The effect of educational intervention according to Mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households

The effect of educational intervention according to Mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The effect of educational intervention according to Mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households Fataneh Mahmoodi, Maryam Zarnaghash, Nadere Sohrabi Shegefti, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3409489/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective Low level of psychological well-being is one of the most common problems of female heads of households, and various educational programs have been conducted to improve the psychological well-being of this group, the present study was conducted to develop the effect of educational intervention according to Mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households. Methods The method of this research was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all female heads of households in Shiraz city who had a file in the Shiraz city welfare office and at the same time their children were studying in schools covered by the 2nd district education office of Shiraz city in 2022–2023. Among the female heads of households in the statistical community, 30 women were selected as available and then randomly divided into two groups of 15 including experimental group (training based on mindfulness) and a control group. The research tool included psychological well-being questionnaire (Ryff, 1989). The experimental group was subjected to training based on mindfulness-based therapy (Baer et al., 2006) during 8 90-minute sessions, But the members of the control group did not receive any intervention. Result After intervention, there was a significant difference between the components of individual independence, personal development, purposefulness in life, self-acceptance, positive relationship with others, and psychological well-being after the educational intervention between the experimental and control groups (P < 0.05), but no significant difference in Environmental Mastery after the educational intervention between the experimental and control groups (P = 0.602). Conclusion According to the results, it seems that psychologists can use the method of training based on mindfulness therapy in order to increase the psychological well-being of women heads of households. Educational intervention psychological well-being Mindfulness Female-headed households Introduction According to the definition by the World Health Organization, female heads of the household are women who are to be responsible for providing the material and spiritual needs of the family [ 1 ]. According to the definition of the Iranian Statistics Center, women who head the family without the regular presence or support of an adult man and who are responsible for the economic and social management of the family are called female heads of the household [ 2 ]. In Iran, the number of these women is increasing day by day, it has been in 1986 (7.3%), 1996 (8.4%), 2006 (9.4%), 2011 (12.1), and 2016 (12.7) [ 2 ]. Most of the female heads of household are faced with poverty and inability, economic, sociology, and social problems, these problems led to a decrease in efficiency and mental health in these women [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. So that the examination of the physical and mental health status of these women shows, compared to other women, this group has less physical and mental health and they are facing all kinds of physical and mental diseases [ 6 ]. This group of women shows higher levels of vulnerability and stress, have less ability to solve their problems, and feel more guilty, depressed, anxious, and worried than women who are not heads of the household [ 7 , 8 , 9 ], In addition to the mentioned cases, the problems of this group of women lead to psychological problems and the subsequent decrease in psychological well-being [ 10 , 11 ]. psychological well-being; It is one of the important concepts of positive psychology and it is defined as optimal performance and enables a person to adopt acceptable methods to solve problems in the face of various issues [ 12 ]. Ryff (1989) defines psychological well-being as striving for perfection to realize one's true potential, which includes six components: independence; personal growth; Having a positive relationship with others, being purposeful in life, accepting oneself, and mastering the environment [ 13 ]. Increasing the psychological well-being of women heads of households leads to the improvement of the quality of life of this group, reduces their psychological distress, leads to the correct evaluation and real recognition, and increases the power of dreaming with difficulties [ 14 ]. Considering these cases, it can be boldly stated that interventions to promote psychological well-being have a special place [ 15 ]. One of which is the intervention based on mindfulness, Mindfulness affects the development of non-judgment, intentional awareness, and focus on the present moment, which enables focused attention on the present moment, processing all aspects of immediate experience, including cognitive, physiological, or behavioral activities [ 16 ]. The conscious mind helps a person to understand that negative emotions may occur, but they are not a fixed and permanent part of the personality. Also, it allows a person to respond to events with thought and reflection instead of responding to events involuntarily and thoughtlessly [ 17 ] and finally, it leads to changes in the person's view of him/herself [ 18 ]. The results of various studies show the positive impact of interventions based on mindfulness in promoting psychological well-being, results of various studies show the positive impact of mindfulness interventions in promoting psychological well-being; for example, the study conducted by Kashmiri et al. (2019) showed mindfulness has a moderating role in psychological well-being and the intervention based on, improving psychological well-being [ 19 ]. In another study conducted by Elliot et al. (2019), the results showed a direct relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being [ 20 ]. According to the issues raised about female heads of the household, it is necessary to examine the problems of this category of women, especially in the psychological field, and make appropriate decisions for this special group based on that. The positive point is that previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of interventions based on mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households, however, no specific research determined the efficacy of educational intervention of mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households in Fars. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the basic question, teaching psychological mindfulness is effective on the psychological well-being of female heads of households? Material and Methods study design and participants The method of this research was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all female heads of households in Shiraz city who had a file in the Shiraz city welfare office and at the same time their children were studying in schools covered by the 2nd district education office of Shiraz city in 2022–2023. The criteria for entering the present study included willingness to participate in the study, being in the age range of 20 to 50 years, low average psychological well-being score (less than 36) and not receiving simultaneous treatment interventions. Exclusion criteria included not wanting to cooperate at any time of the study, not participating in at least two training sessions, suffering from chronic physical and psychological diseases (according to the information contained in the file of the female head of the household), and taking psychiatric drugs. Sample size and sampling method The number of required samples was 30 Women according to the same study by Niknam et al. (2021) and according to comparing two averages formulas and considering the error of the first type = 0.01 and the error of the second type 0.05[ 21 ]. The convenience sampling method was used and among the female heads of households in the statistical community, 30 women were selected as available and then randomly divided into two groups of 15 including experimental groups (training based on mindfulness) and a control group. Intervention Intervention Group . The experimental group was subjected to training based on mindfulness-based therapy (Baer et al., 2006) during 8 90-minute sessions, But the members of the control group did not receive any intervention. Table 1 The educational intervention program was as follows Session Objective Subject Time duration (minute) training method educator 1st The aim of educational sessions acquainting the group members with each other and with the psychologist Expressing objectives Communicating, building trust 90 lectures as well as Q&A* Expert group and researcher 2nd Introducing role-cognitive well-being and its importance Definition of psychological well-being, its importance in improving satisfaction and quality of life 90 lectures, group discussions, and Q&A Psychologist and researcher 3rd & 4th Definition of mindfulness and its components Definition of mindfulness, self-awareness based on mindfulness, mindful breathing, familiarizing members with self-awareness skills, knowing the dimensions of self-awareness, introducing emotional self-awareness, correct self-evaluation, understanding one's strengths and weaknesses and one's limitations. Getting to know the skill of empathy and its dimensions, observation, description, non-judgment, and conscious action toward empathy 90 educational videos and posters Psychologist and researcher 5th Education based on the components of observation, description, non-judgment, conscious action toward empathy Defining communication and examining its importance in life, recognizing strong and superficial communication, different communication styles, multiple skills of mindfulness in effective communication, non-judgmental attitude, observing verbal and non-verbal components of the other party, conscious action 90 lectures, group discussions, and Q&A researcher 6th Education based on the components of observation, description, non-judgment, conscious action toward empathy Emotional experience and types of emotions, the introduction of the physical and cognitive dimensions of emotions, reviewing the emotional experiences of members and identifying their physical and cognitive dimensions, creating an emotional experience with mental imagery, body scanning, focusing on the mental and cognitive dimensions of emotions, mindful breathing, and relaxation. 90 lectures, group discussions, and Q&A researcher 7th Education based on the components of observation, description, non-judgment, conscious action toward empathy Acquaintance with the skill of controlling and managing stress in mindfulness, practical exercises to focus on the physical components of stress, body inspection, mindfulness training in normal daily stressful activities, mindful breathing with a focus on the components of stress, positive self-talk 90 lectures, group discussions, and Q&A researcher 8th Review of training based on the components of observation, description, non-judgment, conscious action toward empathy Reviewing the learned materials, expressing the participants' experiences of applying the learned materials in life 90 lectures, group discussions, and Q&A researcher * Question & Answer Questionnaires for collecting data 1). Demographic Questionnaire: This questionnaire included information such as age, marital status, employment status, and education. 2). Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (1989): This questionnaire was designed by Rief (1989) and evaluates the 6 main components of the psychological well-being pattern of people (13). The shortened form of this questionnaire has 18 items that measure 6 subscales of independence, mastery of the environment, personal growth, effective communication with others, purposefulness in life, and self-acceptance. The scoring range of this questionnaire is in the form of a six-point Likert scale (1 = completely disagree to 6 = completely agree). Questions 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, and 17 reverse-gradated. The minimum score obtained is 18 and the maximum score is 108. In Iran, Khanjani, in research aimed at investigating the factor structure and psychometric properties of the short form of the RIF psychological well-being scale in college students, reported the internal consistency of the factors of this scale using Cronbach's alpha of 0.71% [ 23 ]. Data analysis The data were analyzed using the SPSS 24 software, and the normality of the data was first measured by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Frequency, mean, and standard deviation were also used to describe the data, univariate covariance analysis, independent sample t-test, and chi-square test were used for data analysis. The significance level in all tests was considered 0.05. Results The demographic and background information of the participants is shown in Table 1 . The Mean and Standard deviation of age in the intervention and control groups were respectively 44.87 ± 5.71 and 44.73 ± 4.46 years. Most of the participants