Novel Design and Fabrication of a Tunable Watch Antenna for Wideband Wireless Applications

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Abdel Halim, Omnia Hamdy This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6128656/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The novel design and fabrication of tunable watch antenna for both wideband wireless applications are presented in this paper. Arrows in the watch radiating patch designed to control the bandwidth; also a ground structure designed beneath the radiating patch to allow multi-band operation. If the arrows of the watch mention to a certain time; this allows certain multiband, while if the time changes it allows another different multiband, the antenna performs as a wideband antenna (WBA). Furthermore, we can obtain different frequency bands by assuming a mechanism to change the time of the watch. The antenna examined at 1, 2, 3, 4 o’clock in simulation; while the 1:45 o’clock design was fabricated. The S 11 in the four simulated cases was examined to check the obtained frequency bands. The 1:45 o’clock fabricated antenna has a unique design and footprint of (diameter 30 x 0.635 height) mm. The S 11 for the simulated and measured antenna was examined. The obtained gain and efficiency were 70 dB and − 20 dB, respectively. The axial ratio also examined and was less than 3dB. When the position of either the minutes or hours arrow changes the antenna acts as a WBA with different operating frequency bands. The mechanism of the proposed antenna designates it as a wideband antenna for GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, Wi-MAX, 5G (Ultra-Fast & Low Latency) communications applications Multiband antenna Tunable antenna Wireless communications Patch antenna Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1. Introduction Wireless communications and its applications grow rapidly in the recent decades. All researches focus on developing both the hard ware and software related with wireless communications. As the wireless communication applications increase in the human daily life; the need to find new frequency bands increase [1]. However, the antenna considered as one of the main parameters in any wireless communication system. It was very important to devote a great effort to design different types of antennas for different applications. Antennas have different parameters, including radiation efficiency, bandwidth, return loss, and radiation pattern. Researchers in recent years studied the effect of the antenna design on these parameters. In recent years most researches focus on achieving high data bit rates with low cost for (5G) communications [2–6]. The data bit rate for (5G) communication systems is 1000 times faster than that (4G) communication system [2]. Also the 5G Radio Access Networks (RANs) would manage several 5G bands [7]. The ITU-R has considered different parameters to follow the increasing needs for the international mobile telephony (IMT) spectrum. The entire requirements 2020 criterion completed by ITU-R [8]. The proposed antenna covers different frequency bands including the 5G frequency bands GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, Wi-MAX, 5G. The lower frequency band will guarantee better coverage for modern wireless communications. For frequencies lower than 6 GHz, 5G communications provide better data bit rates and wider coverage areas with outside-to-inside network coverage [9]. A sub-6 GHz antenna designs in the literature heavily utilize printed antenna technology. Discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) are utilized in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems to enhance spectral efficiency. So wavelet transforms designated to design antenna diversity scheme to enhance the efficiency of system performance [10–15]. New technologies resulted in small and highly effective antennas. Printed micro strip slot antennas are widely used to design antenna in this class [16–20]. Many applications for slot antennas used in Wi-MAX, WLAN, Bluetooth, 4G LTE. Also slot antennas are used in wireless 5G applications. In literature a number of different slot antenna design methods, including the: the transformer triple band slot antenna [16], the cross-shaped slot coupler antenna [21], the circular patch antenna with asymmetric open slots [22], the octagonal slot antenna with U-shaped strips for UWB applications [23], the monopole radiator with square slot and L-shaped strips [24], the C-shaped coupled fed antenna with L-shaped monopole slot having orthogonal polarization [25], a broad slot antenna with hypothetical resonances [26], F-shaped slotted MIMO antenna with [27], two monopole antennas with two rectangular etched slots and a T-shaped stub [28], an elliptical patch antenna with an elliptical slot and dipole fed [29], an antenna with a radiating element made of CSRR slots and fed by a meandered CPW [30], and U-shaped slot antennas with wide band applications are among the antenna types [31, 32]. The improved high gain, efficiency, and small footprint of antenna designs, continue to be an issue. There are some few drawbacks of slot antennas for 5G applications in the sub-6 GHz range, including the bigger slot size, narrow bandwidth, low gain and low efficiency. So, low-profile antennas are necessary for 5G applications. As a result, the antenna thickness at 3.3 GHz should be around 1 mm [33, 34]. The design and implementation of multilayer watch antennas with wide bands for different wireless applications are presented in this paper. The feed for the watch radiating patch comes from a transmission cable. A ground structure allows the bandwidth to optimize. The watch radiating region has arrows structure attached in the middle to allow for multi-band operation. A band-stop filter with a controllable resonant frequency can be additionally made by shortening and adjusting the length. The antenna design has a compact size of (30 x 0.635) mm, peak gain, and efficiency of about 70 dB and -20 dB, respectively. The paper contributions of this study are summarized as follows: 1. The (diameter 30 x 0.635 height) mm. The compact size of the suggested antenna construction 2. It operates throughout a wide frequency range 0.1 –6 GHz. 3. By adjusting the time mentioned by watch arrows the frequency bands change 4. The proposed antenna has a realized peak gain of about 60 dB and is intended for GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, Wi-MAX, 5G (Ultra-Fast & Low Latency) communications applications. The proposed antenna’s advantages of easy manufacturing and low profile ensured it as strong contender for the design of multi-band antennas. 