24 hours, all the molds were removed. All experimental are prepared out at laboratory temperature and pressure. Tables (4) and (5) show details of samples of Silicon Carbide/Epoxy composites and Fly ash/Epoxy composites, respectively. Table 4 Designing the samples of Silicon Carbide/Epoxy composites Sample name SiC particle size in (µm) Composition (Vol.%) Ep 0 100%Epoxy EpS1 37 90% Epoxy + 10% SiC EpS2 37 80% Epoxy + 20% SiC EpS3 37 70% Epoxy + 30% SiC EpS4 53 90% Epoxy + 10% SiC EpS5 53 80% Epoxy + 20% SiC EpS6 53 70% Epoxy + 30% SiC EpS7 75 90% Epoxy + 10% SiC EpS8 75 80% Epoxy + 20% SiC EpS9 75 70% Epoxy + 30% SiC EpS10 106 90% Epoxy + 10% SiC EpS11 106 80% Epoxy + 20% SiC EpS12 106 70% Epoxy + 30% SiC EpS13 150 90% Epoxy + 10% SiC EpS14 150 80% Epoxy + 20% SiC EpS15 150 70% Epoxy + 30% SiC Table 5 Designing the samples of Fly ash/Epoxy composites. Sample name Fly ash particle size in (µm) Composition (Vol.%) Ep 0 100% Epoxy EpFA1 37 90% Epoxy /10% Fly ash EpFA2 37 80% Epoxy /20% Fly ash EpFA3 37 70% Epoxy /30% Fly ash EpFA4 53 90% Epoxy /10% Fly ash EpFA5 53 80% Epoxy /20% Fly ash EpFA6 53 70% Epoxy /30% Fly ash EpFA7 75 90% Epoxy /10% Fly ash EpFA8 75 80% Epoxy /20% Fly ash EpFA9 75 70% Epoxy /30% Fly ash EpFA10 106 90% Epoxy /10% Fly ash EpFA11 106 80% Epoxy /20% Fly ash EpFA12 106 70% Epoxy /30% Fly ash EpFA13 150 90% Epoxy / 10% Fly ash EpFA14 150 80% Epoxy / 20% Fly ash EpFA15 150 70% Epoxy / 30% Fly ash 2.3. Thermal Conductivity Measurements Lee's disc apparatus (see Fig. 3 ) was used for measuring the thermal conductivity (K) of the samples (both pure and composite). Steady state method is used to measure the samples thermal conductivity. It gave reliable values and results [ 8 – 12 ]. The sample shape is cylindrical with diameter equal to the diameter of the metal discs apparatus ( \(\:\varnothing\:=100\:mm\) ). Using this apparatus to test the thermal conductivity, first of all, we need to put distilled water inside the copper vessel. Then, locate the sample between the two metal discs of the apparatus. Lastly, insert the thermometers into the hollows of the two metal discs. All components of the device are suspended in the air by the holder to eliminate any other conductive effects. Water is heated by electric heat source to generate the steam. The steam enters the steam chamber, which is directly above the upper metal disc. This leads to heat the upper metal disc and heat is transmitted to the sample. The heat is transmitted from the upper disc across the sample to the lower metal disc. After a period of time, the system reaches the steady state, that means the amount of heat transferred from the sample to the lower disc is equivalent to the amount of heat released by convection on the lower disc ( i.e. the temperature of the upper and lower discs was constant). Both temperatures were used in the Eq. ( 1 ) to calculate the thermal conductivity experimentally. For steady state, upper and lower metal discs temperatures were recorded. Then, the sample is removed from its place between the two metal discs to continue the heating process of the lower metal disc until it becomes about 10 degrees higher than the temperature at the steady state of the lower one. After that the upper metal disc was removed and place the sample on top of the lower metal disc. Record the lower metal disc temperatures every 30 second up to 10 degrees below the steady state lower metal disc temperature. Plot the time-temperature heat curve and extract the slope at steady state temperature of the lower metal disc. Using a screw gauge, we take five readings of the thickness of the sample in different regions and extract the average thickness of the sample, then applying Eq. ( 1 ) to calculate the thermal conductivity (K). By using the following equation, we can calculate the thermal conductivity: $$\:K=\frac{M\:S{\left(\frac{d\theta\:}{dt}\right)}_{{\theta\:}_{2}}X}{\pi\:{r}^{2}\left({\theta\:}_{1}-{\theta\:}_{2}\right)}*\frac{\left(r+2h\right)}{2\left(r+h\right)}$$ 1 The thermal conductivity of composite materials affected by the type of materials that make it up (material type for the matrix and the filler), the volume fraction of these components, in addition to the size of the particles of the filler material. Figure 4 shows the relationship between thermal conductivity of SiC/Epoxy composite and the filling particle size (37, 53, 75, 106, and 150) microns. Where it is seen in the same particle content of the Epoxy composites reinforced with silicon carbide that the thermal conductivity rises with decreasing in particles size of the silicon carbide. Justifying this perhaps that the size of the smaller particles leads to reducing the inter-particle distance, which in turn increases the chances of forming a thermal pathway for the particles (SiC-SiC), and the thermal resistance of the silicon carbide-silicon carbide interface is small [ 19 ], [ 20 ]. Figure 5 illustrates the thermal conductivity of pure Epoxy and Silicon Carbide/Epoxy composites as a function of the filler volume fraction (10, 20, and 30%) of silicon carbide particles. The same behavior can be seen in the dependence of thermal conductivity on filler loading ratio of all composites, which is the rise in thermal conductivity with rising volume fraction of silicon carbide compared to pure epoxy thermal conductivity, this may be due to the formation of a thermal pathway of silicon carbide particles as the thermal interface resistance of SiC-SiC is extremely less than the thermal interface resistance of Epoxy resin-SiC [ 21 ]. Figure 6 depicts the effect of different sized Fly ash particles (37, 53, 75, 106, and 150 microns) on the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites filled with Fly ash with the same volume fraction. It indicates that when the fly ash particle size increases, the heat conductivity tends