in both groups were widows, with high school/diploma education and housewives. The Chi-square test showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of educational status (P = 0.33), occupation (P = 0.69), and marital status (P = 0.67). In addition, the t-test showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (P = 0.94). Table 2 . Table 2 The demographic and background information of the participants in both group Variable experimental group (%) control group (%) P-value Age 44.87 ± 5.71 44.73 ± 4.46 0.94 * Marital status married 2(13.3) 4(26.7) 0.67 ** Separated 5(33.3) 4(26.7) widow 4(26.7) 5(33.3) Others (spouse absconding, being in prison, not knowing about the spouse) 4(26.7) 2(13.3) Education Elementary/secondary education 4(26.7) 1(6.7) 0.3 ** High School/Diploma 8(53.3) 10(66.7) university 3(20) 4(26.7) Occupations Household 11(73.3) 10(66.7) 0.69 ** employer 4(26.7) 5(33.3) *Independent sample T-Test **Chi-Square Test The normality of the data was measured by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the result is shown in Table 3 . According to p-value > 0.05, the data has a normal distribution. Table 3 . Table 3 Examination of the normality of mental well-being and its components before and after the intervention Variable before the intervention After the intervention T P-value T P-value independence 0.88 0.42 0.98 0.28 Environmental Mastery 1.11 0.16 0.73 0.65 personal development 0.81 0.51 1.50 0.20 purposefulness in life 1.09 0.71 0.83 0.49 self-acceptance 1.33 0.06 1.08 0.19 positive relationship with others 0.95 0.32 0.91 0.36 psychological well-being 0.65 0.78 0.63 0.82 Tables 4 shows the results of univariate covariance analysis of the mindfulness-based training group. Table 4 Results of univariate covariance analysis of psychological well-being and its components in the mindfulness-based group Components Sum of Squares Test statistics Mean of Squares η power Sig Individual independence group 203.47 73.35 203.47 0.731 1.00 0.001 pre-test 1.50 73.35 1.50 0.020 0.110 0.460 error 74.89 2.77 Environmental Mastery group 0.744 0.278 0.744 0.010 0.80 0.602 pre-test 1.079 0.403 1.079 0.015 0.094 0.531 error 72.255 2.676 Personal Growth group 53.949 45.075 53.949 0.625 1.00 0.001 pre-test 3.151 2.632 3.151 0.089 0.347 0.116 error 32.316 1.197 Purpose in Life group 97.044 48.786 97.044 0.644 1.00 0.001 pre-test 1.758 0.884 1.758 0.032 0.148 0.355 error 53.708 1.989 Self-Acceptance group 320.133 136.656 320.133 0.835 1.00 0.001 pre-test 21.949 9.370 21.949 0.258 0.839 0.005 error 63.251 2.343 Positive Relations with Others group 76.133 13.434 76.133 0.332 0.942 0.001 pre-test 1.657 0.292 1.657 0.01 0.082 0.593 error 153.010 5.667 psychological well-being group 1420.788 28.957 1420.788 0.517 0.999 0.001 pre-test 144.321 2.941 144.321 0.098 0.380 0.098 error 1324.746 49.065 Discussion This research was conducted with the aim of determine the effectiveness of training methods based on mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households covered by the welfare organization in Shiraz city. The findings of this study showed that educational method based on mindfulness is effective on psychological well-being. The results of the present study showed that the educational intervention led to an increase in the mean psychological well-being of the experimental group compared to the control, implying the effectiveness of education in increasing the psychological well-being of the experimental group. This finding was in line with the results of various studies such as studies conducted by Ajilchi et al. (2022), Jones et al. (2022), Zheng et al. (2022), Monemiyan et al. (2021) [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. In explaining this finding, it can be said that it seems that the training of the components of mindfulness leads to a change in the beliefs of female heads of the household and a change in their life path. By benefiting from mindfulness-based therapy training, these women learned to face difficult life situations and give new meaning to their lives. In fact, mindfulness is awareness of the present moment without judgment, this awareness leads to the surrounding environment, to one's thoughts and feelings, without fixing anything or considering it good or bad [ 19 ]. The results of the present study showed after educational intervention, the mean of Individual independence and Personal Growth were significantly increased in intervention group comparing control group, this finding was consisted with the results of a study conducted by Altinyelken et al. (2020), Bostock et al. (2019), Rezaeian et al. (2019) and Sedghi et al. (2019) [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Mindfulness-based training, by considering components such as independence, personal growth, and self-mastery, teaches people to learn techniques to accept themselves without judging, live in the moment, and find a new insight into their life. The results of the present study showed after educational intervention, the mean of Environmental Mastery was significantly increased in intervention group comparing control group, this finding agreed with the results of a study conducted by Lahtinen et al. (2023), da Silva et al. (2023), Tang et al. (2019) and Safari et al. (2020) [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Training based on mindfulness acts as a meditation, it leads to an increase in hope, strength, flexibility, honesty, and self-acceptance in the person being trained, and finally, this person gets to know him/her self-better and tries to accept him/ her self without any judgment. This person gains more control over him/herself and learns to recognize all his/ her weaknesses and forgive him/herself. Based on the results, after educational intervention, the mean Purpose in Life and positive relationship with others were significantly increased in intervention group comparing control group, these findings were consistent with the results of studies conducted by Taziki et al. (2022), Bahreini et al. (2022), Adelian et al. (2021), and sedghi et al. (2018) [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. In justifying this finding, it can be noticed, training programs according to the content of psychological well-being and the use of suitable training strategies have led to the improvement of psychological well-being. Training based on mindfulness can make a person aware of him/herself and help him/herself in predicting and creating a new way and approach in life. One of the strengths of this study is the involvement of the researcher in the implementation of the study, the design of the educational intervention based on the results of the pre-test and the use