6. By assuming a mechanism to control the arrows position; different multiband frequencies can be obtained and the antenna becomes tunable. The paper is organized as follows: As explained in Sect. 2, the suggested watch is built and simulated using the computer-simulated technology (CST) microwave package. Sect. 3 contains the results and discussion for the obtained results. A comparison of the suggested antennas with the relevant works is shown in Sect. 4. Lastly, the conclusion is provided in Sect. 5 2. Method and experiment 2.1 Proposed antenna structures Figure 1 illustrates the geometry of the watch antenna. All dimensions of the antenna are(diameter 30 x 0.635 height), and the antenna composed of 2 copper plated sheets. In this study, Roger’s RO6010 as substratum was utilized since its electrical characteristics ( \(\:{\epsilon\:}_{r}=10.5\) , conductivity 0.0015 S/m, loss tangent is 0.0022). RO6010 was favored due to its easy availability and its compatibility with ordinary manufacturing procedures making in-house prototype manufacturing possible. The suggested tunable watch antenna composed of the ground copper sheet. The substrate was sandwiched between the ground and the laminated copper sheet with thickness 0.005 mm. The hour’s arrow etched inside the watch patch, while the minute’s arrow consists of three layers: ground, substrate and patch as illustrated in Fig. 1 . The feeder connected to the minute’s arrow through the pin. The minute’s arrow connected to the watch patch through via2. The ground connected to the watch patch through via1. So the current path increases which is responsible the wide band. Changing the position of the minute’s arrow resulted in a new multiband antenna. If we managed to design a mechanism to control the watch arrows then we have what is called a tunable antenna. Table 1 lists the dimensions of the proposed antenna. Table. 1 the dimensions (mm) of the proposed antenna A B C D E F G H I 30 27 13 10 8 13 15 6 4 The watch antenna, often referred to as a watch patch antenna, is a type of micro-strip antenna that includes a watch patch. The design and analysis of such antennas requires understanding the distribution of the electromagnetic fields, the resonant frequencies and the impedance characteristics. However, the fundamental outline of equations involved in the design of the proposed watch antenna can be given. To calculate the dimensions of the antenna the following equations used. For a simple micro-strip patch antenna, the resonant frequency f 0 is given by: $$\:{f}_{0}=\:\frac{1}{2\sqrt{{\epsilon\:}_{r}L}}\sqrt{\frac{c}{2L}}$$ where c is the speed of light in free space (3× 10 8 m/s), \(\:{\epsilon\:}_{r}\) is the relative permittivity of the substrate, L is the length of the patch. The effective dielectric constant ( \(\:{\epsilon\:}_{r\:eff}\) ) can be approximated as: \(\:\) \(\:{\epsilon\:}_{r\:eff}=\:\frac{{\epsilon\:}_{r}+1}{2}+\:\frac{{\epsilon\:}_{r}-1}{2}{⌈1+12\frac{h}{W}⌉}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\) Where h is the height of the substrate, W is the width of the patch. The dimensions of the patch (width W and length L) are given by: $$\:w=\:\frac{c}{2{f}_{0}}\sqrt{\frac{2}{{\epsilon\:}_{r}+1}}$$ $$\:L=\:\frac{1}{2{f}_{r}\sqrt{{ϵ}_{reff}}\:\sqrt{\:{\mu\:}_{0}{\epsilon\:}_{0}}}-2\varDelta\:L$$ Where ΔL is the length extension due to fringing fields and is given by: $$\:\frac{\varDelta\:L}{h}=0.412\frac{\left({ϵ}_{reff}+0.3\right)(\frac{w}{h}+0.264)}{\left({ϵ}_{reff-0.258}\right)(\frac{w}{h}+0.8)}$$ The watch antenna dimensions will vary according to the desired performance and tuning. The Circular watch shaped radius will affect the impedance bandwidth and can be optimized based on obtained simulation results. In Fig. 2 the simulated scattering parameter S 11 of the proposed antenna structure at various positions of the arrows, the antenna functions as a WBA with a broad operating frequency band from 0.1 to 10 GHz. Nonetheless, the antenna operates as a multi band antenna. When the arrow position is at 1 o’clock position; the antenna resonates at frequencies (2.2 GHz, 3.7 GHz, 4.3 GHz, 5.2 GHz, 5.9 GHz ) With S 11 (-26 dB, -23 dB, -18 dB, -13dB, -17 dB ) respectively. When the arrow position is at 2 o’clock position; the antenna resonates at frequencies (1.6 GHz, 4.4GHz, 5.1GHz) With S 11 (-11 dB, -10 dB, -17 dB) respectively. When the arrow position is at 3 o’clock position; the antenna resonates at frequencies (3.5 GHz, 4.25 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5.1 GHz, 5.5 GHz, 5.9 GHz ) with S 11 (-17 dB, -21 dB, -16 dB, -18dB, -30 dB, − 15 dB) respectively. Finally when the arrow position is at 4 o’clock position; the antenna resonates at frequencies (1.55 GHz, 4.2 GHz, 5.1 GHz, 5.95 GHz ) with S 11 (-18dB, -16dB, -20dB, -21dB) respectively. The fabricated antenna was designed at 1:45 o’clock and the resulting resonant frequency was (0.5 GHz, 1.1 GHz, 2.1 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.53 GHz) with S 11 (-24 dB, -13 dB, -16 dB, -27 dB, -13 dB) respectively as shown in Fig. 3 . Antenna manufacturing and the experimental measurements were performed at the National Telecommunication Institute (NTI), Cairo, Egypt. 2.2 Surface current distribution Figure 4 shows the surface current distributions, which offer a better understanding for the design’s operation. Different resonating frequencies are obtained, ranging from 0.5 to 6 GHz, as shown surface currents flowing along the edge of the feed patch and the center watch-shaped structure. Different resonating frequencies were produced with the effect of the surface currents. 3. Results and discussion The experimental measurements of the antenna were implemented using vector network analyzer (Rohde & Schwarz ZVB 20, 10 MHz—20 GHz). Figure 5 shows the prototype of the fabricated antenna which used in the measurement setup to characterize the manufactured prototypes and compute the radiation parameters in the azimuth and elevation planes. 3.1 Reflection Coefficient Figure 6 presents the simulated and measured S 11 for the antenna at 1:45 o’clock. The resulting simulated resonance frequencies were (1.1 GHz, 2.1 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.53 GHz) with S 11 ( -13dB, -16dB, -27dB, -13dB) respectively, while the measured resonance frequencies were (1.17, 2.09, 3.07, 3.52, 4.05, 4.2, 5) GHz respectively with corresponding S 11 (-37, -19, -29, -11, -20, -23, -20.5) dB respectively. Table.2 summarizes the obtained results for the fabricated antenna. There was a shift in the operating frequencies in the fabricated antenna to the left; this is due to the arrows fixation process and the errors resulting from the soldering process. Table. 2 the obtained results Frequency band Frequency (GHz) S 11 (dB) Band width (MHz) 1 Simulated 1.15 -14 105 Measured 1.17 -37 25 2 Simulated 2.23 -16 98 Measured 2.09 -19 20 3 Simulated 3.12 -10 30 Measured 3.07 -29 39 4 Simulated 3.48 -26 65 Measured 3.52 -11 15 5 Simulated 4.2 -10 20 Measured 4.05 -20 15 6 Simulated 4.45 -5 22 Measured 4.2 -23 17 7 Simulated 5.13 -11 25 Measured 5 -20.5 20 3.2 Radiation Patterns Figure 7 shows the simulated and measured 2D radiation patterns for the proposed antenna at resonant frequencies. Figure 8 shows the computed 3D radiation patterns for the proposed antenna for 1:45 o’clock. The radiation patterns in the H- and E-planes show plots of cross- and co-polarization, respectively. The excellent coincidence between the generated and measured patterns is evident. The discrepancies between the simulated and measured findings could be due to the errors resulting from the connectors’ soldering and manufacturing processes. 