to decrease., the reason possibly due to the increase in the thermal resistance of the matrix-filler interface with the increase in the particle size. The resistance of the thermal contact at the Epoxy-Fly ash interface is believed to have a prevalent role in impeding thermal conductivity of the composite [ 22 ]. Experimental values of thermal conductivity for pure epoxy risen and Epoxy composites filling with Fly ash that have various volume fractions (10%, 20% and 30%) as can be seen in Fig. 7 . From all sizes of Fly ash shown in the figure mentioned above, it is evident that thermal conductivity of Fly ash/Epoxy composites decrease with rising the volume fraction of the filler compared with thermal conductivity of pure Epoxy. The cause of the drop in the thermal conductivity is presumably attributable not only to the drop in the thermal conductivity of the Fly ash, but also to the thermal interface resistance between the Epoxy and the Fly ash, which rises with increasing in the volume fraction of Fly ash [ 23 ]. 3. Conclusions Successful fabrication of SiC/Epoxy and Fly ash/epoxy composites by hand layup method is possible. It was found that with the increase of the silicon carbide content and decrease in the particle size, the thermal conductivity increased, reaching the highest value with an increase (40.6%) compared with pure epoxy when adding 30 Vol.% silicon carbide with a particle size of 37 micron. It is appropriate that adding of fly ash particulates enhances epoxy resin's insulation properties. It was discovered that as the fly ash's volume fraction and particulate size raised, the thermal conductivity dropped to record the lowest value at a rate of reduction (32.5%) compared with pure epoxy by adding 30% of fly ash with a particle size of 150 microns. Abbreviations K thermal conductivity (W/m.K) M metallic disc's mass (M = 1 kg) S specific heat capacity of the disc's material (S = 370 J/kg.K) dθ/dt the rate of cooling at steady state temperature θ2 X mean thickness of the sample (m) r metallic disc's radius (m) h thickness of metallic disc (m) θ1 steady state temperature of the upper metallic disc (K) ,kjukiy Declarations Author Contribution "Mohamed Alzedan,Omer Alabidalkreem , Zenaa Abid,and Awad Khidhir wrote the main manuscript text and Mohamed Alzedan ;Hassan Alsarraj. prepared all the figures . All authors reviewed the manuscript." 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Accessed: Jun. 06, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/jemmr.18.00097?journalCode=jemmr Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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Alabidalkreem","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACxgZmHn72BgiHD4glwIiAFhnJngMQDhuxWmwMbiSgaMEN+MUOH/tcuMOaR3LmG8NHNyrqEtsYmA/e5mGwkG3AoUVydlry7Jln0nn4pXOMjXPOHAZqYUu25mGQMMalxeB2jjEzb9thHsnZOWbSuW0HgFp4zKSBWhJxa8n/DNZicPMMSAvIYfzfCGjJYYZoucED0sIMsoUNrxagX4yZZ7al80j2pBWD/GLcxsxmbDnHALdf+KWTHzMXtlnb87Mf3vg4p6JOtp+9+eGNN0AGLi0gwIyFawCMLOK1QAFeLaNgFIyCUTCiAABw2EwZmkxvLwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mosul","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omer","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Alabidalkreem","suffix":""},{"id":434022105,"identity":"07d89348-0870-40fe-8092-c3f0b65d275b","order_by":2,"name":"Zenaa M. Abid","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mosul","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zenaa","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Abid","suffix":""},{"id":434022106,"identity":"f09a3047-b2ad-4a59-805b-0c7922dc2bae","order_by":3,"name":"Hassan M. Alsarraj","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mosul","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hassan","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Alsarraj","suffix":""},{"id":434022107,"identity":"75c67a42-132e-4f41-adf7-63c43a041596","order_by":4,"name":"Awad H. Khidhir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mosul","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Awad","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Khidhir","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-25 14:53:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6106289/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6106289/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79673655,"identity":"8187cb82-541b-4076-baa6-8cef0a986785","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 11:49:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50672,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM micrograph and EDX ult of Silicon Carbide particles.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6106289/v1/4a018abc13826ae535744a65.jpg"},{"id":79673658,"identity":"9b760797-9ef8-404e-8b52-6041bbbc018c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 11:49:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM micrograph and EDX result of Fly ash particles.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6106289/v1/2228edcca05b5ace8a07779c.jpg"},{"id":79673656,"identity":"ac674759-0df6-42c7-a566-0c219d7aca51","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 11:49:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57775,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Lee’s Disc apparatus and (b) schematic graph for Lee’s disc apparatus.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6106289/v1/7b151d2df73e51230702bd77.jpg"},{"id":79674915,"identity":"ed1efb9e-63af-4209-a27c-663ef4be10af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 11:57:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55109,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eshows the influence of SiC particles size on the thermal conductivity of SiC/Epoxy composite.