Effect of Smartphone Addiction on Hand Disorder, Eye Health, Fatıgue and Cognitive Failures

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Research indicates that excessive mobile phone use can contribute to a variety of health problems, including cognitive impairments, visual disturbances, hand discomfort, and fatigue. This study investigated the impact of mobile phone addiction on various health parameters, including cognitive status, eye health, hand discomfort, and fatigue, among university students. A total of 293 students participated in the study. Methods: Students mobile phone addiction status was assessed via the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV). The students were divided into two groups according to the cutoff values given in the study: the "addicted group(n:142) (SAS-SV value man>31, woman>33)", consisting of those determined to have mobile phone addiction, and the "control group (n:151)", consisting of those nonaddictive tendencies. The Chalder Fatigue Scale for fatigue evaluation, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire for cognitive status, the Cornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaire for hand discomfort, and the Ocular Surface Disease Index for eye dryness were used. Data were collected online via Google Forms following ethics committee approval. Results: The addicted group presented higher scores on the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, indicating poorer cognitive performance(p<0.001). Additionally, significant differences were observed in fatigue levels (p=0.014), and eye health(p=0.002). Notably, hand discomfort was significant in specific zones of the right hand (p0,05). Conclusions:These findings underscore the adverse health effects associated with mobile phone addiction, highlighting the need for awareness and potential interventions among university students. Mobile phone addiction hand discomfort university students cognitive impairments Introduction Mobile phone addiction (MPA)has emerged as a significant concern in modern society, with a growing body of research indicating its multifaceted impact on individuals' health and well-being( 1 – 5 ). Compulsive use can lead to various physical and psychological issues, including hand disorders, eye health problems, fatigue, and cognitive impairments. The prevalence of MPA and its associated health risks necessitate a comprehensive examination of its effects to inform intervention strategies and promote healthier usage patterns. While some studies have focused on specific aspects of health such as ocular problems ( 6 – 8 ), others have taken a broader approach, examining the impact on mental health, academic performance, and physical well-being ( 9 ). The relationship between MPA and hand disorders, such as pain in the wrist and fingers, has been noted ( 10 ), as well as the association with symptoms like eye strain and blurred vision ( 11 ). Moreover, excessive mobile phone use has been linked to increased fatigue and reduced cognitive function, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of these effects ( 12 ). The interplay between MPA and these health outcomes underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of its effects on university students. As this population navigates the complexities of academic life, the potential health implications of MPA warrant careful examination. By elucidating the relationships between MPA and cognitive status, eye health, hand discomfort, and fatigue, this study aims to contribute to the growing body of literature on digital health and inform strategies for promoting healthier mobile phone usage among students. Materials and methods The research is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. The formula n= [Nt2pq]/[d2(N-1) + t2 pq] was used to determine the number of students to be reached within the scope of the research. The total number of students studying at the Kozaklı vocational school in the spring semester of the 2023–2024 academic year is 850. The sample number was found to be 264 as a result of the calculation with a 95% confidence interval by taking N = 850, p = 0.5, q = 0.5, d = 0.05 and t = 1.96. The inclusion criteria were as follows: University students aged between 18 and 25 years and who agreed to participate in the study voluntarily. Individuals with a history of musculoskeletal trauma or surgery within the last 6 months, any neurological or psychiatric conditions, use of contact lenses, chronic eye diseases, or history of ocular trauma were excluded. A total of 293 students participated in the study. The students' MPA status was assessed via the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV). The students were divided into two groups according to the cutoff values ​​given in the study: the "addicted group (n:142) (SAS-SV value man > 31, woman > 33)", consisting of those determined to have MPA, and the "control group(n:151) ", consisting of with those nonaddictive tendencies. Ethics This study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics committee approval for the study was obtained by the decision of the Nevsehir Haci Bektaş Veli University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee dated 20.05.2024 and numbered 2024.03.08. All individuals who participated in the study provided informed consent. Data collection Data for the study were collected online via Google Forms, ensuring accessibility and convenience for participants. Prior to data collection, ethics committee approval was obtained to ensure adherence to ethical standards and to protect participant welfare. The participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and informed consent was obtained before their participation. Assessment Tools Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV): Developed by Kwon et al., the present scale is intended to evaluate MPA in the youth demographic. Comprised of 10 items, this self-reporting instrument is scored on a scale of 1 to 6, with 1 indicating strong disagreement and 6 indicating strong agreement. The maximum total score achievable through this scale is 60, with higher scores indicating a heightened risk of MPA. In the Korean sample, the cutoff scores for women and men were reported as 33 and 31, respectively. Noyan et