of face-to-face teaching methods, as well as the active participation of all people in the group, the presentation of materials in groups, the participants having a lot of time for Use of the mentioned content. One of the weaknesses of this study is the impossibility of generalizing the results to other study populations. Conclusion The results of this study showed that the educational intervention based on Mindfulness led to an increase in psychological well-being in the experimental group. Therefore, it is suggested to use an intervention based on Mindfulness in the implementation of intervention programs for women heads of households. In the same way, by providing programs and services for the prevention of psychological problems at a lower cost from the government (under the insurance coverage of the services), programs can be made to prevent these problems from occurring. Similarly, considering the effect of educational intervention, it is suggested to the experts in the field of health and psychology to use mindfulness intervention in their interventions and compare its results in all age and gender groups. Declarations supplementary Information The supplementary Information generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Acknowledgements We would like to appreciate the participants who contributed to this research. Authors’ contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design . M. Z. put forward the idea. F.M. and M. Z. searched the database. N. S. extracted and analyzed the data. M.B. provided statistical advice. F. M. wrote the manuscript. M. Z. reviewed and revised the manuscript. Funding This research did not receive any specific grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available from [corresponding author] but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of [corresponding author]. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate All women heads of households were obtained from Shiraz city welfare office affiliated to Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran. Informed consent was obtained from all participating and the study was approved by the ethics committee of Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran. (Approval No. IR.IAU.M.REC.1402.006). Consent for publication consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Author details Department of Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran References Dorahaki A, Noubahkt R. The Study of Economic and Social Status of Iranian female-headed households: a secondary analysis. Payesh 2021; 20 (4) :427-437. URL: http://payeshjournal.ir/article-1-1658-en.html Javadian SR, Mirzaie Fathabad H, Afrasiabi H. A Qualitative Study of the Causes and Context of Non-participation in Empowerment Plans among Women-headed Households. Strategic Research on Social Problems in Iran University of Isfahan. 2019 Jun 22;8(2):65-86. 10.22108/srspi.2019.115072.1358 Qezel M, Pouramini F, Nejad Asghar-Bisheh H. 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URL: http://ijrn.ir/article-1-685-en.html Adelian H, Khodabandeh Shahraki S, Miri S, Farokhzadian J. The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction on resilience of vulnerable women at drop-in centers in the southeast of Iran. BMC women's health. 2021 Dec;21(1):1-0. DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01390-6 sedghi, P., Cheraghi, A. The effectiveness of the mindfulness training on Psychological well-being and resiliency of female-headed household. Journal of Family Research , 2018; 14(4): 549-562. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 05 Jan, 2024 Reviews received at journal 30 Dec, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Dec, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Oct, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 18 Oct, 2023 Editor invited by journal 13 Oct, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 13 Oct, 2023 First submitted to journal 04 Oct, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3409489","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":239981886,"identity":"ab751e25-e9bf-4df0-ae58-57cf7f15ae35","order_by":0,"name":"Fataneh Mahmoodi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fataneh","middleName":"","lastName":"Mahmoodi","suffix":""},{"id":239981887,"identity":"0f789a01-049d-46ef-9587-8abf7472c53c","order_by":1,"name":"Maryam Zarnaghash","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maryam","middleName":"","lastName":"Zarnaghash","suffix":""},{"id":239981888,"identity":"49a5b547-e026-4046-aa91-8a145f978357","order_by":2,"name":"Nadere Sohrabi Shegefti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nadere","middleName":"Sohrabi","lastName":"Shegefti","suffix":""},{"id":239981889,"identity":"e4080704-dcf5-4018-95e5-b0151be8ba26","order_by":3,"name":"Majid Barzegar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Majid","middleName":"","lastName":"Barzegar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-10-04 06:44:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3409489/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3409489/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":44763395,"identity":"958541b8-5743-4e3a-9b74-43ab0a9fe478","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-17 08:33:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":323107,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3409489/v1/a6d21c03-7bc1-41e7-8806-02c909c41506.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The effect of educational intervention according to Mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the definition by the World Health Organization, female heads of the household are women who are to be responsible for providing the material and spiritual needs of the family [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the definition of the Iranian Statistics Center, women who head the family without the regular presence or support of an adult man and who are responsible for the economic and social management of the family are called female heads of the household [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Iran, the number of these women is increasing day by day, it has been in 1986 (7.3%), 1996 (8.4%), 2006 (9.4%), 2011 (12.1), and 2016 (12.7) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the female heads of household are faced with poverty and inability, economic, sociology, and social problems, these problems led to a decrease in efficiency and mental health in these women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. So that the examination of the physical and mental health status of these women shows, compared to other women, this group