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6106289/v1/24e05b6f0fd69d46f07cb7b6.jpg"},{"id":79675492,"identity":"fa3a5595-f56f-4082-8647-dc68f10be469","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:05:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51743,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eshows the influence of SiC volume fraction on thermal conductivity of SiC/Epoxy composites.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6106289/v1/05f429b734850faf854a7a16.jpg"},{"id":79673659,"identity":"de295260-a28d-4f9c-b473-a6f689c6a405","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 11:49:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55362,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe influence of Fly ash particles size on the thermal conductivity of Fly ash/Epoxy composites by using different volume fraction\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6106289/v1/ef14a4714da66a75d81d35a2.jpg"},{"id":79676509,"identity":"9f1257a6-0cb4-42f7-abd7-b4ca42001ab6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:13:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54970,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe relevance between the volume fraction of Epoxy composites filled with Fly ash and the thermal conductivity.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6106289/v1/7a07cee763f11e54c49301ec.jpg"},{"id":81024369,"identity":"a88c1fcf-d0d2-42de-bd48-37871dfec61f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 10:17:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1059729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6106289/v1/6aae6090-25d0-42ca-854c-e523bf11daf9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Thermal Conductivity of Particulate Epoxy Matrix Composite Materials","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTraditional heat dissipater materials have struggled to match the packaging requirements of electronic devices as the semiconductor industry's desire for integrating electronic devices has grown. As a result, epoxy resin-based high-conductivity polymers that provide great insulation, superior corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and cheap cost are increasingly employed in heat dissipation applications [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, epoxy resins extremely low thermal conductivity previously restricted its use in heat dissipation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe epoxy resin-based material's thermal conductivity may alter by adding other materials with a variable volume or mass ratio (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e composite material). A composite material can be defined as a combination or mixing between two or more different materials to produce a new material have a different properties from its constituents [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Several researchers investigated the thermal and electrical properties of epoxy composites that were filled with silicon oxide and aluminum oxide micro particles. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Samples were created with different weight percentages of filler material up to 60%. To estimate the thermal conductivity of two-phase composites, the mixture rule was used to compare the theoretical results with the experimental investigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that incorporating all of the fillers used in this study resulted in a substantial increase in thermal conductivity when compared to pure epoxy. Other researchers studied the heat transfer process inside a composite material of epoxy reinforced with micro-sized zirconia particles, and the practical results were compared with the obtained from the numerical simulation. They discovered that when the volume proportion of zirconia in the epoxy matrix increases, so does the effective thermal conductivity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. This work investigated the effective thermal conductivity of epoxy/teak wood dust for various volume fractions, and compared the experimental results with four theoretical models (Russel model, Maxwell model, Rule of Mixture model, and Baschirow \u0026amp; Selenew model). It was concluded that when the filler material percentage increases cause decreases in the thermal conductivity value. Meaning that epoxy/teak wood dust composites have good insulating properties. The influence of micro-particle size, volume fraction, and filler types on thermal conductivity was investigated in this study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrough experimental investigation, the purpose of this research is to determine how the addition of fillers with varying sizes and concentrations of fly ash and silicon carbide particles to epoxy resin affects the material's thermal conductivity. The study's findings might be useful as a guide for researchers studying thermal conductivity management.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS","content":" \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1. Matrix Material\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpoxy is one of the most common thermosetting polymers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The Epoxy used in this research as a matrix material is (Sikadur\u0026reg;-52 LP) type which is manufactured by the Turkish company (Sika) and its specification is shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpoxy characteristic according to the manufacture specification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06 g/cc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixing ratio resin: hardener\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical compound of Epoxy is pertaining to the epoxide family which is known as (Bisphenol -A-Diglycidyl-Ether).