Longitudinal trajectory of disability in community-dwelling older adults: An observational cohort study in South Korea

Longitudinal trajectory of disability in community-dwelling older adults: An observational cohort study in South Korea | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Longitudinal trajectory of disability in community-dwelling older adults: An observational cohort study in South Korea Hae Reong Kim, Hea yon Lee, Yoonje Seong, Eunju Lee, Hee-Won Jung, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-18186/v4 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Oct, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Geriatrics → Version 4 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background: Disability, which is considered a health-related condition, increases care demands and socioeconomic burdens for both families and communities. To confirm the trend of dynamic longitudinal changes in disability, this study aims to explore how disability is divided by the trajectory method, which deals with time-sequenced data. Additionally, this study examines the differences in demographics, geriatric conditions, and time spent at home among the trajectory groups in community-dwelling older adults. Home time is defined as the period during which the patient was not in a hospital or health care facility during their lifetime. Methods: Records of 786 community-dwelling older participants were analyzed from the Aging Study of PyeongChang Rural Area, a population-based cohort study that took place over three years. Using 7 domains of activities of daily living and 10 domains of instrumental activities of daily living, participants were grouped into no dependency (0 disabled domain), mild (1 disabled domain), and severe (2 or more disabled domains) disability groups. The longitudinal trajectory group of disability was calculated as a trajectory method. Three distinct trajectory groups were calculated over time: a relatively-stable group (78.5 %; n=617), a gradually-aggravated group (16.0 %; n=126), and a rapidly-deteriorated group (5.5 %; n=43). Results: The average age of 786 participants was 73.3 years (SD: 5.8), and the percentage of female was 52.7%. It was found that 78.5% of patients showed relatively no dependence and 5.5% of older adults in a rural area showed severe dependence. Through applying the trajectory method, it was shown that the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score was 10.2 points in the relatively-stable group and 3.1 points in the rapidly-deteriorating group by the 3 rd year. Additionally, by the trajectory method, the rate of decrease in home time was 3.33% in the rapidly-deteriorated group compared to the relatively-stable group. Conclusions: This study shows the difference in demographics and geriatric conditions (such as SPPB) through the examination of longitudinal trajectory groups of disability in community-dwelling older adults. Significant differences were also found in the amount of home time among the trajectory groups. Geriatrics & Gerontology Aged Disability Geriatric assessment Patient-Centered Care Quality of life Trajectory Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background The number of countries facing an aging population is increasing worldwide [1, 2]. The increase in the world’s older population implicates an increase in not only the prevalence of chronic diseases, but also the burden of people with functional impairments and geriatric conditions (e.g., frailty and sarcopenia) [3-6]. Particularly, disability, which is regarded as a health-related condition, increases care demands and socioeconomic burdens for both families and communities [7-9]. The onset of disability varies substantially among individuals with similar chronological ages [10-13]. Studies have shown that differences exist among individuals in terms of presence of multimorbidity, frailty, and disability. Evidence also suggests that disability can be prevented or delayed when accompanied by appropriate multifactorial interventions to remove risk factors and improve functioning, making disability one of the most important outcome measures in studies targeting older populations [14]. The conventional method of assessment for disability focuses on the severity of the disability at the initial diagnosis; however, this does not reflect the individuality and time course of the disability. The trajectory method of assessment focuses on the changes in the later years of life [15]. Previous studies have shown different trajectory models based on mood, physical activity, and disability in the later years of life [8, 15-17]. However, the trajectory and time course of various disabilities are still not well understood. Although some studies show trajectories and subsequent mortality with disability [15], other studies demonstrate that not all older individuals with disability in the community end up being institutionalized in chronic hospitals or other long-term care facilities [16-18]. It is unclear whether an older individual identifying with a disability has a high probability of readmission or long-term institutionalization. Furthermore, only a few studies have focused on the dynamic trajectories of disability in community-dwelling older adults [18]. Previously, trajectories of disability were not researched in relation to patient-centered outcomes. Patient-centered outcomes are the result of a healthcare system that prioritizes a patient’s needs in conjunction with the healthcare professional’s medical expertise. It focuses on health status that is meaningful to patients such as quality of life, functional status, and independent living [19-21]. In recent studies, “home time” has been proposed as a patient-centered measure relevant to the quality of life for older people [22-24]. Home time, meaning the number of days alive and spent at home, comes from the concept of patients’ wanting to maximize the number of days they can be at home rather than in hospital or nursing facilities at the end of their life. Home time focuses on priority values and purposes that are important to older patients or their families, and shows its relationship with self-rated health, mobility, self-care difficulties, and limited social activity [22-24]. The objective of this study is to explore the following: (1) how disability is divided by the trajectory method in relation to time-sequenced data in a longitudinal cohort, (2) whether the demographic and geriatric conditions differ among the trajectory groups, and (3) whether home time, a patient-centered outcome, is differentiated by the trajectory groups. Methods 2.1. Study Design and Sample Records from the Aging Study of Pyeongchang Rural Area (ASPRA) were analyzed. This population-based, prospective cohort study has been established to analyze aging-related changes and major health outcomes of the older population, as part of an academic-public health collaborative model. The details of this study are described elsewhere [25]. To summarize, older Korean adults in Pyeongchang-gun who met the required criteria were enrolled beginning in November 2014. The inclusion criteria of the ASPRA cohort included: (1) being aged ≥65 years; (2) being registered in the National Healthcare Service; (3) being ambulatory with or without an assistive device; (4) living at home; and (5) being able to provide informed consent. Those who were living in a nursing home, hospitalized, or bed-ridden and receiving nursing-home-level care at the time of enrollment were excluded [25]. The cohort had a participation rate of more than 90%. A baseline study on the ASPRA population showed that demographic characteristics in this population were in accordance with those of nationwide rural-dwelling older adults [25]. The Institutional Review board of Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, approved the protocol for this study (IRB No. 2014-0988). 2.2. Assessment of Disability Trained nurses assessed disability and other geriatric conditions utilizing standardized instruments every year [7]. Disability was assessed according to a 7-item activity of daily living scale (ADL; bathing, continence, dressing, eating, toileting, transferring, and washing face and hands) [5, 26], or a 10-item instrumental activity of daily living scale (IADL; food preparation, household chores, going out short distance, grooming, handling finances, laundry, managing own medications, shopping, transportation, and using a telephone) [5, 27, 28]. Disability was defined as being dependent in more than one domain in ADL and IADL. The severity of disability was conventionally operationalized into three groups: no dependency (disabled domain: 0), mild disability (disabled domain: 1), and severe disability (disabled domain: 2 or more) [29, 30]. 2.3. Assessment of Geriatric Conditions Participants’ baseline demographic factors (e.g., age, sex, education (in years), living alone, and medical aid) were further examined. Physician-diagnosed chronic diseases, including angina, arthritis, asthma, cancer, chronic lung disease, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, heart attack, hypertension, kidney disease, and stroke were identified [5]. Cognitive function was assessed by the Korean version of the Mini Mental State Examination-Dementia Screening [MMSE-DS; ranged from 0 (severe cognitive impairment) to 30 (no problem) [31]. Mood status was examined by the Korean version of the center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale [CES-D; ranged from 0 (not depressed) to 60 (severely depressed)] [32]. Nutritional status was assessed by a Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form [MNA-SF; ranged from 0 (malnutrition) to 14 (well-nourished)] [33]. Physical function was measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB; ranged from 0 (worst performance) to 12 (best performance)] that covered chair stand, standing balance, and gait speed [34, 35]. The Korean version of a 5-item FRAIL scale was administered to screen frailty status [36]. Participants were interviewed concerning their history of falls in the past year. 2.4. Calculation of Home Time Registered nurses assessed the participants' hospital use, visits to the emergency room, and institutionalization period every three months. Home time was calculated to be 365 days excluding the dates sent from the hospital and healthcare facilities [22, 23]. 2.5. Statistical Analysis To identify differences in home time among groups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was utilized for home time, which is a numeric variable. Regarding the categorical variables within the study, the difference among the variables was examined by employing a chi-square test. In order to examine the statistical association between home time and disability group, a Poisson regression model was applied. We estimated the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for home time with a Poisson regression model, adjusted for sex and age in the trajectory group [37]. In the conventional group, the year of measure was additionally adjusted. Based on the discrepancy of the results, separate trajectories were identified according to the severity of disability using the Proc Traj procedure in SAS 9.4 [38]. The groups were divided according to the following criteria: (a) the lowest value in Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), (b) the average posterior probability of group assignment (≥0.7), and (c) group size such that no less than 5% of the study sample were assigned to one trajectory group [39]. These analyses were performed with the 3.5.3 version in R. Two-sided P values of < .05 were considered statistically significant. Results 3.1 Total candidates and characteristics Of the 1,355 participants who received usual care in public health settings, those participants who had a follow-up period of less than three years were excluded. Among individuals, 233 people were excluded because the follow-up period was less than three years. By then, 336 participants dropped out due to either medical reasons (n=170) or follow-up loss (n=166). Among the medical reasons, 35 participants had died, 103 were admitted to nursing homes, and 32 moved out due to health problems. Of the 166 participants with follow-up loss, 53 moved out due to other problems, 89 declined to participate, and 24 had lost contact. Finally, 786 participants who completed routine measurements for three years were analyzed in this study (Figure 1). For participants with a follow-up period longer than three years, the baseline point was defined as the first measurement after enrollment. * Among the 170 participants who dropped out for medical reasons, 35 participants (20.6%) had died, 103 participants (60.6%) were admitted to nursing homes due to deterioration of health, and 32 participants (18.8%) had moved or were withdrawn due to health problems. ** Among the 166 participants who dropped out due to follow-up loss, 53 participants (31.9%) moved due to other problems (except for health), 89 participants (53.6%) declined to participate, and 24 participants (14.5%) had lost contact. Participants’ baseline demographic factors including age, sex, education (in years), living alone (or not), and medical aid (or not) were examined according to total participants based on Figure 1 (Table 1). Geriatric conditions such as number of comorbidities, MMSE-DS, number of regular medications, FRAIL scale, SPPB score, CES-D score, MNA-SF score, and the number of falls were included. The average age was 73.3 years (SD: 5.8), and the percentage of females was 52.7% of the total. The average education (in years) was 5.2 years (SD: 3.3), and 15.8% of the total were living alone. Among geriatric conditions, the baseline of the SPPB and MMSE-SD score was 8.8 (SD: 2.8) and 25.7 (SD: 3.9), respectively, each at baseline. 