al. conducted a validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the scale ( 13 ). Ocular Surface Disease Index: The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) is a 12-item questionnaire first developed by Walt and colleagues in 1997, that was designed to provide a rapid assessment of ocular irritation symptoms consistent with dry eye disease and their effects on visual function. The Turkish reliability and validity study of the questionnaire was conducted by İrkeç and colleagues in 2007 ( 14 ). The questionnaire consists of 3 categories (A, B, C) and a total of 12 questions. The calculation is performed as (A + B + C) x 25 / number of questions answered. The total score varies between 0 and 100. In the scoring table, a score between 0 and 12 indicates normal eye dryness, 13–22 indicates mild eye dryness, 23–32 indicates moderate eye dryness, and 33–100 indicates severe eye dryness. In the current study, the ocular surface disease index Cronbach’s Alpha (α) value was calculated as 0.89. Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ): The CFQ was created by Broadbent et al. to assess the degree of cognitive failure that occurs in daily life. Errors in perception, memory and motor functions are assessed with 25 questions. Each question on the scale is scored between 0 (never) and 4 (very often). The total score varies between 0-100 and a higher score indicates an increased level of cognitive failure. A validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the scale was conducted by Ekici et al. ( 15 ). Cornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaire (CHDQ): A three-part, 6-item questionnaire that includes a hand map diagram showing 6 shaded areas of the hand and questions about how often you have had pain, aching, or discomfort in your hand during the past week, the severity of the pain, and whether it prevents you from doing your work. The total discomfort score was calculated via the following formula: frequency × discomfort × disability. The maximum score for each area is 90, and the total score for the 6 areas is 560 (higher scores indicate greater discomfort). The CHDQ was validated in Turkey by Dr. Oğuzhan Erdinç ( 16 ). Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS): Designed by Chalder et al. to assess perceived fatigue based on self-report. The scale has 2 subdimensions: mental fatigue and physical fatigue. Each item in the scale, which consists of 11 items in total, is scored between 0 (less than usual) and 3 (much more than usual). High scores are characterized by increased fatigue levels. A validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the scale was conducted by Adın et al.( 17 ). Statistical analysis Turcosa (Turcosa Analytics Ltd, Turkey, www.turcosa.com.tr ) was utilized for the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the study. The employedShapiro‒Wilk test was used to assess whether the data followed a normal distribution. Data exhibiting a normal distribution were analyzed ia the independent sample t test for between-group evaluations. Data that did not exhibit a normal distribution were analyzed via the Mann‒Whitney U test for between-group evaluations. The analysis results of the data included in the study presented as the means, medians, standard deviations, and minimum-maximum values. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in the analyses. Results Comparisons of individuals in terms of demographic factors such as age, phone use and hand dominance are given in Table 1 and Table 2 . There was a statistically significant difference in the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire score between the addicted group and the control group(p < 0.001) (Table 3 ). Additionally, a statistically significant difference was found in the Chalder Fatigue Scale score, which evaluates fatigue, between the addicted group and the control group (p = 0.014) (Table 3 ). Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was found in the Ocular Surface Disease Index score between the addicted group and the control group (p = 0.002)(Table 3 ). For the Cornell Musculoskeletal and Hand Discomfort Questionnaire score, which evaluates hand discomfort, a statistically significant difference was found between the addicted group and the control group on the right side in zones a and c (p 0,05) (Table 4 ). Table 1 Comparison of the age and daily phone usage time of the individuals participating in the study according to their mobile phone addiction status Group n Median (%25; %75) z p Age(year) Addicted 142 20(19–21) 0.0431 0.966 a Control 151 20(19–21) Daily phone usage (min.) Addicted 142 300(296.25–420) 4.5519 0.001 a Control 151 240(180–360) a: Mann-Whitney U test, min: Minute Table 2 Comparison of thr sociodemographic characteristics of individuals participating in the study according to their mobile phone addiction status Addicted Group (n%) Control Group (n%) p Gender Man 15 31 0.019 a Woman 127 120 Smoking Yes 45 42 0.468 a No 97 109 Hand dominance Right 127 133 0.713 a Left 15 18 a: Chi square test Table 3 Comparison of OSDI, CFQ and CFS scores participating in the study according to their mobile phone addiction status Test Addicted Group (n = 142) Median (%25; %75) Control Group (n = 151) Median (%25; %75) z p CFQ 40(31-49.25) 29(22–42) 5.6902 0.001 a CFS 15(11–22) 13(10–18) 2.4476 0.014 a OSDI 25(11.97–45.83) 16.66(6.15–33.33) 3.0335 0.002 a a: Mann-Whitney U test, OSDI: Ocular Surface Disease Index, CFQ: Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, CFS: Chalder Fatigue Scale Table 4 Comparison of CHDQ scores according to mobile phone addiction status CHDQ Addicted Group (n = 142) Median (%25; %75) Control Group (n = 151) Median (%25; %75) z p Right Zone A 0(0-1.5) 0(0–0) 2.2218 0.026 a Zone B 0(0–0) 0(0–0) 0.4108 0.681 a Zone C 0(0–0) 0(0–0) 2.1459 0.032 a Zone D 0(0–0) 0(0–0) 0.3456 0.730 a Zone E 0(0–0) 0(0–0) 0.392 0.695 a Zone F 0(0–0) 0(0–0) 1.0762 0.282 a Left Zone A 0(0-1.5) 0(0-1.5) 1.5908 0.112 a Zone B 0(0–0) 0(0–0) 0.3811 0.703 a Zone C 0(0–0) 0(0–0) 0.4682 0.640 a Zone D 0(0–0) 0(0–0) -0.3442 0.731 a Zone E 0(0–0) 0(0–0) 0.0315 0.975 a Zone F 0(0–0) 0(0–0) -0.733 0.464 a a: Mann-Whitney U test, CHDQ: Cornell hand discomfort questionnaire Discussion The results of this study revealed