3.3 Gain, Efficiency and Axial Ratio Figure 10 displays the proposed antenna’s attained gain. The maximum obtained gain was 70 dB at frequency 5 GHz, while at 2.22 GHz the gain was 60 dB. At 4 GHz the obtained gain was 55 dB. Furthermore, Fig. 11 shows the total efficiency of the proposed antenna was calculated. The antenna shows an efficiency − 20 dB at 2.2 GHz and 4 GHz. Axial Ratio (AR) of an antenna is defined as the ratio between the major and minor axis of a circularly polarized antenna pattern. $$\:AR\left(dB\right)=20\:.\:{log}_{10}\:\left(\frac{Major\:Axis}{Minor\:Axis}\right)$$ If an antenna has perfect circular polarization then this ratio would be 1 (0 dB). In addition, the axial ratio tends to degrade away from the main beam of an antenna, so the axial ratio may be indicated in (data sheet) for an antenna as follows: Axial Ratio: \(\:<3\:\text{d}\text{B}\) for \(\:\pm\:\) 30 degrees from main beam. As shown in Fig. 12 the frequency band for circular polarization from 2.1GHz to 3.15 GHz and above 5 GHz. Figure.13 shows the measuring apparatus, Vector Network Analyizer. 4. Comparison with related works Despite attempts to produce a multiband antenna with outstanding performance, design considerations like the low profile and improved gain make it challenging to sacrifice the compact size. In this paper, a multilayer multiband watch antenna is introduced. As the most important factors for wireless communications applications, different parameters were studied when developing the proposed structure for GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, Wi-MAX, 5G (Ultra-Fast & Low Latency) communications applications. In comparison to the works presented in the papers from 1 to 6 listed in Table 3 , the proposed multi-band watch antenna exhibits excellent features and performance in terms of reflection coefficient, the operating bandwidth (GHz), and gain (dB). Table 3 Comparison with related works No. Ref Size Operating band (GHz) Gain (dBi) 1 [ 16 ] 0.46λ0×0.29λ0 2.3-3 3.25–3.68 4.9–6.2 4.32 2 [ 23 ] 0.24λ0×0.18λ0 3.1–10.6 2.5 3 [ 24 ] 0.38λ0×0.34λ0 2.34–2.82 3.16–4.06 4.69–5.37 3.02 4 [ 29 ] 0.9λ0×0.78λ0 2.75–5.45 8.4 5 [ 31 ] 0.39λ0×0.28λ0 3.5–3.75 4.85–5.2 5.5–5.7 8 6 [ 34 ] 0.35λ0×0.35λ0 1.8–3.7 4.05–5.5 8.5 7 This work 30 x 0.637 1–6 GHz 60 5. Conclusions The novel tunable watch antenna for different wireless applications is the main focus of this work. CST Microwave Studio has been used to simulate the proposed multi-band antenna design. The performance of the antenna with respect to its parameters was analyzed considering the S 11 , peak gain dB, total efficiency, radiation patterns and axial ratio. The antenna has a footprint of (30 x 0.657), peak gain, and efficiency of about 60 dB -20 dB respectively. This antenna’s less complicated design, cheaper manufacturing cost and all the associated factors make it a potential competitor for GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, Wi-MAX, 5G (Ultra-Fast & Low Latency) communications applications. Declarations Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Data Availability The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Conflict of interest The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Ethical Approval This study does not involve any experiments on human or animal subjects. All testing and simulations were conducted using computational models and artificial prototypes. We confirm that no ethical approvals were required for this research. Author Contribution Statement: Ashraf S. Abdel Halim: Conceptualization, Theoretical Analysis, Antenna Design, and Writing – Original Draft.Omnia Hamdy: Fabrication, Experimental Setup, Data Collection, Analysis, and Writing – Review & Editing.This ensures clarity on the roles each author played in the research. References Ashraf Abdel Halim, Mohanad Mostafa. Omnia Hamdy, Design and Implementation of 3.2‑GHz Co‑Planar Miniaturized Antenna for S‑Band Communication and Wireless Applications, Wireless Personal Communications, 132(3) 1887-1897, 22 July 2023, DOI: 10.1007/s11277-023-10686-9 U. Rafique, S. Khan, S.M. Abbas, P. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6128656","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":428182697,"identity":"fc4434f1-38bc-4eda-8119-f1dd7e7b70a8","order_by":0,"name":"Ashraf S. Abdel Halim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Canadian International College (CIC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ashraf","middleName":"S. Abdel","lastName":"Halim","suffix":""},{"id":428182698,"identity":"58b9d6f3-6a94-458a-b045-733dd4f4a5aa","order_by":1,"name":"Omnia Hamdy","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAwwVDDx8SFxitJxh4GEjSQsDYxsDA/Fa+MXOHjzwc94dGTb29gcMP9sY5PhuJDA+/IJHi+TsvISDvdue8bDxnDFg7G1jMJa8kcBsLINHi8HtHIMDvNsO87BJ5DAwA12YuOFGApu0BAEtB//OAWqRf/4ApKUeqIX9NyEth3kbQLYwGIC0JBgAbWH8gNcvQC0yx4BaeIDW9ZyTMJx55mGzNB4dDPzSOcYf39QctudnP/7wwY8yG3m+48kHP/7ApwcZHGBgAHmCsYGZh1gtcMBItC2jYBSMglEwEgAAjbJLmBNlwgsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omnia","middleName":"","lastName":"Hamdy","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-28 12:38:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6128656/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6128656/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78733656,"identity":"8f602b68-b0ef-451f-a473-4b6d2dc8c61f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-18 07:54:25","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":308297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e1a. The dimensions of the proposed Watch antenna; b. The shortening between the patch and ground\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/498b6a5a004efedebdd6e8a1.png"},{"id":78733658,"identity":"0d9f4fd0-113c-45dd-b5e0-b510d199c1fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-18 07:54:25","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":467057,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe simulation of the watch antenna in different positions of the minuets arrow; a) the simulated design. b) The S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003efor different positions\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/a27c090aac0ff9713de70000.png"},{"id":78733661,"identity":"a27ce696-72f6-48e3-97e2-1d0badcd4636","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-18 07:54:25","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":371525,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSimulated S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e of the proposed