3.2. Disability Trajectories Three trajectory groups were defined according to the degree of disability by the number of impaired domains from the 1 st to the 3 rd years (Figure 2). The model with three trajectory groups was the best fit for our data based on BIC, considering the proportions of each group (see Table S1 on Additional file 1). The average posterior probability was assigned to each group ( p = 0.9, 0.82, and 0.96, respectively) [39]. The “relatively-stable group” (78.5 %; n=617) was characterized by the lowest levels of disability. The “gradually-aggravated group” (16.0 %; n=126) was characterized by slightly increasing levels of disability over time. The remaining 5.5% of the population (n=43) with high baseline disability that was also rapidly aggravating over time were categorized as the “rapidly-deteriorated” group (Figure 2) [40]. 3.3. Comparisons of Characteristics Among Trajectory Groups We looked at factors such as baseline demographic factors and geriatric condition according to the trajectory group likewise in chapter 3.1. (Table 2). Geriatric measurements differed significantly in the three groups, except for living alone and the number of falls in the 3 rd year. In the 1 st year, the relatively-stable group had a mean age of 72.1 years, 45.1% were female, the mean number of comorbidities was 1.1, the number of medications was 2.2, and the mean number of falls in the previous year was 0.1. In the rapidly-deteriorated group, mean age at 1 st year was 81.1 years (which is almost nine years higher than the relatively-stable group), and 76.7% of the participants were female. This group had a mean number of 2.0 for comorbidities, 4.4 for those receiving regular medications, and 0.8 for the number of falls in the previous year. In terms of physical performance, the SPPB score was 9.5 points in the relatively-stable group and 3.3 points in the rapidly-deteriorated group. In the 3 rd year, the difference between the relatively-stable group and rapidly-deteriorated group was larger than that of the 1 st year, increasing from 6.1 to 7.2, respectively. 3.4. Comparison of Home Time Between the Conventional Versus Trajectory-based Group Home time decreased by an incremental degree in both the conventional and trajectory-based disability groups (Table 3). Compared to the 1 st year, the trend of decreasing home time took place continuously in the 2 nd and 3 rd year. In the 1 st year, the home time of the severe group was shorter by 8.9 days (352.2 days-343.3 days) compared to the no dependency group by conventional grouping. In contrast, the rapidly-deteriorated group had 11.7 days fewer (351.6 days-339.9 days) home time than the relatively-stable group by trajectory-based grouping in the 1 st year. In the 3 rd year, the home time of the severe group was shorter by 5.5 days (350.3 days-344.8 days) compared to the no dependency group by conventional grouping. By trajectory-based grouping, the rapidly-deteriorated group stayed 8.5 fewer days in their home than in the relatively-stable group (350.3 days-341.8 days, a 2.43% decrease). 3.5. Incidence Rate Ratio for Home Time According to Conventional Versus Trajectory-based Grouping of Disability After recognizing the differences in home time decrements by definitions of disability phenotype (Table 2), regression models were employed to adjust for demographic factors, including age and sex, in these observations. Additionally, the year of measurement was adjusted in the conventional group since the trajectory-based definition already took into account time sequence. In the statistical model with adjusted variables, significant differences of home time between the conventional based and trajectory-based definitions were observed in the univariate analysis (see Table S2 in Additional file 1). The IRR for home time in the conventional groups and trajectory groups is shown in Figure 3. Home time in the mild dependent group (IRR = 0.993; 95% CI, 0.987-0.999) was shorter than the reference group (no dependency group) by conventional grouping. Similarly, the severe-dependent group had shorter home time (IRR = 0.985; 95% CI, 0.979-0.992) compared to the no dependency group. In the trajectory-based group, the home time of the gradually-aggravated group was shorter (IRR =0.992; 95% CI, 0.985-0.999) compared to the relatively-stable group. Similarly, the rapidly-deteriorated group had shorter home time (IRR =0.978; 95% CI, 0.967-0.988) compared to the relatively-stable group. *The analysis of the trajectory group was adjusted for sex and age. The conventional group was additionally adjusted for the year of measurement. ** The reference value of the conventional group is the ‘no dependency group’ and the reference value of the trajectory group is the ‘relatively-stable group’ 3.6. Incidence Rate Ratio of subgroup for Home Time According to Trajectory-based Grouping of Disability We also conducted subgroup analysis according to age and sex, respectively. In the case of age group, we divided age group criteria into (1) 65-74 years, and (2) 75 years or older based on [41]. According to our findings, home time in the female group was lower in the gradually-aggravated group and rapidly-deteriorated group than in the relatively-stable group (IRR, 0.989 and 0.967). However, in the male group, there were no significant results for either classification of disability and home time. In the case of the age group, the IRR for home time in the 65-74 year age group was 0.915 in the rapidly-deteriorated group compared to the relatively-stable group. The portion of the rapidly-deteriorated group was just 1.7% of the total, however. In the 75 years or older group, the disability classification was proper. But it was not statistically significant with regard to home time (see Table S3, Figure S1, and S2). Discussion Disability is a major determinant of quality of life in older adults. In the present study, different trajectory groups were categorized according to the severity of disability over time. The conventional method of identifying disability shows only a snapshot of disability status and individual disability components. Therefore, the trajectory groups of disability that we identified demonstrated a more integrated approach toward defining disability. The major finding of this study is that three trajectory groups with different severities of disability were confirmed in community-dwelling older adults. The three trajectory groups were divided into the following: a relatively-stable group (78.5%), a gradually-aggravated group (16.0%), and a rapidly-deteriorated group (5.5%). Previous studies had shown trajectory grouping using the number of disabilities in patients with underlying diseases such as cancer. In a study with cancer patients, the percentage of the severe trajectory group was 21.2 % prior to receiving cancer treatment [42]. Our study is unique in that we show the percentage of the severe disability group (rapidly-deteriorated group) to be around 5.5% in relatively healthy older adults living in rural communities. Our data may serve as a basis for future reference in disability studies of the general older populations. Another finding is that there were differences in the demographic characteristics and geriatric conditions among the different trajectory groups. Most of the variables of the demographic and geriatric conditions were significantly different trajectory groups, except for the number of falls and living alone status. We confirm that the age increased, and the years of education decreased from the relatively-stable to deteriorated group. What stands out most from this study is the change in SPPB. It is well known that SPPB is an important variable for older adults in addition to the FRAIL scale and MMSE-DS score [43]. Our results show that in the 3 rd year, the SPPB score was 10.2 points (SD: 2.0) in the relatively-stable group and 3.1 points (SD: 2.2) in the rapidly-deteriorated (more severe) group. In addition to a statistical difference, the numerical difference shows that there was a difference of more than three times between the relatively-stable group and the rapidly-deteriorated group. From this result, we recommend that a comprehensive geriatric assessment in clinical settings be performed, if available, in order to measure physical performance such as SPPB. Furthermore, our study contributes to the literature by showing that the trajectory method can maximize the difference in home time compared to the conventional method. We showed that home time decreased more over time, as the disability type was severe at initial diagnosis and the increasing levels of disability were rapid. In the 2 nd and 3 rd year follow-up, the decrease in home time was smaller than in the 1 st year, but the home time of the trajectory groups were still reduced compared to the conventional groups, and this difference was statistically significant. We found that the trajectory method decreased 3.33% in the rapidly-deteriorated group compared to the stable group. In the conventional case, the severe-dependent group decreased by 2.53% compared to the non-dependent group. The rapidly-deteriorated group had shorter home time (IRR = 0.978; 95% CI, 0.967-0.988) compared to the relatively-stable group by trajectory method. This result was shorter than the severe-dependent group of the conventional method (IRR = 0.985; 95% CI, 0.979-0.992). Considering subgroup, home time in the female group was lower in the gradually-aggravated and rapidly-deteriorated group than in the relatively-stable group (IRR, 0.989 and 0.967), but males and other age groups were not significant in terms of disability classification or home time reduction. Finally, our results can inform public health professionals developing care models to detect trajectories of disability and build individualized intervention or rehabilitation programs and health policies based on the trajectories, for older, vulnerable populations. The strengths of this study are that the enrollment rate was 90% and based on an aging cohort derived from an academic-public health collaborative model. We obtained consistent data based on internationally validated geriatric assessment tools and, therefore, the results reflect real world data. Although our data is based on rural communities where some proportions of individuals have low education and are engaged in agriculture, it is a population-based cohort and the sociodemographic characteristics were similar to those of the representative Korean national data. This study has several limitations. Among the 1,122 eligible participants, 166 people (15%) were lost to follow-up. This may be a limitation in constructing the trajectory model; however, this 15% follow- up loss was over the three years of analysis. Therefore, loss to follow-up occurred around 5% per year, which is less than the general percentage of population migration. Second, there may be a recall bias in home time. The participants may not fully recall their hospital or emergency visits in the previous years. In order to overcome this limitation, we obtained information from Community Health Posts in Pyeonchang run by the National Healthcare Service for information if the participants were not fully aware of their hospital use in the past. Therefore, we attempted to minimize recall bias. Third, there was a relatively short follow-up term. The cohort was a three-year follow-up study and, therefore, there is a need for individuals to be examined over longer periods of time. Lastly, it is difficult to capture the short- and medium-term changes in disability lasting less than a year by the methods we used. Gill et al. have suggested that mechanisms underlying the different subtypes are likely to differ. While the presence of physical frailty increased the likelihood of developing long-term, recurrent, and unstable disability, it only had a modest effect on developing transient and short-term disability [44]. Conclusions A longitudinal trajectory method was used to apply the time trend of disability to community-dwelling older adults. We verify that the demographical and clinical indexes are different according to the trajectory grouping, and the significant effect of the trajectory method on home time was also examined. Our observations provide public health professionals and policy makers with valuable information in order to set priorities for policy making and intervention. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: The protocol approved from the Institutional Review Board of the Asan Medical Center (IRB No. 2014-0988). All participants gave written informed consent to participate before inclusion in the study. Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and material: The datasets used are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding: Public health professionals and nurses of PyeongChang County Hospital participated in data collection. Otherwise, sponsors did not have any role in study design; analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the article; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. The Aging Study of PyeongChang Rural Area was supported by PyeongChang County Hospital, Gangwon Province. This study was supported by the Foundational Technology Development Program (NRF - 2019M3E5D4064682) the Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea. This study was also supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number : HI18C2383) Authors’ contributions: HRK developed study concept and design, data analysis, data interpretation, drafting, revision of manuscript; HYL developed study concept and design, data analysis, data interpretation, drafting, revision of manuscript; YJS developed study concept and design, data analysis, data interpretation; EJL developed data interpretation, revision of manuscript; HWJ developed data interpretation, revision of manuscript; YRP developed study concept and design, data analysis, data interpretation, drafting, revision of manuscript; IYJ developed study concept and design, data analysis, data interpretation, drafting, revision of manuscript. All the authors contributed to and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments: We are indebted to the public health professionals and nurses of PyeongChang County Hospital, Public Health Center, and Community Health Posts for their administrative support and efforts in enrollment and measurements. The abstract of this paper was presented at the American Geriatrics Society (AGS) 2020 Annual Scientific Meeting as an abstract presentation. The poster’s abstract was published in “Abstract Supplement” in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society: Currently available at https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16431. The all authors declare that there is no potential conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article Abbreviations ANOVA: Analysis of Variance; BIC: Bayesian information criterion; SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery; ADL: Activity of Daily Living; IADL: Instrumental Activity of Daily Living; MMSE-DS: Mini Mental State Examination-Dementia Screening; CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; MNA-SF: Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; ASPRA: Aging Study of Pyeongchang Rural Area; IRR: Incidence Rate Ratio References WHO, Aging UNIo: Global Health and Aging . In . ; 2011. Jang IY, Lee HY, Lee E: Geriatrics Fact Sheet in Korea 2018 From National Statistics . Ann Geriatr Med Res 2019, 23 (2):50-53. Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G: Untangling the Concepts of Disability, Frailty, and Comorbidity: Implications for Improved Targeting and Care . The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 2004, 59 (3):M255-M263. 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J Korean Med Sci 2016, 31 (3):345-352. Azad A, Mohammadinezhad T, Taghizadeh G, Lajevardi L: Clinical assessment of activities of daily living in acute stroke: Validation of the Persian version of Katz Index . Med J Islam Repub Iran 2017, 31 :30-30. Lawton MP, Brody EM: Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living . The Gerontologist 1969, 9 (3):179-186. Jung HW, Kim JW, Han JW, Kim K, Kim JH, Kim KI, Kim CH, Kim KW: Multidimensional Geriatric Prognostic Index, Based on a Geriatric Assessment, for Long-Term Survival in Older Adults in Korea . PloS one 2016, 11 (1):e0147032. Kempen GIJM, Myers AM, Powell LE: Hierarchical structure in ADL and IADL: Analytical assumptions and applications for clinicians and researchers . Journal of clinical epidemiology 1995, 48 (11):1299-1305. Spector WD, Fleishman JA: Combining activities of daily living with instrumental activities of daily living to measure functional disability . The journals of gerontology Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences 1998, 53 (1):S46-57. Kim TH, Jhoo JH, Park JH, Kim JL, Ryu SH, Moon SW, Choo IH, Lee DW, Yoon JC, Do YJ et al : Korean version of mini mental status examination for dementia screening and its' short form . Psychiatry Investig 2010, 7 (2):102-108. Park JH, Kim KW: A review of the epidemiology of depression in Korea J Korean Med Assoc 2011, 54 (4):362-369. Rubenstein LZ, Harker JO, Salvà A, Guigoz Y, Vellas B: Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF) . The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2001, 56 (6):M366-M372. Jung HW, Roh H, Cho Y, Jeong J, Shin YS, Lim JY, Guralnik JM, Park J: Validation of a Multi-Sensor-Based Kiosk for Short Physical Performance Battery . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2019. Jung HW, Roh HC, Kim SW, Kim S, Kim M, Won CW: Cross-Comparisons of Gait Speeds by Automatic Sensors and a Stopwatch to Provide Converting Formula Between Measuring Modalities . Ann Geriatr Med Res 2019, 23 (2):71-76. Jung HW, Yoo HJ, Park SY, Kim SW, Choi JY, Yoon SJ, Kim CH, Kim KI: The Korean version of the FRAIL scale: clinical feasibility and validity of assessing the frailty status of Korean elderly . The Korean journal of internal medicine 2016, 31 (3):594-600. Zaitsu M, Kurita Y, Iwahana M, Akiyama H, Watanabe F, Higashikawa A, Kaneko R, Konishi R, Itoh M, Kobayashi Y: Hypnotics Use and Falls in Hospital Inpatients Stratified by Age . Global journal of health science 2017, 9 :148-156. Allen NB, Siddique J, Wilkins JT, Shay C, Lewis CE, Goff DC, Jacobs DR, Jr., Liu K, Lloyd-Jones D: Blood pressure trajectories in early adulthood and subclinical atherosclerosis in middle age . Jama 2014, 311 (5):490-497. Xiang X: Seven-Year Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms and Their Predictors Among Older Americans . J Aging Health 2019:898264319852835. Kim JH, Lee SG, Kim TH, Choi Y, Lee Y, Park EC: Influence of Social Engagement on Mortality in Korea: Analysis of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2012) . J Korean Med Sci 2016, 31 (7):1020-1026. Park CHK, Lee JW, Lee SY, Shim S-H, Kim SG, Lee J, Kim M-H, Paik J-W, Cho S-J, Moon J-J et al : Characteristics of the “young-old” and “old-old” community-dwelling suicidal Ideators: A longitudinal 6-month follow-up study . Comprehensive Psychiatry 2019, 89 :67-77. Presley CJ, Han L, Leo-Summers L, Hurria A, Gross CP, Davidoff AJ, Allore HG, Gill TM: Functional trajectories before and after a new cancer diagnosis among community-dwelling older adults . Journal of Geriatric Oncology 2019, 10 (1):60-67. Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Berkman LF, Blazer DG, Scherr PA, Wallace RB: A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission . Journal of gerontology 1994, 49 (2):M85-94. Gill TM, Guo Z, Allore HG: Subtypes of disability in older persons over the course of nearly 8 years . J Am Geriatr Soc 2008, 56 (3):436-443. Tables Table 1. Demographic characteristics and geriatric conditions by total participants Variable Total (n=786) Demographic characteristics Age mean (SD) 73.3 (5.8) Sex female no . (%) 414 (52.7%) Education year mean (SD) 5.2 (3.3) Living alone no . (%) 124 (15.8%) Medical aid no . (%) 23 (2.9%) Severity of disability Number of ADL domains, mean (SD) 1 st year 0.2 ( 0.6 ) 3 rd year 0.4 ( 0.8 ) Number of IADL domains, mean (SD) 1 st year 0.7 ( 1.5 ) 3 rd year 1.0 ( 2.1 ) Geriatric conditions Number of comorbidities, mean (SD) 1 st year 1.3 (1.0) 3 rd year 1.7 (1.2) SPPB score, mean (SD) 1 st year 8.8 (2.8) 3 rd year 9.3 (2.9) MMSE-DS score, mean (SD) 1 st year 25.7 (3.9) 3 rd year 25.0 (4.4) CES-D score, mean (SD) 1 st year 6.8 (8.6) 3 rd year 6.8 (9.1) MNA-SF score, mean (SD) 1 st year 12 (1.9) 3 rd year 12.2 (1.9) Number of regular medications, mean (SD) 1 st year 2.6 (2.6) 3 rd year 2.6 (2.5) FRAIL scale, mean (SD) 1 st year 1.2 (1.2) 3 rd year 1.3 (1.2) Number of falls (for 12 months), mean (SD) 1 st year 0.2 (0.8) 3 rd year 0.7 (4.8) Table 2. Demographic characteristics and geriatric conditions by trajectory group Variable Relatively-stable group (n=617) Gradually-aggravated group (n=126) Rapidly-deteriorated group (n=43) P value* Demographic characteristics Age mean (SD) 72.1 (4.9) 76.6 (5.9) 81.1 (6.6) <.001 Sex female no . (%) 278 (45.1%) 103 (81.8%) 33 (76.7%) <.001 Education year mean (SD) 5.5 (3.5) 3.9 (2.1) 3.4 (1.2) <.001 Living alone no . (%) 95 (15.4%) 19 (15.1%) 10 (23.3%) 0.382 Medical aid no . (%) 16 (2.6%) 2 (1.6%) 5 (11.6%) 0.001 Severity of disability Number of ADL domains, mean (SD) 1 st year 0.1 (0.2) 0.3 ( 0.5 ) 1.3 ( 1.7 ) <.001 3 rd year 0.2 ( 0.4 ) 0.6 ( 0.8 ) 2.5 ( 1.8 ) <.001 Number of IADL domains, mean (SD) 1 st year 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 1.7 ( 1.8 ) 4.4 ( 2.8 ) <.001 3 rd year 0.3 ( 0.6 ) 2.6 ( 1.8 ) 7.9 ( 1.9 ) <.001 Geriatric conditions Number of comorbidities, mean (SD) 1 st year 1.1 (1.0) 1.6 (1.0) 2.0 (1.2) <.001 3 rd year 1.6 (1.1) 2.1 (1.1) 2.4 (1.2) <.001 SPPB score, mean (SD) 1 st year 9.5 (2.2) 6.8 (2.9) 3.3 (2.4) <.001 3 rd year 10.2 (2.0) 7.4 (3.2) 3.1 (2.2) <.001 MMSE-DS score, mean (SD) 1 st year 26.5 (3.4) 23.6 (4.0) 20.4 (4.7) <.001 3 rd year 26.1 (3.3) 21.9 (5.1) 18.1 (5.0) <.001 CES-D score, mean (SD) 1 st year 5.4 (7.0) 11.8 (11) 13.4 (12.6) <.001 3 rd year 4.9 (6.8) 12.7 (12.5) 17.5 (12.1) <.001 MNA-SF score, mean (SD) 1 st year 12.3 (1.8) 11.2 (2.2) 10.6 (2.0) <.001 3 rd year 12.5 (1.7) 11.5 (2.0) 10.5 (2.5) <.001 Number of regular medications, mean (SD) 1 st year 2.2 (2.4) 3.5 (2.9) 4.4 (3.8) <.001 3 rd year 2.4 (2.3) 3.0 (2.5) 4.4 (3.8) 0.001 FRAIL scale, mean (SD) 1 st year 0.9 (1.0) 2.1 (1.1) 2.5 (1.0) <.001 3 rd year 1.0 (1.1) 2.2 (1.1) 2.7 (0.8) <.001 Number of falls (for 12 months), mean (SD) 1 st year 0.1 (0.6) 0.3 (0.7) 0.8 (2.0) 0.047 3 rd year 0.3 (1.7) 1.6 (8.4) 3 (12.9) 0.097 * The P value given in the table uses a chi-square test and the other variables used within the one-way ANOVA Table 3. Home time difference according to conventional versus trajectory-based grouping of disability Ye- ar Conventional Disability Group Trajectory-based Group No dependency group (n=518) Mild-dependent group (n=154) Severe-dependent group (n=114) p value* Relatively-stable group (n=617) Gradually-aggravated group (n=126) Rapidly-deteriorated group (n=43) p value* Home time (days)**, mean (SD) 1 st year 352.2 (14.3) 348.0 (22.3) 343.3 (23.1) <.001 351.6 (14.9) 346.0 (19.7) 339.9 (37.0) 0.003 2 nd year 352.0 (14.1) 347.7 (22.2) 342.9 (22.8) <.001 351.4 (14.7) 345.7 (19.5) 339.5 (36.4) 0.002 3 rd year 350.3 (17.6) 348.2 (22.2) 344.8 (20.4) 0.025 350.3 (17.6) 345.5 (17.5) 341.8 (34.6) 0.009 * The p value given in the table uses the one-way ANOVA. Supplementary Files Additionalfile1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Oct, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Geriatrics → Version 4 posted Editorial decision: Accept 14 Oct, 2020 Editor assigned by journal 13 Oct, 2020 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Oct, 2020 Editor invited by journal 12 Oct, 2020 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-18186","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":3413132,"identity":"784e5dc7-ea21-4cc3-bedd-a7fadec6ae19","order_by":0,"name":"Hae Reong Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yonsei University College of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hae","middleName":"Reong","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":3413133,"identity":"abf14b26-817c-47d0-8064-8fb3c2010d65","order_by":1,"name":"Hea yon Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Asan Medical 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Jang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Asan Medical Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Il-Young","middleName":"","lastName":"Jang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-03-19 23:15:07","currentVersionCode":4,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-18186/v4","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-18186/v4","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01834-y","type":"published","date":"2020-10-28T15:02:32+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":3114463,"identity":"98a10705-da0f-4565-85cd-9b1b76ad839d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-21 17:59:26","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69066,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Participant selection flow.","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-18186/v4/d28f548941876815cae9be14.jpeg"},{"id":3114464,"identity":"db929aef-040c-4f22-87d2-4549e0e9eafb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-21 17:59:26","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":329396,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Trajectory group of disability over time (with 95% C.I., for 3-years).","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-18186/v4/c714e91c1fc036441a693876.jpeg"},{"id":3114465,"identity":"5f87f818-53c1-4c34-aa2b-d8e1eb047735","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-21 17:59:26","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84757,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Forest plot of the incidence rate ratio for conventional versus trajectory group of disability.","description":"","filename":"Figure3.JPG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-18186/v4/f29dda30cd9b3317bc0d9c9c.JPG"},{"id":13604747,"identity":"43a082c0-4114-4244-b86f-5f60ffe252b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 06:01:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1583687,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-18186/v4/5e43e74a-500b-4131-8ea2-a6c519ab17a7.pdf"},{"id":3114462,"identity":"763706a1-16ba-4e69-af3d-9d2e3764b95c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-21 17:59:26","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":80245,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-18186/v4/7cd2b86dfa5629b80b471dd3.