Pathogens in PICU before and during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in China: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

Background: Nonpharmacological interventions for COVID-19 could reduce the incidence of children hospitalized in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) and the incidence of children with bacterial infections. This study aimed to evaluate changes in the bacterial profile of children in PICU before and during the COVID-19 pandemics. Methods The present study is a retrospective, involving clinical data of children with positive bacterial cultures admitted to the PICU respectively in 2019 and 2021. Results In total 652 children were included in this study. The total number of hospitalized patients and the incidence of bacteria-positive children in 2021 were lower than those in 2019. There were no significant differences in the ratio of Gram-positive bacterial infection, Gram-negative bacteria infection or fungi infection between the two years. The rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae in 2021 was higher than that in 2019(p = 0.127). The incidence of Haemophilus influenzae in hospitalized patients decreased with a downward trend(p = 0.002).The distribution of previous underlying diseases in children admitted to PICU with different outcomes of bacterial infection between the two years were homogeneous (P > 0.05). Conclusion After the implementation of COVID-19 isolation, prevention and control measures, the number of hospitalizations and bacterial infections in PICU decreased, which may be due to changes in population's behavior patterns. Meanwhile, the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae in hospitalized patients decreased with a downward trend. Trial Registration http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx (ChiCTR2200057182). The date of registration is March 02, 2022.