significant differences in dry eyes, cognitive status, fatigue levels, and hand discomfort between mobile phone addicted individuals and a control group. The rapid increase in mobile phone usage has raised concerns about its potential impact on ocular health, particularly the development of dry eye disease (DED) and other eye disorders.Some studies suggest that MPA is associated with dry eye and other ocular problems, while one found no significant association between MPA and dry eye disease ( 7 , 18 ). In contrast to our study, one study reported no statistically significant link between MPA and DED, but identified other risk factors such as contact lens use and eye drops( 18 ). In line with our findings, many studies have shown a significant association between excessive mobile phone use and the incidence of dry eye disease ( 6 , 8 , 19 , 20 ). The majority of research indicates a strong association between excessive mobile phone use and the development of dry eye disease and other ocular symptoms( 7 , 20 – 22 ). We believe that key contributing factors include altered blinking dynamics and increased oxidative stress, which lead to tear film instability. We suggest that reducing mobile phone use and implementing preventive strategies may reduce the risk of developing dry eyes and related eye disorders. Several studies, in line with our study, have highlighted the adverse effects of MPA on fatigue. A systematic review revealed that prolonged mobile phone use can lead to musculoskeletal disorders, digital eye strain, and loss of focus and attention, all of which contribute to increased fatigue levels( 23 ). Another study conducted among Turkish university students revealed that MPA alone explained 5.8% of the total variance in fatigue levels, indicating a significant correlation between technology addiction and fatigue( 24 ). Priya et al. concluded that prolonged mobile phone use can lead to physical fatigue due to poor posture and musculoskeletal strain( 23 ). MPA is also associated with poor sleep quality, which in turn exacerbates fatigue. Studies have shown that excessive mobile phone use leads to difficulty falling asleep, shorter sleep duration, and overall poor sleep quality, all of which contribute to higher fatigue levels( 25 – 27 ). As can be understood from the literature and the results of our study, MPA causes fatigue. Research collectively indicates that MPA significantly contributes to increased fatigue through various pathways, including poor sleep quality, mental health issues, and cognitive impairments. Addressing MPA and promoting healthier usage patterns could help mitigate these negative effects and improve overall well-being. Our study, revealed that MPA causes thumb pain. Excessive mobile phone use is significantly associated with increased pain in the hand ( 28 , 29 ). Altıparmak et al. reported that MPA is correlated with increased thumb flexion and abduction ROM and increased pain ( 30 ). A study among college students found that 29.2% of participants reported pain in their thumb due to prolonged mobile phone use. One study used the CHDQ to measure hand discomfort and reported a significant positive correlation between MPA and hand discomfort ( 31 ). Another cross-sectional study involving 326 participants from Bangladesh and India reported that 27.9% of participants experienced pain in their elbow while using mobile phones. The CHDQ results indicated a significant association between MPA and hand discomfort ( 32 ). Research conducted at SGT University assessed hand discomfort via the CHDQ among students who used their mobile phones for more than 4 hours daily. A previous study revealed that many students experienced hand discomfort, highlighting the impact of prolonged mobile phone use on musculoskeletal health( 33 ). The MPA is correlated with increased thumb flexion and abduction ROM, increased pain, and decreased wrist radial deviation ROM. İnal et al. concluded that excessive mobile phone use enlarges the median nerve, causes thumb pain, and decreases pinch strength and hand function ( 34 ). The results of our study support the results of İnal et al. and the literature and found pain in the thumb. Summarizing the results of these the studies and our study, addicted mobile phone use can lead to thumb pain, median nerve enlargement, and decreased hand function. Increased use can increase hand and thumb muscle strength, while also affecting thumb ROM and proprioception. Different phone designs and grip types significantly affect thumb kinematics, muscle activity, and overall performance. Repetitive touchscreen interactions reshape cortical sensory processing, especially in the thumb. These findings highlight the need for ergonomic considerations in mobile phone design to reduce adverse effects on hand health. MPA has become a prevalent issue in modern society, raising concerns about its impact on cognitive functions. MPA is significantly positively correlated with cognitive failure, indicating that higher levels of addiction are associated with more frequent cognitive lapses( 35 , 36 ). Several studies have established a positive correlation between MPA and cognitive failure. For eexample, a study by Unsworth et al. (2012) found that individuals with higher scores on the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale reported greater cognitive failures, as measured by the CFQ ( 35 ). This suggests that those who are more addicted to their mobile phones are more likely to experience lapses in attention, memory, and action. Similarly, another study involving 1721 secondary school students revealed that sleep quality partially mediated the relationship between MPA and cognitive failures. High levels of trait self-regulation could attenuate the impact of MPA on cognitive failures through improved sleep quality. These findings indicate that poor sleep quality, often a consequence of excessive mobile phone use, contributes to cognitive failure ( 37 ). High MPA predicts higher levels of rumination and lower levels of mindfulness, both of which are associated with increased cognitive failure. Rumination and mindfulness sequentially mediate the relationship between MPA and cognitive failure ( 38 ). Our results are in line with the literature, reporting that MPA may impair cognitive