has less physical and mental health and they are facing all kinds of physical and mental diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis group of women shows higher levels of vulnerability and stress, have less ability to solve their problems, and feel more guilty, depressed, anxious, and worried than women who are not heads of the household [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], In addition to the mentioned cases, the problems of this group of women lead to psychological problems and the subsequent decrease in psychological well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological well-being; It is one of the important concepts of positive psychology and it is defined as optimal performance and enables a person to adopt acceptable methods to solve problems in the face of various issues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRyff (1989) defines psychological well-being as striving for perfection to realize one's true potential, which includes six components: independence; personal growth; Having a positive relationship with others, being purposeful in life, accepting oneself, and mastering the environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreasing the psychological well-being of women heads of households leads to the improvement of the quality of life of this group, reduces their psychological distress, leads to the correct evaluation and real recognition, and increases the power of dreaming with difficulties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Considering these cases, it can be boldly stated that interventions to promote psychological well-being have a special place [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of which is the intervention based on mindfulness, Mindfulness affects the development of non-judgment, intentional awareness, and focus on the present moment, which enables focused attention on the present moment, processing all aspects of immediate experience, including cognitive, physiological, or behavioral activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The conscious mind helps a person to understand that negative emotions may occur, but they are not a fixed and permanent part of the personality. Also, it allows a person to respond to events with thought and reflection instead of responding to events involuntarily and thoughtlessly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] and finally, it leads to changes in the person's view of him/herself [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of various studies show the positive impact of interventions based on mindfulness in promoting psychological well-being, results of various studies show the positive impact of mindfulness interventions in promoting psychological well-being; for example, the study conducted by Kashmiri et al. (2019) showed mindfulness has a moderating role in psychological well-being and the intervention based on, improving psychological well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. In another study conducted by Elliot et al. (2019), the results showed a direct relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the issues raised about female heads of the household, it is necessary to examine the problems of this category of women, especially in the psychological field, and make appropriate decisions for this special group based on that.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe positive point is that previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of interventions based on mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households, however, no specific research determined the efficacy of educational intervention of mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households in Fars. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the basic question, teaching psychological mindfulness is effective on the psychological well-being of female heads of households?\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003estudy design and participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe method of this research was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all female heads of households in Shiraz city who had a file in the Shiraz city welfare office and at the same time their children were studying in schools covered by the 2nd district education office of Shiraz city in 2022\u0026ndash;2023. The criteria for entering the present study included willingness to participate in the study, being in the age range of 20 to 50 years, low average psychological well-being score (less than 36) and not receiving simultaneous treatment interventions. Exclusion criteria included not wanting to cooperate at any time of the study, not participating in at least two training sessions, suffering from chronic physical and psychological diseases (according to the information contained in the file of the female head of the household), and taking psychiatric drugs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample size and sampling method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of required samples was 30 Women according to the same study by Niknam et al. (2021) and according to comparing two averages formulas and considering the error of the first type\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01 and the error of the second type 0.05[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe convenience sampling method was used and among the female heads of households in the statistical community, 30 women were selected as available and then randomly divided into two groups of 15 including experimental groups (training based on mindfulness) and a control group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIntervention\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIntervention Group\u003c/b\u003e. The experimental group was subjected to training based on mindfulness-based therapy (Baer et al., 2006) during 8 90-minute sessions, But the members of the control group did not receive any intervention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe educational intervention program was as follows\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSession\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjective\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubject\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime duration (minute)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etraining method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eeducator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of educational sessions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eacquainting the group members with each other