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2. Filler Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2.1 Silicon Carbide Particles\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood thermal properties of Silicon Carbide make it preferred as a reinforcing filler material for polymer, ceramic and metal matrices. Silicon Carbide was used as a reinforcing material for the preparation of the polymer composites, its density (3.1 g/cc). Five different micro-sized of Silicon Carbide were tested (37, 53, 75, 106, and 150 microns). The chemical composition of Silicon Carbide is shown in the table (2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative findings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" 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\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePk/Bg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLconf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHconf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCat#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SEM micrograph and typical EDX spectra result of Silicon Carbide particles are illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2.2 Fly ash Particles\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA waste product or byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants is fly ash, as it rises with the gases coming out of the stacks of these plants. Fly ash with five different particle sizes (37, 53, 75, 106, and 150 microns), were used in this research as a filler material in the fabrication of the composites. Fly ash density that used in this work is (2.12 g/cc). The chemical compositions of Fly ash are shown in the table (3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative findings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e484.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1013.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2572\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1988\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4391\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZAF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7678\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8776\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOx%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePk/Bg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLConf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSi\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTi\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SEM micrograph and typical EDX spectra result of Fly ash particles are illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to being dried, the molds were manually cleaned with DI-water, ethanol, and compressed nitrogen. The process of fabricating the Epoxy based composite is in three different volume fractions (10, 20, and 30%) with five different particles size (37, 53, 75, 106, and 150 microns). Placing the specified amount of pre-weighted Epoxy resin in a paper cup and then adding the filler material amount according to the specified sample volume fraction. Mixing Epoxy resin with the filler particles using a variable speed drilling, at a high speed for five minutes to uniformly disperse the fillers in the Epoxy resin. Then, the hardener with the specified amount is added to the mixture and mix at low speed to avoid bubbles formation (or minimum bubbles formation) for five minutes to ensure a homogeneous mixture of the Epoxy matrix with the fillers. The mixing ratio of the Epoxy resin and its hardener is 2:1 by weight as recommended by the manufacturer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe polyvinylchloride (PVC) tubes are cut into molds, which result in rings with an inner diameter of \u003cem\u003e100 mm\u003c/em\u003e and a thickness of \u003cem\u003e5 mm\u003c/em\u003e. The samples were scoped into the PVC molds. All the molds were placed on glass substrate. To prevent samples adhesive with the substrate, the substrates coated with Folientrennmittel PVA liquid. After 24 hours, all the molds were removed. All experimental are prepared out at laboratory temperature and pressure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;(4) and (5) show details of samples of Silicon Carbide/Epoxy composites and Fly ash/Epoxy composites, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesigning the samples of Silicon Carbide/Epoxy composites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiC particle size in (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition (Vol.%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%Epoxy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpS15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Epoxy\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% SiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e Designing the samples of Fly ash/Epoxy composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFly ash particle size in (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition (Vol.