functions. Conclusıon The synthesis of studies and our results indicate that MPA is strongly linked to cognitive failure, with several mediating and moderating factors such as sleep quality, mindfulness, and trait self-regulation playing significant roles. These findings highlight the multifaceted impact of MPA on cognitive functions, emphasizing the need for strategies to mitigate its negative effects. Abbreviations SAS-SV Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version OSDI Ocular Surface Disease Index CFQ Cognitive Failures Questionnaire CHDQ Cornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaire CFS Chalder Fatigue Scale DED Dry Eye Disease MPA Mobile Phone Addiction Declarations Conflicts of interest: The author declare that there is no conflict of interest. Funding: No financial support was received for this study Conflicts of interest: The author declare that there is no conflict of interest. Author Contribution All stages of the research were prepared by the corresponding author. Acknowledgement: Not applicable. References Samaha M, Hawi NS. Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;57:321–5. Junco R, Cotten SR. Perceived academic effects of instant messaging use. Comput Educ. 2011;56(2):370–8. Nayak JK. 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Mobile phone addiction and cognitive failures in daily life: The mediating roles of sleep duration and quality and the moderating role of trait self-regulation. Addict Behav. 2020;107:106383. Zhang B, Peng Y, Luo X-s, Mao H-l, Luo Y-h, Hu R-t. Xiong S-c. Mobile phone addiction and cognitive failures in Chinese adolescents: The role of rumination and mindfulness. J Psychol Afr. 2021;31(1):49–55. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 23 Aug, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 21 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4952539","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":344001653,"identity":"89027fda-a638-41ea-93f0-3c586ab7fd83","order_by":0,"name":"Muhammet ÖZALP","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFklEQVRIie3PMUvDQBTA8ZNAupzcegWpX+GJIIJ+mBwOWTxpcckYl3Yw4ia46Fe4IKS4XThsB8+94Rah4OSQsUOhvaSISxIcHe4/hEfIj5eHkMv1P9uT9hHs5mgzgHqA007zS6T2jgF5FaF/JPnYY6ImqJ0Qoj7V6FJdkYd3tiy1H057929iNaSITG6DJtKPZ6AeM3VNDX8BGWH+mii/SOyPUf0hmgjkMaj9TLHY8IxKTblYXPgLbAnYuZGoXlmTZ8Onq3wMIVhSrLvIDO+2CLvFnh8EFTFdW/oJHtpbQpbaW6jW8khodWIOgOK2WwiZp8tRdsaeDE/LKJKHML/5Kr7X5wMyuWskVV7jW9z2eTtxuVwu109bX9dxuXY8gvcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Kozakli Vocational School, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammet","middleName":"","lastName":"ÖZALP","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-21 15:04:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4952539/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4952539/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22154-z","type":"published","date":"2025-07-14T15:57:05+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87219437,"identity":"ba4cddd9-b97b-4ea9-bd9f-285b837f9e6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-21 16:04:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":569219,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4952539/v1/cbd8f51d-b219-481c-8557-84a6145e6279.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of Smartphone Addiction on Hand Disorder, Eye Health, Fatıgue and Cognitive Failures","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMobile phone addiction (MPA)has emerged as a significant concern in modern society, with a growing body of research indicating its multifaceted impact on individuals' health and well-being(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Compulsive use can lead to various physical and psychological issues, including hand disorders, eye health problems, fatigue, and cognitive impairments. The prevalence of MPA and its associated health risks necessitate a comprehensive examination of its effects to inform intervention strategies and promote healthier usage patterns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile some studies have focused on specific aspects of health such as ocular problems (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e), others have taken a broader approach, examining the impact on mental health, academic performance, and physical well-being (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). The relationship between MPA and hand disorders, such as pain in the wrist and fingers, has been noted (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e), as well as the association with symptoms like eye strain and blurred vision (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, excessive mobile phone use has been linked to increased fatigue and reduced cognitive function, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of these effects (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interplay between MPA and these health outcomes underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of its effects on university students. As this population navigates the complexities of academic life, the potential health implications of MPA warrant careful examination. By elucidating the relationships between MPA and cognitive status, eye health, hand discomfort, and fatigue, this study aims to contribute to the growing body of literature on digital health and inform strategies for promoting healthier mobile phone usage among students.