antenna\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/b43be8d31a8f2535c31de3e0.png"},{"id":78736194,"identity":"571cdfb2-50f6-4b31-aa84-e0653b1eb2d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-18 08:18:25","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":328714,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ecurrent distributions for 1:45 o’clock design at the operating frequencies\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/c374e783711ee932a9da2401.png"},{"id":78735742,"identity":"9606fd57-eeda-4baa-9038-1ee14bc95785","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-18 08:10:25","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":275103,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFabricated prototypes of the proposed antennas\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/2a88c2a25f79f0953db0f1f2.png"},{"id":78734642,"identity":"9cc378cf-b1b7-4d82-8326-c9fde1496ccb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-18 08:02:25","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":126246,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe S­\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e for the simulated and measured antenna\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/a5557e3cc8880557d32d172d.png"},{"id":78734648,"identity":"5ef1fa9d-5e66-4783-928f-5e63bc825fd7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-18 08:02:25","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":332061,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe radiation pattern for the simulated and measured antenna a) the E-plane radiation pattern b) The H-plane radiation pattern\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/5a2ad544bf9428920c4cb416.png"},{"id":78734646,"identity":"0b1d4c2c-95cd-4c99-b656-5c475784bcbd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-18 08:02:25","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":128207,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe 3- D radiation pattern for the proposed antenna\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/4322a3a43fae40bc00130599.png"},{"id":78736195,"identity":"5db302d6-2d30-4f97-aa45-1c432976b8ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-18 08:18:25","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":230097,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure. 10 Gain of the proposed antenna\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/f94b06099a9d3b7698768c7f.png"},{"id":78733666,"identity":"601a5804-8536-4fa4-824b-fd64e5bfbd83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-18 07:54:25","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":218092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure. 11 Efficiency of the proposed antenna\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/b8dc21a37a2fb2a258f04485.png"},{"id":78734655,"identity":"ed2bbed0-ab1c-4d44-9e69-cca5efd17b03","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-18 08:02:25","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":193736,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure. 12 Axial Ratio for the proposed antenna\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/3e725851f4fef0e5d980e01b.png"},{"id":78733668,"identity":"b420e48b-9c2e-4492-a80e-8bb74845c69d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-18 07:54:25","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":533256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure. 13 Measurement setup of the proposed antennas using VNA\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/30d0072b5a7bcd31f6569a2c.png"},{"id":79471966,"identity":"53693d7d-40be-4ee4-a8a7-2a799d2dbd1b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 23:16:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3927700,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128656/v1/1646015e-e2e5-40d4-9517-479336f1e877.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Novel Design and Fabrication of a Tunable Watch Antenna for Wideband Wireless Applications","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWireless communications and its applications grow rapidly in the recent decades. All researches focus on developing both the hard ware and software related with wireless communications. As the wireless communication applications increase in the human daily life; the need to find new frequency bands increase [1].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the antenna considered as one of the main parameters in any wireless communication system. It was very important to devote a great effort to design different types of antennas for different applications. Antennas have different parameters, including radiation efficiency, bandwidth, return loss, and radiation pattern. Researchers in recent years studied the effect of the antenna design on these parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn recent years most researches focus on achieving high data bit rates with low cost for (5G) communications [2\u0026ndash;6]. The data bit rate for (5G) communication systems is 1000 times faster than that (4G) communication system [2]. Also the 5G Radio Access Networks (RANs) would manage several 5G bands [7]. The ITU-R has considered different parameters to follow the increasing needs for the international mobile telephony (IMT) spectrum. The entire requirements 2020 criterion completed by ITU-R [8].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proposed antenna covers different frequency bands including the 5G frequency bands GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, Wi-MAX, 5G. The lower frequency band will guarantee better coverage for modern wireless communications. For frequencies lower than 6\u0026nbsp;GHz, 5G communications provide better data bit rates and wider coverage areas with outside-to-inside network coverage [9]. A sub-6\u0026nbsp;GHz antenna designs in the literature heavily utilize printed antenna technology. Discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) are utilized in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems to enhance spectral efficiency. So wavelet transforms designated to design antenna diversity scheme to enhance the efficiency of system performance [10\u0026ndash;15].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNew technologies resulted in small and highly effective antennas. Printed micro strip slot antennas are widely used to design antenna in this class [16\u0026ndash;20]. Many applications for slot antennas used in Wi-MAX, WLAN, Bluetooth, 4G LTE. Also slot antennas are used in wireless 5G applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn literature a number of different slot antenna design methods, including the: the transformer triple band slot antenna [16], the cross-shaped slot coupler antenna [21], the circular patch antenna with asymmetric open slots [22], the octagonal slot antenna with U-shaped strips for UWB applications [23], the monopole radiator with square slot and L-shaped strips [24], the C-shaped coupled fed antenna with L-shaped monopole slot having orthogonal polarization [25], a broad slot antenna with hypothetical resonances [26], F-shaped slotted MIMO antenna with [27], two monopole antennas with two rectangular etched slots and a T-shaped stub [28], an elliptical patch antenna with an elliptical slot and dipole fed [29], an antenna with a radiating element made of CSRR slots and fed by a meandered CPW [30], and U-shaped slot antennas with wide band applications are among the antenna types [31, 32].