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eLongitudinal trajectory of disability in community-dwelling older adults: An observational cohort study in South Korea\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe number of countries facing an aging population is increasing worldwide [1, 2]. The increase in the world\u0026rsquo;s older population implicates an increase in not only the prevalence of chronic diseases, but also the burden of people with functional impairments and geriatric conditions (e.g., frailty and sarcopenia) [3-6]. Particularly, disability, which is regarded as a health-related condition, increases care demands and socioeconomic burdens for both families and communities [7-9].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe onset of disability varies substantially among individuals with similar chronological ages [10-13]. Studies have shown that differences exist among individuals in terms of presence of multimorbidity, frailty, and disability. Evidence also suggests that disability can be prevented or delayed when accompanied by appropriate multifactorial interventions to remove risk factors and improve functioning, making disability one of the most important outcome measures in studies targeting older populations [14].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe conventional method of assessment for disability focuses on the severity of the disability at the initial diagnosis; however, this does not reflect the individuality and time course of the disability. The trajectory method of assessment focuses on the changes in the later years of life [15]. Previous studies have shown different trajectory models based on mood, physical activity, and disability in the later years of life [8, 15-17]. However, the trajectory and time course of various disabilities are still not well understood. Although some studies show trajectories and subsequent mortality with disability [15], other studies demonstrate that not all older individuals with disability in the community end up being institutionalized in chronic hospitals or other long-term care facilities [16-18]. It is unclear whether an older individual identifying with a disability has a high probability of readmission or long-term institutionalization. Furthermore, only a few studies have focused on the dynamic trajectories of disability in community-dwelling older adults [18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreviously, trajectories of disability were not researched in relation to patient-centered outcomes. Patient-centered outcomes are the result of a healthcare system that prioritizes a patient\u0026rsquo;s needs in conjunction with the healthcare professional\u0026rsquo;s medical expertise. It focuses on health status that is meaningful to patients such as quality of life, functional status, and independent living [19-21]. In recent studies, \u0026ldquo;home time\u0026rdquo; has been proposed as a patient-centered measure relevant to the quality of life for older people [22-24]. Home time, meaning the number of days alive and spent at home, comes from the concept of patients\u0026rsquo; wanting to maximize the number of days they can be at home rather than in hospital or nursing facilities at the end of their life. Home time focuses on priority values and purposes that are important to older patients or their families, and shows its relationship with self-rated health, mobility, self-care difficulties, and limited social activity [22-24].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this study is to explore the following: (1) how disability is divided by the trajectory method in relation to time-sequenced data in a longitudinal cohort, (2) whether the demographic and geriatric conditions differ among the trajectory groups, and (3) whether home time, a patient-centered outcome, is differentiated by the trajectory groups.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e2.1. Study Design and Sample\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecords from the Aging Study of Pyeongchang Rural Area (ASPRA) were analyzed. This population-based, prospective cohort study has been established to analyze aging-related changes and major health outcomes of the older population, as part of an academic-public health collaborative model. The details of this study are described elsewhere [25]. To summarize, older Korean adults in Pyeongchang-gun who met the required criteria were enrolled beginning in November 2014. The inclusion criteria of the ASPRA cohort included: (1) being aged \u0026ge;65 years; (2) being registered in the National Healthcare Service; (3) being ambulatory with or without an assistive device; (4) living at home; and (5) being able to provide informed consent. Those who were living in a nursing home, hospitalized, or bed-ridden and receiving nursing-home-level care at the time of enrollment were excluded [25]. The cohort had a participation rate of more than 90%. A baseline study on the ASPRA population showed that demographic characteristics in this population were in accordance with those of nationwide rural-dwelling older adults [25]. The Institutional Review board of Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, approved the protocol for this study (IRB No. 2014-0988).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2. Assessment of Disability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrained nurses assessed disability and other geriatric conditions utilizing standardized instruments every year [7]. Disability was assessed according to a 7-item activity of daily living scale (ADL; bathing, continence, dressing, eating, toileting, transferring, and washing face and hands) [5, 26], or a 10-item instrumental activity of daily living scale (IADL; food preparation, household chores, going out short distance, grooming, handling finances, laundry, managing own medications, shopping, transportation, and using a telephone) [5, 27, 28]. Disability was defined as being dependent in more than one domain in ADL and IADL. The severity of disability was conventionally operationalized into three groups: no dependency (disabled domain: 0), mild disability (disabled domain: 1), and severe disability (disabled domain: 2 or more) [29, 30].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3. Assessment of Geriatric Conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants\u0026rsquo; baseline demographic factors (e.g., age, sex, education (in years), living alone, and medical aid) were further examined. Physician-diagnosed chronic diseases, including angina, arthritis, asthma, cancer, chronic lung disease, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, heart attack, hypertension, kidney disease, and stroke were identified [5]. Cognitive function was assessed by the Korean version of the Mini Mental State Examination-Dementia Screening [MMSE-DS; ranged from 0 (severe cognitive impairment) to 30 (no problem) [31]. Mood status was examined by the Korean version of the center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale [CES-D; ranged from 0 (not depressed) to 60 (severely depressed)] [32]. Nutritional status was assessed by a Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form [MNA-SF; ranged from 0 (malnutrition) to 14 (well-nourished)] [33]. Physical function was measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB; ranged from 0 (worst performance) to 12 (best performance)] that covered chair stand, standing balance, and gait speed [34, 35]. The Korean version of a 5-item FRAIL scale was administered to screen frailty status [36]. Participants were interviewed concerning their history of falls in the past year.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4. Calculation of Home Time\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegistered nurses assessed the participants' hospital use, visits to the emergency room, and institutionalization period every three months. Home time was calculated to be 365 days excluding the dates sent from the hospital and healthcare facilities [22, 23].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5. Statistical Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo identify differences in home time among groups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was utilized for home time, which is a numeric variable. Regarding the categorical variables within the study, the difference among the variables was examined by employing a chi-square test. In order to examine the statistical association between home time and disability group, a Poisson regression model was applied. We estimated the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for home time with a Poisson regression model, adjusted for sex and age in the trajectory group [37]. In the conventional group, the year of measure was additionally adjusted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the discrepancy of the results, separate trajectories were identified according to the severity of disability using the Proc Traj procedure in SAS 9.4 [38]. The groups were divided according to the following criteria: (a) the lowest value in Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), (b) the average posterior probability of group assignment (\u0026ge;0.7), and (c) group size such that no less than 5% of the study sample were assigned to one trajectory group [39]. These analyses were performed with the 3.5.3 version in R. Two-sided \u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003evalues of \u0026lt; .05 were considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e Total candidates and characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 1,355 participants who received usual care in public health settings, those participants who had a follow-up period of less than three years were excluded. Among individuals, 233 people were excluded because the follow-up period was less than three years. By then, 336 participants dropped out due to either medical reasons (n=170) or follow-up loss (n=166). Among the medical reasons, 35 participants had died, 103 were admitted to nursing homes, and 32 moved out due to health problems. Of the 166 participants with follow-up loss, 53 moved out due to other problems, 89 declined to participate, and 24 had lost contact. Finally, 786 participants who completed routine measurements for three years were analyzed in this study (Figure 1). For participants with a follow-up period longer than three years, the baseline point was defined as the first measurement after enrollment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Among the 170 participants who dropped out for medical reasons, 35 participants (20.6%) had died, 103 participants (60.6%) were admitted to nursing homes due to deterioration of health, and 32 participants (18.8%) had moved or were withdrawn due to health problems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e** Among the 166 participants who dropped out due to follow-up loss, 53 participants (31.9%) moved due to other problems (except for health), 89 participants (53.6%) declined to participate, and 24 participants (14.5%) had lost contact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants\u0026rsquo; baseline demographic factors including age, sex, education (in years), living alone (or not), and medical aid (or not) were examined according to total participants based on Figure 1 (Table 1). Geriatric conditions such as number of comorbidities, MMSE-DS, number of regular medications, FRAIL scale, SPPB score, CES-D score, MNA-SF score, and the number of falls were included. The average age was 73.3 years (SD: 5.8), and the percentage of females was 52.7% of the total. The average education (in years) was 5.2 years (SD: 3.3), and 15.8% of the total were living alone. Among geriatric conditions, the baseline of the SPPB and MMSE-SD score was 8.8 (SD: 2.8) and 25.7 (SD: 3.9), respectively, each at baseline.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2. Disability Trajectories\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree trajectory groups were defined according to the degree of disability by the number of impaired domains from the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e to the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e years (Figure 2). The model with three trajectory groups was the best fit for our data based on BIC, considering the proportions of each group (see Table S1 on Additional file 1). The average posterior probability was assigned to each group (\u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e= 0.9, 0.82, and 0.96, respectively) [39].