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. The formula n= [Nt2pq]/[d2(N-1)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;t2 pq] was used to determine the number of students to be reached within the scope of the research. The total number of students studying at the Kozaklı vocational school in the spring semester of the 2023\u0026ndash;2024 academic year is 850. The sample number was found to be 264 as a result of the calculation with a 95% confidence interval by taking N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;850, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5, q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5, d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05 and t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria were as follows: University students aged between 18 and 25 years and who agreed to participate in the study voluntarily. Individuals with a history of musculoskeletal trauma or surgery within the last 6 months, any neurological or psychiatric conditions, use of contact lenses, chronic eye diseases, or history of ocular trauma were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 293 students participated in the study. The students' MPA status was assessed via the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV). The students were divided into two groups according to the cutoff values ​​given in the study: the \"addicted group (n:142) (SAS-SV value man\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;31, woman\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;33)\", consisting of those determined to have MPA, and the \"control group(n:151) \", consisting of with those nonaddictive tendencies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthics\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics committee approval for the study was obtained by the decision of the Nevsehir Haci Bektaş Veli University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee dated 20.05.2024 and numbered 2024.03.08. All individuals who participated in the study provided informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData for the study were collected online via Google Forms, ensuring accessibility and convenience for participants. Prior to data collection, ethics committee approval was obtained to ensure adherence to ethical standards and to protect participant welfare. The participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and informed consent was obtained before their participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment Tools\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV): Developed by Kwon et al., the present scale is intended to evaluate MPA in the youth demographic. Comprised of 10 items, this self-reporting instrument is scored on a scale of 1 to 6, with 1 indicating strong disagreement and 6 indicating strong agreement. The maximum total score achievable through this scale is 60, with higher scores indicating a heightened risk of MPA. In the Korean sample, the cutoff scores for women and men were reported as 33 and 31, respectively. Noyan et al. conducted a validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOcular Surface Disease Index: The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) is a 12-item questionnaire first developed by Walt and colleagues in 1997, that was designed to provide a rapid assessment of ocular irritation symptoms consistent with dry eye disease and their effects on visual function. The Turkish reliability and validity study of the questionnaire was conducted by İrke\u0026ccedil; and colleagues in 2007 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The questionnaire consists of 3 categories (A, B, C) and a total of 12 questions. The calculation is performed as (A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C) x 25 / number of questions answered. The total score varies between 0 and 100. In the scoring table, a score between 0 and 12 indicates normal eye dryness, 13\u0026ndash;22 indicates mild eye dryness, 23\u0026ndash;32 indicates moderate eye dryness, and 33\u0026ndash;100 indicates severe eye dryness. In the current study, the ocular surface disease index Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s Alpha (α) value was calculated as 0.89.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ): The CFQ was created by Broadbent et al. to assess the degree of cognitive failure that occurs in daily life. Errors in perception, memory and motor functions are assessed with 25 questions. Each question on the scale is scored between 0 (never) and 4 (very often). The total score varies between 0-100 and a higher score indicates an increased level of cognitive failure. A validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the scale was conducted by Ekici et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaire (CHDQ): A three-part, 6-item questionnaire that includes a hand map diagram showing 6 shaded areas of the hand and questions about how often you have had pain, aching, or discomfort in your hand during the past week, the severity of the pain, and whether it prevents you from doing your work. The total discomfort score was calculated via the following formula: frequency \u0026times; discomfort \u0026times; disability. The maximum score for each area is 90, and the total score for the 6 areas is 560 (higher scores indicate greater discomfort). The CHDQ was validated in Turkey by Dr. Oğuzhan Erdin\u0026ccedil; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChalder Fatigue Scale (CFS): Designed by Chalder et al. to assess perceived fatigue based on self-report. The scale has 2 subdimensions: mental fatigue and physical fatigue. Each item in the scale, which consists of 11 items in total, is scored between 0 (less than usual) and 3 (much more than usual). High scores are characterized by increased fatigue levels. A validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the scale was conducted by Adın et al.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurcosa (Turcosa Analytics Ltd, Turkey, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://orcid.org/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ewww.turcosa.com.tr\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.turcosa.com.tr\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) was utilized for the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the study. The employedShapiro‒Wilk test was used to assess whether the data followed a normal distribution. Data exhibiting a normal distribution were analyzed ia the independent sample t test for between-group evaluations. Data that did not exhibit a normal distribution were analyzed via the Mann‒Whitney U test for between-group evaluations. The analysis results of the data included in the study presented as the means, medians, standard deviations, and minimum-maximum values. A significance level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant in the analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eComparisons of individuals in terms of demographic factors such as age, phone use and hand