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe improved high gain, efficiency, and small footprint of antenna designs, continue to be an issue. There are some few drawbacks of slot antennas for 5G applications in the sub-6\u0026nbsp;GHz range, including the bigger slot size, narrow bandwidth, low gain and low efficiency. So, low-profile antennas are necessary for 5G applications. As a result, the antenna thickness at 3.3\u0026nbsp;GHz should be around 1\u0026nbsp;mm [33, 34].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe design and implementation of multilayer watch antennas with wide bands for different wireless applications are presented in this paper. The feed for the watch radiating patch comes from a transmission cable. A ground structure allows the bandwidth to optimize. The watch radiating region has arrows structure attached in the middle to allow for multi-band operation. A band-stop filter with a controllable resonant frequency can be additionally made by shortening and adjusting the length. The antenna design has a compact size of (30 x 0.635) mm, peak gain, and efficiency of about 70 dB and -20 dB, respectively. The paper contributions of this study are summarized as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. The (diameter 30 x 0.635 height) mm. The compact size of the suggested antenna construction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. It operates throughout a wide frequency range 0.1 \u0026ndash;6\u0026nbsp;GHz.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. By adjusting the time mentioned by watch arrows the frequency bands change\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. The proposed antenna has a realized peak gain of about 60 dB and is intended for GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, Wi-MAX, 5G (Ultra-Fast \u0026amp; Low Latency) communications applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proposed antenna\u0026rsquo;s advantages of easy manufacturing and low profile ensured it as strong contender for the design of multi-band antennas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6. By assuming a mechanism to control the arrows position; different multiband frequencies can be obtained and the antenna becomes tunable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe paper is organized as follows: As explained in Sect. 2, the suggested watch is built and simulated using the computer-simulated technology (CST) microwave package. Sect. 3 contains the results and discussion for the obtained results. A comparison of the suggested antennas with the relevant works is shown in Sect. 4. Lastly, the conclusion is provided in Sect. 5\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Method and experiment","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Proposed antenna structures\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the geometry of the watch antenna. All dimensions of the antenna are(diameter 30 x 0.635 height), and the antenna composed of 2 copper plated sheets. In this study, Roger\u0026rsquo;s RO6010 as substratum was utilized since its electrical characteristics (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\epsilon\\:}_{r}=10.5\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, conductivity 0.0015 S/m, loss tangent is 0.0022). RO6010 was favored due to its easy availability and its compatibility with ordinary manufacturing procedures making in-house prototype manufacturing possible.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe suggested tunable watch antenna composed of the ground copper sheet. The substrate was sandwiched between the ground and the laminated copper sheet with thickness 0.005 mm. The hour\u0026rsquo;s arrow etched inside the watch patch, while the minute\u0026rsquo;s arrow consists of three layers: ground, substrate and patch as illustrated in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The feeder connected to the minute\u0026rsquo;s arrow through the pin. The minute\u0026rsquo;s arrow connected to the watch patch through via2. The ground connected to the watch patch through via1. So the current path increases which is responsible the wide band. Changing the position of the minute\u0026rsquo;s arrow resulted in a new multiband antenna. If we managed to design a mechanism to control the watch arrows then we have what is called a tunable antenna. Table 1 lists the dimensions of the proposed antenna.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable. 1 the dimensions (mm) of the proposed antenna\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe watch antenna, often referred to as a watch patch antenna, is a type of micro-strip antenna that includes a watch patch. The design and analysis of such antennas requires understanding the distribution of the electromagnetic fields, the resonant frequencies and the impedance characteristics. However, the fundamental outline of equations involved in the design of the proposed watch antenna can be given. To calculate the dimensions of the antenna the following equations used. For a simple micro-strip patch antenna, the resonant frequency f\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e is given by:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:{f}_{0}=\\:\\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{{\\epsilon\\:}_{r}L}}\\sqrt{\\frac{c}{2L}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere c is the speed of light in free space (3\u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e m/s), \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\epsilon\\:}_{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the relative permittivity of the substrate, L is the length of the patch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effective dielectric constant (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\epsilon\\:}_{r\\:eff}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) can be approximated as:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\epsilon\\:}_{r\\:eff}=\\:\\frac{{\\epsilon\\:}_{r}+1}{2}+\\:\\frac{{\\epsilon\\:}_{r}-1}{2}{\u0026lceil;1+12\\frac{h}{W}\u0026rceil;}^{-\\frac{1}{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere h is the height of the substrate, W is the width of the patch. The dimensions of the patch (width W and length L) are given by:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:w=\\:\\frac{c}{2{f}_{0}}\\sqrt{\\frac{2}{{\\epsilon\\:}_{r}+1}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:L=\\:\\frac{1}{2{f}_{r}\\sqrt{{ϵ}_{reff}}\\:\\sqrt{\\:{\\mu\\:}_{0}{\\epsilon\\:}_{0}}}-2\\varDelta\\:L$$\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere \u0026Delta;L is the length extension due to fringing fields and is given by:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equd\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equd\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:\\frac{\\varDelta\\:L}{h}=0.412\\frac{\\left({ϵ}_{reff}+0.3\\right)(\\frac{w}{h}+0.264)}{\\left({ϵ}_{reff-0.258}\\right)(\\frac{w}{h}+0.8)}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe watch antenna dimensions will vary according to the desired performance and tuning. The Circular watch shaped radius will affect the impedance bandwidth and can be optimized based on obtained simulation results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e the simulated scattering parameter S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e of the proposed antenna structure at various positions of the arrows, the antenna functions as a WBA with a broad operating frequency band from 0.1 to 10 GHz.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, the antenna operates as a multi band antenna.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the arrow position is at 1 o\u0026rsquo;clock position; the antenna resonates at frequencies (2.2 GHz, 3.7 GHz, 4.3 GHz, 5.2 GHz, 5.9 GHz ) With S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e (-26 dB, -23 dB, -18 dB, -13dB, -17 dB ) respectively. When the arrow position is at 2 o\u0026rsquo;clock position; the antenna resonates at frequencies (1.6 GHz, 4.4GHz, 5.1GHz) With S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e (-11 dB, -10 dB, -17 dB) respectively. When the arrow position is at 3 o\u0026rsquo;clock position; the antenna resonates at frequencies (3.5 GHz, 4.25 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5.1 GHz, 5.5 GHz, 5.9 GHz ) with S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e(-17 dB, -21 dB, -16 dB, -18dB, -30 dB, \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15 dB) respectively. Finally when the arrow position is at 4 o\u0026rsquo;clock position; the antenna resonates at frequencies (1.55 GHz, 4.2 GHz, 5.1 GHz, 5.95 GHz ) with S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e (-18dB, -16dB, -20dB, -21dB) respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fabricated antenna was designed at 1:45 o\u0026rsquo;clock and the resulting resonant frequency was (0.5 GHz, 1.1 GHz, 2.1 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.53 GHz) with S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e (-24 dB, -13 dB, -16 dB, -27 dB, -13 dB) respectively as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Antenna manufacturing and the experimental measurements were performed at the National Telecommunication Institute (NTI), Cairo, Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Surface current distribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the surface current distributions, which offer a better understanding for the design\u0026rsquo;s operation. Different resonating frequencies are obtained, ranging from 0.5 to 6 GHz, as shown surface currents flowing along the edge of the feed patch and the center watch-shaped structure. Different resonating frequencies were produced with the effect of the surface currents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experimental measurements of the antenna were implemented using vector network analyzer (Rohde \u0026amp; Schwarz ZVB 20, 10 MHz\u0026mdash;20 GHz).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the prototype of the fabricated antenna which used in the measurement setup to characterize the manufactured prototypes and compute the radiation parameters in the azimuth and elevation planes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Reflection Coefficient\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e presents the simulated and measured S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e for the antenna at 1:45 o\u0026rsquo;clock. The resulting simulated resonance frequencies were (1.1 GHz, 2.1 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.53 GHz) with S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e ( -13dB, -16dB, -27dB, -13dB) respectively, while the measured resonance frequencies were (1.17, 2.09, 3.07, 3.52, 4.05, 4.2, 5) GHz respectively with corresponding S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e(-37, -19, -29, -11, -20, -23, -20.5) dB respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable.2 summarizes the obtained results for the fabricated antenna. There was a shift in the operating frequencies in the fabricated antenna to the left; this is due to the arrows fixation process and the errors resulting from the soldering process.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable. 2 the obtained results\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency band\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(GHz)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(dB)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBand width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MHz)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimulated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimulated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimulated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimulated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimulated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimulated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimulated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Radiation Patterns\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the simulated and measured 2D radiation patterns for the proposed antenna at resonant frequencies. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows the computed 3D radiation patterns for the proposed antenna for 1:45 o\u0026rsquo;clock. The radiation patterns in the H- and E-planes show plots of cross- and co-polarization, respectively. The excellent coincidence between the generated and measured patterns is evident. The discrepancies between the simulated and measured findings could be due to the errors resulting from the connectors\u0026rsquo; soldering and manufacturing processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Gain, Efficiency and Axial Ratio\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e displays the proposed antenna\u0026rsquo;s attained gain. The maximum obtained gain was 70 dB at frequency 5 GHz, while at 2.22 GHz the gain was 60 dB. At 4 GHz the obtained gain was 55 dB.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e shows the total efficiency of the proposed antenna was calculated. The antenna shows an efficiency \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20 dB at 2.2 GHz and 4 GHz.