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u0026ldquo;relatively-stable group\u0026rdquo; (78.5 %; n=617) was characterized by the lowest levels of disability. The \u0026ldquo;gradually-aggravated group\u0026rdquo; (16.0 %; n=126) was characterized by slightly increasing levels of disability over time. The remaining 5.5% of the population (n=43) with high baseline disability that was also rapidly aggravating over time were categorized as the \u0026ldquo;rapidly-deteriorated\u0026rdquo; group (Figure 2) [40].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3. Comparisons of Characteristics Among Trajectory Groups\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe looked at factors such as baseline demographic factors and geriatric condition according to the trajectory group likewise in chapter 3.1. (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeriatric measurements differed significantly in the three groups, except for living alone and the number of falls in the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year. In the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year, the relatively-stable group had a mean age of 72.1 years, 45.1% were female, the mean number of comorbidities was 1.1, the number of medications was 2.2, and the mean number of falls in the previous year was 0.1. In the rapidly-deteriorated group, mean age at 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year was 81.1 years (which is almost nine years higher than the relatively-stable group), and 76.7% of the participants were female. This group had a mean number of 2.0 for comorbidities, 4.4 for those receiving regular medications, and 0.8 for the number of falls in the previous year.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of physical performance, the SPPB score was 9.5 points in the relatively-stable group and 3.3 points in the rapidly-deteriorated group. In the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year, the difference between the relatively-stable group and rapidly-deteriorated group was larger than that of the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year, increasing from 6.1 to 7.2, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4. Comparison of Home Time Between the Conventional Versus Trajectory-based Group\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHome time decreased by an incremental degree in both the conventional and trajectory-based disability groups (Table 3). Compared to the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year, the trend of decreasing home time took place continuously in the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e and 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year, the home time of the severe group was shorter by 8.9 days (352.2 days-343.3 days) compared to the no dependency group by conventional grouping. In contrast, the rapidly-deteriorated group had 11.7 days fewer (351.6 days-339.9 days) home time than the relatively-stable group by trajectory-based grouping in the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year, the home time of the severe group was shorter by 5.5 days (350.3 days-344.8 days) compared to the no dependency group by conventional grouping. By trajectory-based grouping, the rapidly-deteriorated group stayed 8.5 fewer days in their home than in the relatively-stable group (350.3 days-341.8 days, a 2.43% decrease).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5. Incidence Rate Ratio for Home Time According to Conventional Versus Trajectory-based Grouping of Disability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter recognizing the differences in home time decrements by definitions of disability phenotype (Table 2), regression models were employed to adjust for demographic factors, including age and sex, in these observations. Additionally, the year of measurement was adjusted in the conventional group since the trajectory-based definition already took into account time sequence. In the statistical model with adjusted variables, significant differences of home time between the conventional based and trajectory-based definitions were observed in the univariate analysis (see Table S2 in Additional file 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe IRR for home time in the conventional groups and trajectory groups is shown in Figure 3. Home time in the mild dependent group (IRR = 0.993; 95% CI, 0.987-0.999) was shorter than the reference group (no dependency group) by conventional grouping. Similarly, the severe-dependent group had shorter home time (IRR = 0.985; 95% CI, 0.979-0.992) compared to the no dependency group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the trajectory-based group, the home time of the gradually-aggravated group was shorter (IRR =0.992; 95% CI, 0.985-0.999) compared to the relatively-stable group. Similarly, the rapidly-deteriorated group had shorter home time (IRR =0.978; 95% CI, 0.967-0.988) compared to the relatively-stable group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*The analysis of the trajectory group was adjusted for sex and age. The conventional group was additionally adjusted for the year of measurement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e** The reference value of the conventional group is the \u0026lsquo;no dependency group\u0026rsquo; and the reference value of the trajectory group is the \u0026lsquo;relatively-stable group\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6. Incidence Rate Ratio of subgroup for Home Time According to Trajectory-based Grouping of Disability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe also conducted subgroup analysis according to age and sex, respectively. In the case of age group, we divided age group criteria into (1) 65-74 years, and (2) 75 years or older based on [41]. According to our findings, home time in the female group was lower in the gradually-aggravated group and rapidly-deteriorated group than in the relatively-stable group (IRR, 0.989 and 0.967). However, in the male group, there were no significant results for either classification of disability and home time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the case of the age group, the IRR for home time in the 65-74 year age group was 0.915 in the rapidly-deteriorated group compared to the relatively-stable group. The portion of the rapidly-deteriorated group was just 1.7% of the total, however. In the 75 years or older group, the disability classification was proper. But it was not statistically significant with regard to home time (see Table S3, Figure S1, and S2).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDisability is a major determinant of quality of life in older adults. In the present study, different trajectory groups were categorized according to the severity of disability over time. The conventional method of identifying disability shows only a snapshot of disability status and individual disability components. Therefore, the trajectory groups of disability that we identified demonstrated a more integrated approach toward defining disability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe major finding of this study is that three trajectory groups with different severities of disability were confirmed in community-dwelling older adults. The three trajectory groups were divided into the following: a relatively-stable group (78.5%), a gradually-aggravated group (16.0%), and a rapidly-deteriorated group (5.5%). Previous studies had shown trajectory grouping using the number of disabilities in patients with underlying diseases such as cancer. In a study with cancer patients, the percentage of the severe trajectory group was 21.2 % prior to receiving cancer treatment [42]. Our study is unique in that we show the percentage of the severe disability group (rapidly-deteriorated group) to be around 5.5% in relatively healthy older adults living in rural communities. Our data may serve as a basis for future reference in disability studies of the general older populations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother finding is that there were differences in the demographic characteristics and geriatric conditions among the different trajectory groups. Most of the variables of the demographic and geriatric conditions were significantly different trajectory groups, except for the number of falls and living alone status. We confirm that the age increased, and the years of education decreased from the relatively-stable to deteriorated group. What stands out most from this study is the change in SPPB. It is well known that SPPB is an important variable for older adults in addition to the FRAIL scale and MMSE-DS score [43]. Our results show that in the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year, the SPPB score was 10.2 points (SD: 2.0) in the relatively-stable group and 3.1 points (SD: 2.2) in the rapidly-deteriorated (more severe) group. In addition to a statistical difference, the numerical difference shows that there was a difference of more than three times between the relatively-stable group and the rapidly-deteriorated group. From this result, we recommend that a comprehensive geriatric assessment in clinical settings be performed, if available, in order to measure physical performance such as SPPB.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, our study contributes to the literature by showing that the trajectory method can maximize the difference in home time compared to the conventional method. We showed that home time decreased more over time, as the disability type was severe at initial diagnosis and the increasing levels of disability were rapid. In the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e and 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year follow-up, the decrease in home time was smaller than in the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year, but the home time of the trajectory groups were still reduced compared to the conventional groups, and this difference was statistically significant. We found that the trajectory method decreased 3.33% in the rapidly-deteriorated group compared to the stable group. In the conventional case, the severe-dependent group decreased by 2.53% compared to the non-dependent group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rapidly-deteriorated group had shorter home time (IRR = 0.978; 95% CI, 0.967-0.988) compared to the relatively-stable group by trajectory method. This result was shorter than the severe-dependent group of the conventional method (IRR = 0.985; 95% CI, 0.979-0.992).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering subgroup, home time in the female group was lower in the gradually-aggravated and rapidly-deteriorated group than in the relatively-stable group (IRR, 0.989 and 0.967), but males and other age groups were not significant in terms of disability classification or home time reduction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, our results can inform public health professionals developing care models to detect trajectories of disability and build individualized intervention or rehabilitation programs and health policies based on the trajectories, for older, vulnerable populations. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe strengths of this study are that the enrollment rate was 90% and based on an aging cohort derived from an academic-public health collaborative model. We obtained consistent data based on internationally validated geriatric assessment tools and, therefore, the results reflect real world data. Although our data is based on rural communities where some proportions of individuals have low education and are engaged in agriculture, it is a population-based cohort and the sociodemographic characteristics were similar to those of the representative Korean national data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. Among the 1,122 eligible participants, 166 people (15%) were lost to follow-up. This may be a limitation in constructing the trajectory model; however, this 15% follow- up loss was over the three years of analysis. Therefore, loss to follow-up occurred around 5% per year, which is less than the general percentage of population migration. Second, there may be a recall bias in home time. The participants may not fully recall their hospital or emergency visits in the previous years. In order to overcome this limitation, we obtained information from Community Health Posts in Pyeonchang run by the National Healthcare Service for information if the participants were not fully aware of their hospital use in the past. Therefore, we attempted to minimize recall bias. Third, there was a relatively short follow-up term. The cohort was a three-year follow-up study and, therefore, there is a need for individuals to be examined over longer periods of time. Lastly, it is difficult to capture the short- and medium-term changes in disability lasting less than a year by the methods we used. Gill et al. have suggested that mechanisms underlying the different subtypes are likely to differ. While the presence of physical frailty increased the likelihood of developing long-term, recurrent, and unstable disability, it only had a modest effect on developing transient and short-term disability [44].