dominance are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. There was a statistically significant difference in the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire score between the addicted group and the control group(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, a statistically significant difference was found in the Chalder Fatigue Scale score, which evaluates fatigue, between the addicted group and the control group (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was found in the Ocular Surface Disease Index score between the addicted group and the control group (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002)(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). For the Cornell Musculoskeletal and Hand Discomfort Questionnaire score, which evaluates hand discomfort, a statistically significant difference was found between the addicted group and the control group on the right side in zones a and c (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,05). However, no significant difference was found in the Cornell Musculoskeletal and Hand Discomfort Questionnaire scores between the right and left sides in the other regions (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0,05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of the age and daily phone usage time of the individuals participating in the study according to their mobile phone addiction status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian (%25; %75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge(year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddicted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(19\u0026ndash;21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.966\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(19\u0026ndash;21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily phone usage (min.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddicted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300(296.25\u0026ndash;420)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5519\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240(180\u0026ndash;360)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003ea: Mann-Whitney U test, min: Minute\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of thr sociodemographic characteristics of individuals participating in the study according to their mobile phone addiction status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddicted Group\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Group\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.019\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWoman\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.468\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHand dominance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.713\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003ea: Chi square test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of OSDI, CFQ and CFS scores participating in the study according to their mobile phone addiction status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddicted Group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;142)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian (%25; %75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;151)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian (%25; %75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCFQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(31-49.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(22\u0026ndash;42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCFS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(11\u0026ndash;22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(10\u0026ndash;18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOSDI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(11.97\u0026ndash;45.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.66(6.15\u0026ndash;33.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003ea: Mann-Whitney U test, OSDI: Ocular Surface Disease Index, CFQ: Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, CFS: Chalder Fatigue Scale\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of CHDQ scores according to mobile phone addiction status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHDQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddicted Group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;142)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian (%25; %75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;151)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian (%25; %75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0-1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.026\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.681\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.032\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3456\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.730 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.695 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0762\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.282 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0-1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0-1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5908\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.112 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.703 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.640 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.3442\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.731 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.975 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.733\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.464 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003ea: Mann-Whitney U test, CHDQ: Cornell hand discomfort questionnaire\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study revealed significant differences in dry eyes, cognitive status, fatigue levels, and hand discomfort between mobile phone addicted individuals and a control group. The rapid increase in mobile phone usage has raised concerns about its potential impact on ocular health, particularly the development of dry