Integrative Analysis of Earth to Space Propagation in the EHF Band

In today's modern era, with the development of 5G and 6G technologies, free frequency domains for communication have become a valuable resource. As the frequencies increase, atmospheric conditions produce different challenges and effects that affect the propagation of the signal. These effects require a deep understanding in order to enable Point-to-Point communication. Point-to-Point communication can occur over short distances, such as a few meters, or over long distances, such as in deep space. This article presents a solution based on an integrative analytical model for calculating atmospheric inferior values of an electromagnetic signal at any desired distance transmitted from the Earth. The model encompasses dispersion, refraction, and absorption effects caused by various atmospheric phenomena. The mathematical analysis adds that the placement of the signal along its height is not linear, and the transmission angle also affects the values. The results presented will influence the selection of working frequencies in different areas and distances, such as communication between ground and space and inter-satellite communication link (ISL).