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAxial Ratio\u003c/strong\u003e (AR) of an antenna is defined as the ratio between the major and minor axis of a circularly polarized antenna pattern.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Eque\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Eque\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:AR\\left(dB\\right)=20\\:.\\:{log}_{10}\\:\\left(\\frac{Major\\:Axis}{Minor\\:Axis}\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf an antenna has perfect circular polarization then this ratio would be 1 (0 dB). In addition, the axial ratio tends to degrade away from the main beam of an antenna, so the axial ratio may be indicated in (data sheet) for an antenna as follows: Axial Ratio: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\u0026lt;3\\:\\text{d}\\text{B}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\pm\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e30 degrees from main beam. As shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e the frequency band for circular polarization from 2.1GHz to 3.15 GHz and above 5 GHz.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure.13 shows the measuring apparatus, Vector Network Analyizer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Comparison with related works","content":"\u003cp\u003eDespite attempts to produce a multiband antenna with outstanding performance, design considerations like the low profile and improved gain make it challenging to sacrifice the compact size. In this paper, a multilayer multiband watch antenna is introduced. As the most important factors for wireless communications applications, different parameters were studied when developing the proposed structure for GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, Wi-MAX, 5G (Ultra-Fast \u0026amp; Low Latency) communications applications. In comparison to the works presented in the papers from 1 to 6 listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the proposed multi-band watch antenna exhibits excellent features and performance in terms of reflection coefficient, the operating bandwidth (GHz), and gain (dB).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison with related works\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSize\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperating band (GHz)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGain\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(dBi)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46λ0\u0026times;0.29λ0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u0026ndash;3.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u0026ndash;6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24λ0\u0026times;0.18λ0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026ndash;10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38λ0\u0026times;0.34λ0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u0026ndash;2.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16\u0026ndash;4.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.69\u0026ndash;5.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" 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\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35λ0\u0026times;0.35λ0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026ndash;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u0026ndash;5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 x 0.637\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;6 GHz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe novel tunable watch antenna for different wireless applications is the main focus of this work. CST Microwave Studio has been used to simulate the proposed multi-band antenna design. The performance of the antenna with respect to its parameters was analyzed considering the S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e, peak gain dB, total efficiency, radiation patterns and axial ratio. The antenna has a footprint of (30 x 0.657), peak gain, and efficiency of about 60 dB -20 dB respectively. This antenna\u0026rsquo;s less complicated design, cheaper manufacturing cost and all the associated factors make it a potential competitor for GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, Wi-MAX, 5G (Ultra-Fast \u0026amp; Low Latency) communications applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study does not involve any experiments on human or animal subjects. All testing and simulations were conducted using computational models and artificial prototypes. We confirm that no ethical approvals were required for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAshraf S. Abdel Halim: Conceptualization, Theoretical Analysis, Antenna Design, and Writing \u0026ndash; Original Draft.Omnia Hamdy: Fabrication, Experimental Setup, Data Collection, Analysis, and Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing.This ensures clarity on the roles each author played in the research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAshraf Abdel Halim, Mohanad Mostafa. Omnia Hamdy, Design and Implementation of 3.2‑GHz Co‑Planar Miniaturized Antenna for S‑Band Communication and Wireless Applications, Wireless Personal Communications, 132(3) 1887-1897, 22 July 2023, DOI: 10.1007/s11277-023-10686-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eU. Rafique, S. 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IEEE Antennas Propag. 46, 517\u0026ndash;524 (1998)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE. Guariglia, Primality, fractality and image analysis. Entropy 21(3), 304 (2019)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL. Dang, Z.Y. Lei, Y.J. Xie, G.L. Ning, J. Fan, A compact microstrip slot triple-band antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 9, 1178\u0026ndash;1181 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2010.2098433\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR.H. Elabd, A.H. Hussein, Efficient design of a wideband tunable microstrip fltenna for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems. J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 109, 2023 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02321-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR.H. Elabd, Compact dual-port MIMO fltenna-based DMS with high isolation for C-band and X-band applications. J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02319-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA.A Kabeel, A.H Hussein, A.E. ElMaghrabi, R.H. Elabd, Design of a Circular Concentric Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for WI-FI Band Energy Harvesting, vol. 7(5), 156\u0026ndash;159 (2023). https://doi.org/10.21608/erjeng.2023.237512.1253\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR.H. Elabd, A.H. Hussein, M.E. Mousa et al., Implementation of highly isolation OLR: based microstrip full-duplex Tx/Rx antenna systems with low insertion loss for contemporary wireless system applications. J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02330-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZ. Zhou, Z. Wei, Z. Tang, Y. Yin, Design and analysis of a wideband multiple-microstrip dipole antenna with high isolation. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 18(4), 722\u0026ndash;726 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2019.2901838\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eY. Liu, X. Li, L. Yang, Y. Liu, A dual-polarized dual-band antenna with omni-directional radiation patterns. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65(8), 4259\u0026ndash;4262 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2017.2708093\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Bod, H.R. Hassani, M.S. Taheri, Compact UWB printed slot antenna with extra bluetooth, GSM, and GPS bands. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 11, 531\u0026ndash;534 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2012.2197849\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eW. Hu, Y. Yin, P. Fei, X. Yang, Compact triband square-slot antenna with symmetrical L-strips for WLAN/Wi MAX applications. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 10, 462\u0026ndash;465 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2011.2154372\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Li, Y. Ban, Z. Xu, G. Wu, C. Sim, K. Kang, Z. Yu, Eight-port orthogonally dual-polarized antenna array for 5G smartphone applications. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 64(9), 3820\u0026ndash;3830 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2016.2583501\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eX. Dong, Z. Liao, J. Xu, Q. Cai, G. Liu, Multiband and wideband planar antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications. Progr. Electromagn. Res. Lett. 46, 101\u0026ndash;106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERL14050103\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL. Xiong, P. Gao, Compact dual-band printed diversity antenna for WIMAX/WLAN applications. Prog. Electromagn. Res. C 32, 151\u0026ndash;165 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC12063001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eW.C. Mok, S.H. Wong, K.M. Luk, K.F. Lee, Single-layer single-patch dual-band and triple-band patch antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 61(8), 4341\u0026ndash;4344 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2013.2260516\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR. Pandeeswari, Complimentary split ring resonator inspired meandered CPW-fed monopole antenna for multiband operation. Prog. Electromagn. Res. C 80, 13\u0026ndash;20 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC17101402\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eH. Alsaif, M. Usman, M. Chugtai, J. Nasir, Cross polarized 2 \u0026times; 2 UWB-MIMO antenna system for 5G wireless applications. Prog. Electromagn. Res. M 76, 157\u0026ndash;166 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERM18101103\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK.F. Lee, S.L.S. Yang, A.A. Kick, Dual-and multiband U-slot patch antennas. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 7, 645\u0026ndash;647 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2008.2010342\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eI.R.R. Barani, K. Wong, Y. Zhang, W. Li, Low-profle wideband conjoined open-slot antennas fed by grounded coplanar waveguides for 4 \u0026times; 4 5G MIMO operation. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68(4), 2646\u0026ndash;2657 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2019.2957967\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Hanmi, N. Varsier, A. Hadjem, E. Conil, O. Picon, J. Wiart, Study of the influence of the laterality of mobile phone use on the SAR induced in two head models. Competes Rends Physique 14(5), 418\u0026ndash;424 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2013.02.007\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReham W. Abd‑Elsalam, Hussein E. Seleem, Mostafa M. Abd‑Elnaby1 and Amr H. Hussein, Low SAR compact wideband/dual‑band semicircular slot antenna structures for sub‑6 GHz 5G wireless applications, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, (2025) 2025:3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-024-02424-x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Multiband antenna, Tunable antenna, Wireless communications, Patch antenna ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6128656/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6128656/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe novel design and fabrication of tunable watch antenna for both wideband wireless applications are presented in this paper. Arrows in the watch radiating patch designed to control the bandwidth; also a ground structure designed beneath the radiating patch to allow multi-band operation. If the arrows of the watch mention to a certain time; this allows certain multiband, while if the time changes it allows another different multiband, the antenna performs as a wideband antenna (WBA). Furthermore, we can obtain different frequency bands by assuming a mechanism to change the time of the watch. The antenna examined at 1, 2, 3, 4 o\u0026rsquo;clock in simulation; while the 1:45 o\u0026rsquo;clock design was fabricated. The S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e in the four simulated cases was examined to check the obtained frequency bands. The 1:45 o\u0026rsquo;clock fabricated antenna has a unique design and footprint of (diameter 30 x 0.635 height) mm. The S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e for the simulated and measured antenna was examined. The obtained gain and efficiency were 70 dB and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20 dB, respectively. The axial ratio also examined and was less than 3dB. When the position of either the minutes or hours arrow changes the antenna acts as a WBA with different operating frequency bands. The mechanism of the proposed antenna designates it as a wideband antenna for GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, Wi-MAX, 5G (Ultra-Fast \u0026amp; Low Latency) communications applications\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Novel Design and Fabrication of a Tunable Watch Antenna for Wideband Wireless Applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-18 07:54:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6128656/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7cb36502-48e7-4c01-b266-79450c8d5ccb","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-28T23:08:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-18 07:54:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6128656","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6128656","identity":"rs-6128656","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}