eye disease (DED) and other eye disorders.Some studies suggest that MPA is associated with dry eye and other ocular problems, while one found no significant association between MPA and dry eye disease (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast to our study, one study reported no statistically significant link between MPA and DED, but identified other risk factors such as contact lens use and eye drops(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). In line with our findings, many studies have shown a significant association between excessive mobile phone use and the incidence of dry eye disease (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). The majority of research indicates a strong association between excessive mobile phone use and the development of dry eye disease and other ocular symptoms(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). We believe that key contributing factors include altered blinking dynamics and increased oxidative stress, which lead to tear film instability. We suggest that reducing mobile phone use and implementing preventive strategies may reduce the risk of developing dry eyes and related eye disorders.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies, in line with our study, have highlighted the adverse effects of MPA on fatigue. A systematic review revealed that prolonged mobile phone use can lead to musculoskeletal disorders, digital eye strain, and loss of focus and attention, all of which contribute to increased fatigue levels(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). Another study conducted among Turkish university students revealed that MPA alone explained 5.8% of the total variance in fatigue levels, indicating a significant correlation between technology addiction and fatigue(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). Priya et al. concluded that prolonged mobile phone use can lead to physical fatigue due to poor posture and musculoskeletal strain(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMPA is also associated with poor sleep quality, which in turn exacerbates fatigue. Studies have shown that excessive mobile phone use leads to difficulty falling asleep, shorter sleep duration, and overall poor sleep quality, all of which contribute to higher fatigue levels(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR26\" citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). As can be understood from the literature and the results of our study, MPA causes fatigue. Research collectively indicates that MPA significantly contributes to increased fatigue through various pathways, including poor sleep quality, mental health issues, and cognitive impairments. Addressing MPA and promoting healthier usage patterns could help mitigate these negative effects and improve overall well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study, revealed that MPA causes thumb pain. Excessive mobile phone use is significantly associated with increased pain in the hand (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Altıparmak et al. reported that MPA is correlated with increased thumb flexion and abduction ROM and increased pain (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). A study among college students found that 29.2% of participants reported pain in their thumb due to prolonged mobile phone use. One study used the CHDQ to measure hand discomfort and reported a significant positive correlation between MPA and hand discomfort (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). Another cross-sectional study involving 326 participants from Bangladesh and India reported that 27.9% of participants experienced pain in their elbow while using mobile phones. The CHDQ results indicated a significant association between MPA and hand discomfort (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Research conducted at SGT University assessed hand discomfort via the CHDQ among students who used their mobile phones for more than 4 hours daily. A previous study revealed that many students experienced hand discomfort, highlighting the impact of prolonged mobile phone use on musculoskeletal health(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). The MPA is correlated with increased thumb flexion and abduction ROM, increased pain, and decreased wrist radial deviation ROM. İnal et al. concluded that excessive mobile phone use enlarges the median nerve, causes thumb pain, and decreases pinch strength and hand function (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). The results of our study support the results of İnal et al. and the literature and found pain in the thumb. Summarizing the results of these the studies and our study, addicted mobile phone use can lead to thumb pain, median nerve enlargement, and decreased hand function. Increased use can increase hand and thumb muscle strength, while also affecting thumb ROM and proprioception. Different phone designs and grip types significantly affect thumb kinematics, muscle activity, and overall performance. Repetitive touchscreen interactions reshape cortical sensory processing, especially in the thumb. These findings highlight the need for ergonomic considerations in mobile phone design to reduce adverse effects on hand health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMPA has become a prevalent issue in modern society, raising concerns about its impact on cognitive functions. MPA is significantly positively correlated with cognitive failure, indicating that higher levels of addiction are associated with more frequent cognitive lapses(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). Several studies have established a positive correlation between MPA and cognitive failure. For eexample, a study by Unsworth et al. (2012) found that individuals with higher scores on the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale reported greater cognitive failures, as measured by the CFQ (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). This suggests that those who are more addicted to their mobile phones are more likely to experience lapses in attention, memory, and action. Similarly, another study involving 1721 secondary school students revealed that sleep quality partially mediated the relationship between