%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100% Epoxy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Epoxy /10% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Epoxy /20% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Epoxy /30% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Epoxy /10% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Epoxy /20% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Epoxy /30% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Epoxy /10% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Epoxy /20% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Epoxy /30% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Epoxy /10% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Epoxy /20% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Epoxy /30% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Epoxy / 10% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Epoxy / 20% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpFA15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Epoxy / 30% Fly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Thermal Conductivity Measurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLee's disc apparatus (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) was used for measuring the thermal conductivity (K) of the samples (both pure and composite). Steady state method is used to measure the samples thermal conductivity. It gave reliable values and results [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9 CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample shape is cylindrical with diameter equal to the diameter of the metal discs apparatus (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\varnothing\\:=100\\:mm\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Using this apparatus to test the thermal conductivity, first of all, we need to put distilled water inside the copper vessel. Then, locate the sample between the two metal discs of the apparatus. Lastly, insert the thermometers into the hollows of the two metal discs. All components of the device are suspended in the air by the holder to eliminate any other conductive effects. Water is heated by electric heat source to generate the steam. The steam enters the steam chamber, which is directly above the upper metal disc. This leads to heat the upper metal disc and heat is transmitted to the sample. The heat is transmitted from the upper disc across the sample to the lower metal disc. After a period of time, the system reaches the steady state, that means the amount of heat transferred from the sample to the lower disc is equivalent to the amount of heat released by convection on the lower disc (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e the temperature of the upper and lower discs was constant). Both temperatures were used in the Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) to calculate the thermal conductivity experimentally. For steady state, upper and lower metal discs temperatures were recorded. Then, the sample is removed from its place between the two metal discs to continue the heating process of the lower metal disc until it becomes about 10 degrees higher than the temperature at the steady state of the lower one. After that the upper metal disc was removed and place the sample on top of the lower metal disc. Record the lower metal disc temperatures every 30 second up to 10 degrees below the steady state lower metal disc temperature. Plot the time-temperature heat curve and extract the slope at steady state temperature of the lower metal disc. Using a screw gauge, we take five readings of the thickness of the sample in different regions and extract the average thickness of the sample, then applying Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) to calculate the thermal conductivity (K).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy using the following equation, we can calculate the thermal conductivity:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:K=\\frac{M\\:S{\\left(\\frac{d\\theta\\:}{dt}\\right)}_{{\\theta\\:}_{2}}X}{\\pi\\:{r}^{2}\\left({\\theta\\:}_{1}-{\\theta\\:}_{2}\\right)}*\\frac{\\left(r+2h\\right)}{2\\left(r+h\\right)}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe thermal conductivity of composite materials affected by the type of materials that make it up (material type for the matrix and the filler), the volume fraction of these components, in addition to the size of the particles of the filler material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the relationship between thermal conductivity of SiC/Epoxy composite and the filling particle size (37, 53, 75,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e106, and 150) microns. Where it is seen in the same particle content of the Epoxy composites reinforced with silicon carbide that the thermal conductivity rises with decreasing in particles size of the silicon carbide. Justifying this perhaps that the size\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eof the smaller particles leads to reducing the inter-particle distance, which in turn increases the chances of forming a thermal pathway for the particles (SiC-SiC), and the thermal resistance of the silicon carbide-silicon carbide interface is small [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the thermal conductivity of pure Epoxy and Silicon Carbide/Epoxy composites as a function of the filler volume fraction (10, 20, and 30%) of silicon carbide particles. The same behavior can be seen in the dependence of thermal conductivity on filler loading ratio of all composites, which is the rise in thermal conductivity with rising volume fraction of silicon carbide compared to pure epoxy thermal conductivity, this may be due to the formation of a thermal pathway of silicon carbide particles as the thermal interface resistance of SiC-SiC is extremely less than the thermal interface resistance of Epoxy resin-SiC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e depicts the effect of different sized Fly ash particles (37, 53, 75, 106, and 150 microns) on the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites filled with Fly ash with the same volume fraction. It indicates that when the fly ash particle size increases, the heat conductivity tends to decrease., the reason possibly due to the increase in the thermal resistance of the matrix-filler interface with the increase in the particle size. The resistance of the thermal contact at the Epoxy-Fly ash interface is believed to have a prevalent role in impeding thermal conductivity of the composite [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental values of thermal conductivity for pure epoxy risen and Epoxy composites filling with Fly ash that have various volume fractions (10%, 20% and 30%) as can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. From all sizes of Fly ash shown in the figure mentioned above, it is evident that thermal conductivity of Fly ash/Epoxy composites decrease with rising the volume fraction of the filler compared with thermal conductivity of pure Epoxy. The cause of the drop in the thermal conductivity is presumably attributable not only to the drop in the thermal conductivity of the Fly ash, but also to the thermal interface resistance between the Epoxy and the Fly ash, which rises with increasing in the volume fraction of Fly ash [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuccessful fabrication of SiC/Epoxy and Fly ash/epoxy composites by hand layup method is possible.