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eA longitudinal trajectory method was used to apply the time trend of disability to community-dwelling older adults. We verify that the demographical and clinical indexes are different according to the trajectory grouping, and the significant effect of the trajectory method on home time was also examined. Our observations provide public health professionals and policy makers with valuable information in order to set priorities for policy making and intervention.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate: \u003c/strong\u003eThe protocol approved from the Institutional Review Board of the Asan Medical Center (IRB No. 2014-0988). All participants gave written informed consent to participate before inclusion in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material:\u003c/strong\u003e The datasets used are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests: \u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding: \u003c/strong\u003ePublic health professionals and nurses of PyeongChang County Hospital participated in data collection. Otherwise, sponsors did not have any role in study design; analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the article; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. The Aging Study of PyeongChang Rural Area was supported by PyeongChang County Hospital, Gangwon Province. This study was supported by the Foundational Technology Development Program (NRF - 2019M3E5D4064682) the Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea. This study was also supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R\u0026amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health \u0026amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number : HI18C2383)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions: \u003c/strong\u003eHRK developed study concept and design, data analysis, data interpretation, drafting, revision of manuscript; HYL developed study concept and design, data analysis, data interpretation, drafting, revision of manuscript; YJS developed study concept and design, data analysis, data interpretation; EJL developed data interpretation, revision of manuscript; HWJ developed data interpretation, revision of manuscript; YRP developed study concept and design, data analysis, data interpretation, drafting, revision of manuscript; IYJ developed study concept and design, data analysis, data interpretation, drafting, revision of manuscript. All the authors contributed to and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments: \u003c/strong\u003eWe are indebted to the public health professionals and nurses of PyeongChang County Hospital, Public Health Center, and Community Health Posts for their administrative support and efforts in enrollment and measurements. The abstract of this paper was presented at the American\u0026nbsp;Geriatrics\u0026nbsp;Society\u0026nbsp;(AGS) 2020\u0026nbsp;Annual Scientific Meeting as an abstract\u0026nbsp;presentation.\u0026nbsp;The poster\u0026rsquo;s abstract was published in \u0026ldquo;Abstract Supplement\u0026rdquo; in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society: Currently available at\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16431.\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16431.\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;The all authors declare that there is no potential conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eANOVA: Analysis of Variance; BIC: Bayesian information criterion; SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery; ADL: Activity of Daily Living; IADL: Instrumental Activity of Daily Living; MMSE-DS: Mini Mental State Examination-Dementia Screening; CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; MNA-SF: Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; ASPRA: Aging Study of Pyeongchang Rural Area; IRR: Incidence Rate Ratio\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO, Aging UNIo: \u003cstrong\u003eGlobal Health and Aging\u003c/strong\u003e. 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\u003cstrong\u003e56\u003c/strong\u003e(3):436-443.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:21.25pt;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:21.25pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);'\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eDemographic characteristics and\u0026nbsp;geriatric conditions\u0026nbsp;by total participants\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 57%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:198.45pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eVariable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(n=786)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width:120.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background: white;\"\u003eDemographic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background: white;\"\u003echaracteristics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eAge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cem\u003emean\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e(SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e73.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(5.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eSex\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003efemale\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eno\u003c/em\u003e. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e414\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(52.7%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eEducation year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e5.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(3.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eLiving alone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eno\u003c/em\u003e. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e124\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(15.8%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eMedical aid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eno\u003c/em\u003e. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(2.9%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:255.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eSeverity of disability\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:120.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eNumber of ADL domains, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;\"\u003e0.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(\u003cspan style=\"border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;\"\u003e0.6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:20.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:20.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;\"\u003e0.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(\u003cspan style=\"border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;\"\u003e0.8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:120.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eNumber of IADL domains, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;\"\u003e0.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(\u003cspan style=\"border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;\"\u003e1.5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(\u003cspan style=\"border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;\"\u003e2.1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:255.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eGeriatric conditions\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:120.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eNumber of comorbidities, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(1.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(1.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:120.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eSPPB score, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e8.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(2.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e9.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(2.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:120.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eMMSE-DS score, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e25.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(3.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e25.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(4.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:120.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eCES-D score, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e6.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(8.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e6.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(9.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:120.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eMNA-SF score, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(1.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e12.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(1.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:120.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eNumber of regular medications, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e2.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(2.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e2.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(2.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:120.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eFRAIL scale, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(1.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(1.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:120.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eNumber of falls\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(for 12 months),\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cem\u003emean\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e(SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e0.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(0.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:77.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:26.3pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:26.3pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e0.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e(4.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:21.25pt;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:21.25pt;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eDemographic characteristics and\u0026nbsp;geriatric conditions\u0026nbsp;by trajectory group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 83%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eVariable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eRelatively-stable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003egroup (n=617)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eGradually-aggravated group\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(n=126)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eRapidly-deteriorated group\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(n=43)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;value*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; background: white;'\u003eDemographic characteristics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eAge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003emean\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e72.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(4.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e76.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(5.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino 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(%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e278\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(45.1%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e103\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(81.8%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e33\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(76.7%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eEducation year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003emean (SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e5.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(3.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino 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style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eLiving alone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eno\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e95\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(15.4%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e19\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(15.1%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e10\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(23.3%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e0.382\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eMedical aid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eno\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e16\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.6%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.6%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(11.6%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e0.