MPA and cognitive failures. High levels of trait self-regulation could attenuate the impact of MPA on cognitive failures through improved sleep quality. These findings indicate that poor sleep quality, often a consequence of excessive mobile phone use, contributes to cognitive failure (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). High MPA predicts higher levels of rumination and lower levels of mindfulness, both of which are associated with increased cognitive failure. Rumination and mindfulness sequentially mediate the relationship between MPA and cognitive failure (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). Our results are in line with the literature, reporting that MPA may impair cognitive functions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusıon","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe synthesis of studies and our results indicate that MPA is strongly linked to cognitive failure, with several mediating and moderating factors such as sleep quality, mindfulness, and trait self-regulation playing significant roles. These findings highlight the multifaceted impact of MPA on cognitive functions, emphasizing the need for strategies to mitigate its negative effects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSAS-SV\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eOSDI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOcular Surface Disease Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCFQ\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive Failures Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCHDQ\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCFS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChalder Fatigue Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDED\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry Eye Disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMPA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMobile Phone Addiction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflicts of interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author declare that there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo financial support was received for this study\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author declare that there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll stages of the research were prepared by the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSamaha M, Hawi NS. 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J Psychol Afr. 2021;31(1):49\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mobile phone addiction, hand discomfort, university students, cognitive impairments","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4952539/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4952539/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground: As mobile phones have become essential in daily life, concerns have arisen about their overuse and the emergence of mobile phone addiction. Research indicates that excessive mobile phone use can contribute to a variety of health problems, including cognitive impairments, visual disturbances, hand discomfort, and fatigue. This study investigated the impact of mobile phone addiction on various health parameters, including cognitive status, eye health, hand discomfort, and fatigue, among university students. A total of 293 students participated in the study. Methods: Students mobile phone addiction status was assessed via the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV). The students were divided into two groups according to the cutoff values given in the study: the \"addicted group(n:142) (SAS-SV value man\u0026gt;31, woman\u0026gt;33)\", consisting of those determined to have mobile phone addiction, and the \"control group (n:151)\", consisting of those nonaddictive tendencies. The Chalder Fatigue Scale for fatigue evaluation, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire for cognitive status, the Cornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaire for hand discomfort, and the Ocular Surface Disease Index for eye dryness were used. Data were collected online via Google Forms following ethics committee approval. Results: The addicted group presented higher scores on the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, indicating poorer cognitive performance(p\u0026lt;0.001). Additionally, significant differences were observed in fatigue levels (p=0.014), and eye health(p=0.002). Notably, hand discomfort was significant in specific zones of the right hand (p\u0026lt;0,05). However, no significant differences were found in other regions of the hand(p\u0026gt;0,05). Conclusions:These findings underscore the adverse health effects associated with mobile phone addiction, highlighting the need for awareness and potential interventions among university students.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Smartphone Addiction on Hand Disorder, Eye Health, Fatıgue and Cognitive Failures","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-20 07:57:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4952539/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-08-23T06:04:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-23T04:56:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-08-22T04:08:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2024-08-21T15:02:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"90e3e3a7-a478-4de8-b7de-213962a72e05","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 20th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-21T16:03:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4952539","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22154-z","journal":{"identity":"bmc-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2025-07-14 15:57:05","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 14th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-20 07:57:52","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12889-025-22154-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22154-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4952539","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4952539","identity":"rs-4952539","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}