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was found that with the increase of the silicon carbide content and decrease in the particle size, the thermal conductivity increased, reaching the highest value with an increase (40.6%) compared with pure epoxy when adding 30 Vol.% silicon carbide with a particle size of 37 micron.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is appropriate that adding of fly ash particulates enhances epoxy resin's insulation properties. It was discovered that as the fly ash's volume fraction and particulate size raised, the thermal conductivity dropped to record the lowest value at a rate of reduction (32.5%) compared with pure epoxy by adding 30% of fly ash with a particle size of 150 microns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethermal conductivity (W/m.K)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emetallic disc's mass (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003especific heat capacity of the disc's material (S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;370 J/kg.K)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edθ/dt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe rate of cooling at steady state temperature θ2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean thickness of the sample (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emetallic disc's radius (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethickness of metallic disc (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eθ1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esteady state temperature of the upper metallic disc (K)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e,kjukiy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Mohamed Alzedan,Omer Alabidalkreem , Zenaa Abid,and Awad Khidhir wrote the main manuscript text and Mohamed Alzedan ;Hassan Alsarraj. prepared all the figures . All authors reviewed the manuscript.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe datasets used and/ or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding auther on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi, T., Heinzer, M. J., Francis, L. F. \u0026amp; Bates, F. S. Engineering superior toughness in commercially viable block copolymer modified epoxy resin. \u003cem\u003eJ. Polym. Sci. Part. B Polym. 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Available: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/jemmr.18.00097?journalCode=jemmr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/jemmr.18.00097?journalCode=jemmr\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6106289/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6106289/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The thermal conductivity was tested for epoxy-based composites filled with microparticles of silicon carbide and fly ash with different volume fractions and different particle sizes. Three volume fractions of the fillers (10, 20, and 30 Volume%) and five sizes of particles (37, 53, 75, 106, and 150 microns). The silicon carbide particles and fly ash were fabricated separately by using the hand lay-up method. Using Lee's disc apparatus, the thermal conductivity of all samples was measured experimentally. According to the results, the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites rises with increases in the volume percentage of silicon carbide particles. Same behavior is found as decreasing particle size of these particles. The maximum thermal conductivity values were found, which were 40.6% higher than the thermal conductivity value of pure epoxy. In contrast, the thermal conductivity of the epoxy composites falls as the volume fraction increases when adding the fly ash. Same behavior is found as decreasing particle size of the fly ash. The lowest thermal conductivity value was obtained with a reduction rate of 32.5% of the thermal conductivity of pure epoxy. In conclusion, adding fly ash to pure epoxy improves the thermal insulation properties of the fly ash/epoxy composites.","manuscriptTitle":"Thermal Conductivity of Particulate Epoxy Matrix Composite Materials","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-01 11:49:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6106289/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d39bb917-4964-405f-af3d-3fcf7051d59f","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":46215156,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering"},{"id":46215157,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science/Structural materials/Composites"},{"id":46215158,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":46215159,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-21T10:09:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-01 11:49:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6106289","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6106289","identity":"rs-6106289","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}