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eSeverity of disability\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eNumber of ADL domains, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e0.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(0.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e0.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e1.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e1.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e0.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e0.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e0.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e0.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e2.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e1.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eNumber of IADL domains, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background: white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e0.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background: white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background: white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e1.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background:white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e1.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e4.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e2.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background: white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e0.3 \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background: white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e0.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background: white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e2.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background:white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e1.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e7.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;'\u003e1.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eGeriatric conditions\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eNumber of comorbidities, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e2.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e2.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e2.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eSPPB score, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e9.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e6.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e10.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e7.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(3.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eMMSE-DS score, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e26.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(3.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e23.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(4.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e20.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(4.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e26.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(3.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e21.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(5.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e18.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(5.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eCES-D score, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e5.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(7.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e11.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(11)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e13.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(12.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e4.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(6.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e12.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(12.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e17.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(12.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eMNA-SF score, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e12.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e11.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e10.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e11.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e10.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eNumber of regular medications, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e2.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e4.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(3.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e2.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e4.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(3.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e0.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eFRAIL scale, \u003cem\u003emean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e0.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e2.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background: white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e2.5 \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background: white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background: white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1.0 \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background: white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background: white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e2.2 \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003cpre style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:GulimChe;color:black;text-align:center;line-height:200%;background: white;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e2.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(0.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width:370.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eNumber of falls (for 12 months), \u003cem\u003emean\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e0.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(0.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e0.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(0.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e0.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(2.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e0.047\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:86.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:26.3pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.95in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:26.3pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e0.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(1.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:26.3pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(8.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:26.3pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(12.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:68.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:26.3pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e0.097\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-weight:bold;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 200%; font-weight: normal;\"\u003e*\u0026nbsp;The \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value given in the table uses a chi-square test and the other variables used within the one-way\u0026nbsp;ANOVA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:21.25pt;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:21.25pt;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:21.25pt;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:21.25pt;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eHome time difference according to conventional versus trajectory-based grouping of disability\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 4.5e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:28.05pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eYe-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003ear\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width:205.6pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eConventional Disability Group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width:217.15pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eTrajectory-based Group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eNo dependency group\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;(n=518)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eMild-dependent group\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;(n=154)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eSevere-dependent group (n=114)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003evalue*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eRelatively-stable group (n=617)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.8pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eGradually-aggravated group (n=126)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eRapidly-deteriorated group\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(n=43)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:47.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003ep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;value*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width:450.8pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003eHome time (days)**, mean (SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e352.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(14.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e348.0 (22.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e343.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(23.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e351.6 (14.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.8pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e346.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(19.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e339.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(37.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:47.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e0.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e352.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e(14.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:200%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\", serif;'\u003e347.7 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color: rgb(0, 0, 0);'\u003eANOVA.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Aged, Disability, Geriatric assessment, Patient-Centered Care, Quality of life, Trajectory ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-18186/v4","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-18186/v4","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Disability, which is considered a health-related condition, increases care demands and socioeconomic burdens for both families and communities. To confirm the trend of dynamic longitudinal changes in disability, this study aims to explore how disability is divided by the trajectory method, which deals with time-sequenced data. Additionally, this study examines the differences in demographics, geriatric conditions, and time spent at home among the trajectory groups in community-dwelling older adults. Home time is defined as the period during which the patient was not in a hospital or health care facility during their lifetime. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e Records of 786 community-dwelling older participants were analyzed from the Aging Study of PyeongChang Rural Area, a population-based cohort study that took place over three years. Using 7 domains of activities of daily living and 10 domains of instrumental activities of daily living, participants were grouped into no dependency (0 disabled domain), mild (1 disabled domain), and severe (2 or more disabled domains) disability groups. The longitudinal trajectory group of disability was calculated as a trajectory method. Three distinct trajectory groups were calculated over time: a relatively-stable group (78.5 %; n=617), a gradually-aggravated group (16.0 %; n=126), and a rapidly-deteriorated group (5.5 %; n=43). \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e The average age of 786 participants was 73.3 years (SD: 5.8), and the percentage of female was 52.7%. It was found that 78.5% of patients showed relatively no dependence and 5.5% of older adults in a rural area showed severe dependence. Through applying the trajectory method, it was shown that the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score was 10.2 points in the relatively-stable group and 3.1 points in the rapidly-deteriorating group by the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e year. Additionally, by the trajectory method, the rate of decrease in home time was 3.33% in the rapidly-deteriorated group compared to the relatively-stable group. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study shows the difference in demographics and geriatric conditions (such as SPPB) through the examination of longitudinal trajectory groups of disability in community-dwelling older adults. Significant differences were also found in the amount of home time among the trajectory groups.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Longitudinal trajectory of disability in community-dwelling older adults: An observational cohort study in South Korea","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":4,"date":"2020-10-21 17:59:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-18186/v4","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Accept","date":"2020-10-14T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-10-13T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-10-12T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-10-12T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":3,"date":"2020-10-06 20:47:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-18186/v3","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-10-07T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revision","date":"2020-10-07T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-10-06T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-09-30T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":2,"date":"2020-08-12 18:45:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-18186/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revision","date":"2020-09-11T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-08-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Accept without revision\nForm responses:\n---\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nThe authors have adequately addressed the reviewers' comments.* Publons Reviewer Recognition. Springer Nature can send verification of this review directly to Publons (a subsidiary of Clarivate Analytics). If you would like to take advantage of this service, please click on the “Yes” option below. Your name, email address, title of the reviewed manuscript, name of the journal, and date of your review submission (the “Review Data”) will then be transmitted to Publons upon publication of the manuscript. If you have already registered at Publons, they will notify you of the receipt of this review and update your profile as per your settings and their policy. If you are not registered with Publons, you will receive an email from them asking you to register in order for them to be able to recognize your review on your new profile page. Publons may use the Review Data to generate derivative metadata for the benefit of Publons and you as a reviewer, carefully considering the sensitivity of such information. For example, Publons may verify your record as a reviewer by updating your profile published on its webservice if you have registered for such service or help editors to identify candidate reviewers. Please find the details of processing in Publons’ privacy policy https://publons.com/about/terms: **No**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests.**\n* Reviewer Publication Consent. I agree for my report to be made available under an Open Access Creative Commons CC-BY License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) if this manuscript is accepted for publication. Any comments that I do not wish to be included in the published report have been included as confidential comments to the editor, which will not be published.: **I agree to the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 license; please publish my name with my report.**\n* Is the study design appropriate to answer the research question (including the use of appropriate controls), and are the conclusions supported by the evidence presented?: **Yes**\n* Are the methods sufficiently described to allow the study to be repeated?: **Yes**\n* Is the use of statistics and treatment of uncertainties appropriate?: **Yes**\n* Is the presentation of the work clear?: **Yes**\n* Are the images in this manuscript (including electrophoretic gels and blots) free from apparent manipulation?: **Yes**\n"},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-08-19T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-08-19T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-08-04T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-08-03T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-08-03T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2020-03-21 21:18:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-18186/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2020-07-08T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-05-10T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Accept after minor essential revisions\nForm responses:\n---\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nThis is a well written original article aimed to investigate the differences of disability, demographic and geriatric conditions, and home-time longitudinally between trajectory groups divided as a relatively-stable group, a gradually aggravated group, and a rapidly-deteriorated group. The results demonstrated that a rapidly-deteriorated group showed worse outcomes on disability, demographic and geriatric conditions, and fewer days spent at home. The only comment I have is please discuss the clinical implications of these results. How these results may influence the geriatric rehabilitation interventions or policy makers to improve quality of life in older adults?* Publons Reviewer Recognition. Springer Nature can send verification of this review directly to Publons (a subsidiary of Clarivate Analytics). If you would like to take advantage of this service, please click on the “Yes” option below. Your name, email address, title of the reviewed manuscript, name of the journal, and date of your review submission (the “Review Data”) will then be transmitted to Publons upon publication of the manuscript. If you have already registered at Publons, they will notify you of the receipt of this review and update your profile as per your settings and their policy. If you are not registered with Publons, you will receive an email from them asking you to register in order for them to be able to recognize your review on your new profile page. Publons may use the Review Data to generate derivative metadata for the benefit of Publons and you as a reviewer, carefully considering the sensitivity of such information. For example, Publons may verify your record as a reviewer by updating your profile published on its webservice if you have registered for such service or help editors to identify candidate reviewers. Please find the details of processing in Publons’ privacy policy https://publons.com/about/terms: **No**\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **Yes**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Yes**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **I am able to assess the statistics**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests**\n* Reviewer Publication Consent. I agree for my report to be made available under an Open Access Creative Commons CC-BY License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) if this manuscript is accepted for publication. Any comments that I do not wish to be included in the published report have been included as confidential comments to the editor, which will not be published.: **I agree to the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 license; please do not publish my name with my report. (default)**\n"},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-05-10T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Accept after minor essential revisions\nForm responses:\n---\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nThis is a population based cohort study of older people in Korea that focusses on disability. There is a three year follow up period. The main analytic framework is via trajectory analysis and this is appropriate. The concept of \"home time\" is also an appropriate metric.\n\nOverall the results show that almost 80% of older people show a relatively stable trajectory. This is good news and a comment could be made about this. Women appear to be considerably more likely to have a deterioriating trajectory (see below).\n\nThe analyses add disabilities in personal and instrumental activities of daily living. Many studies have shown that these activities are not equivalent and represent a hierarchy of activities of differing difficulty. The analyses do not take any account of this. The results presented show that IADL abilities deteriorate more than ADL abilities.\n\nThe differences in home time between the three disability trajectory groups is interesting and is a more novel finding. These differences will be relevant for older people and their families and will also have economic consequences.\n\nSpecific comments:\n\nAbstract - results - a summary of age of participants should be given\n\nAbstract - results - last sentence - suggest remove it because the \"conventional\" method has not been mentioned in the method section of the abstract\n\nPage 4 and 5 - the description of participant flow should be moved to the Results section.\n\nPage 6 - line 122 - the scoring of the MMSE is incorrectly reversed. The full score is 30.\n\nPage 7 - the reviewer prefers to see the description of participant flow in the study and the baseline data table at the start of the Results section.\n\nPage 9 - line 199 - \"incidence risk ratio (IRR)\" - is this not an incidence rate ratio (IRR)? This should also be defined in the methods section.\n\nPage 10 - Discussion - the demonstration of the three disability trajectories is interesting and this study, in a Korean rural population, seems roughly similar to other studies of older people in other countries and settings. The authors comment on a number of characteristics of the deteriorating groups but, in addition, female gender seems to be strongly associated with a trajectory of increasing disability. There is a case to be made for presenting additional trajectory models separately for men and women and for \"younger\" older people and \"older\" older people.\n\nPage 10 - line 237 - SPPB is a categorical scale (not an interval scale) and therefore the assertion that is made is incorrect. In addition, SPPB is a measure of mobility disability and hence it is not surprising that its change is markedly different between the three trajectories. However, the comment that SPPB is an instrument that is a sensitive measure of disability is correct.\n\nPage 10 - line 260 - Another limitation is that short term and medium changes in disability will not be captured by the method used. This means that the stable disability trajectory really means stable long term trajectory because significant health conditions causing periods of disability lasting less than a year will not detected. Gill and others have demonstrated this issue of short term disability and recovery clearly.\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **Yes**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Yes**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **I am able to assess the statistics**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare no competing interests**\n* Reviewer Publication Consent. I agree for my report to be made available under an Open Access Creative Commons CC-BY License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) if this manuscript is accepted for publication. Any comments that I do not wish to be included in the published report have been included as confidential comments to the editor, which will not be published.: **I agree to the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 license; please publish my name with my report.**\n"},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-04-10T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-04-07T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-03-27T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-03-27T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-03-19T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-03-18T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"","date":"2020-03-15T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d370f0cc-ed83-4c55-a086-6bea497d9b9e","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 21st, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":847735,"name":"Geriatrics \u0026 Gerontology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-11-01T15:03:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-18186","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01834-y","journal":{"identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Geriatrics"},"publishedOn":"2020-10-28 15:02:32","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 28th, 2020"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-10-21 17:59:25","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12877-020-01834-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01834-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v4","identity":"rs-18186","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-18186","identity":"rs-18186","version":["v4"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}