and with the psychologist\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpressing objectives\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunicating, building trust\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003electures as well as Q\u0026amp;A*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpert group and researcher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroducing role-cognitive well-being and its importance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of psychological well-being, its importance in improving satisfaction and quality of life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003electures, group discussions, and Q\u0026amp;A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychologist and researcher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd \u0026amp; 4th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of mindfulness and its components\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of mindfulness, self-awareness based on mindfulness, mindful breathing, familiarizing members with self-awareness skills, knowing the dimensions of self-awareness, introducing emotional self-awareness, correct self-evaluation, understanding one's strengths and weaknesses and one's limitations. Getting to know the skill of empathy and its dimensions, observation, description, non-judgment, and conscious action toward empathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eeducational videos and posters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychologist and researcher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation based on the components of observation, description, non-judgment, conscious action toward empathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefining communication and examining its importance in life, recognizing strong and superficial communication, different communication styles, multiple skills of mindfulness in effective communication, non-judgmental attitude, observing verbal and non-verbal components of the other party, conscious action\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003electures, group discussions, and Q\u0026amp;A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eresearcher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation based on the components of observation, description, non-judgment, conscious action toward empathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional experience and types of emotions, the introduction of the physical and cognitive dimensions of emotions, reviewing the emotional experiences of members and identifying their physical and cognitive dimensions, creating an emotional experience with mental imagery, body scanning, focusing on the mental and cognitive dimensions of emotions, mindful breathing, and relaxation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003electures, group discussions, and Q\u0026amp;A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eresearcher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation based on the components of observation, description, non-judgment, conscious action toward empathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquaintance with the skill of controlling and managing stress in mindfulness, practical exercises to focus on the physical components of stress, body inspection, mindfulness training in normal daily stressful activities, mindful breathing with a focus on the components of stress, positive self-talk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003electures, group discussions, and Q\u0026amp;A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eresearcher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview of training based on the components of observation, description, non-judgment, conscious action toward empathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReviewing the learned materials, expressing the participants' experiences of applying the learned materials in life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003electures, group discussions, and Q\u0026amp;A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eresearcher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e* Question \u0026amp; Answer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuestionnaires for collecting data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e1). Demographic Questionnaire: This questionnaire included information such as age, marital status, employment status, and education.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2). Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (1989): This questionnaire was designed by Rief (1989) and evaluates the 6 main components of the psychological well-being pattern of people (13). The shortened form of this questionnaire has 18 items that measure 6 subscales of independence, mastery of the environment, personal growth, effective communication with others, purposefulness in life, and self-acceptance. The scoring range of this questionnaire is in the form of a six-point Likert scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;completely disagree to 6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;completely agree). Questions 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, and 17 reverse-gradated. The minimum score obtained is 18 and the maximum score is 108. In Iran, Khanjani, in research aimed at investigating the factor structure and psychometric properties of the short form of the RIF psychological well-being scale in college students, reported the internal consistency of the factors of this scale using Cronbach's alpha of 0.71% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed using the SPSS 24 software, and the normality of the data was first measured by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Frequency, mean, and standard deviation were also used to describe the data, univariate covariance analysis, independent sample t-test, and chi-square test were used for data analysis. The significance level in all tests was considered 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe demographic and background information of the participants is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The Mean and Standard deviation of age in the intervention and control groups were respectively 44.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.71 and 44.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.46 years. Most of the participants in both groups were widows, with high school/diploma education and housewives. The Chi-square test showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of educational status (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.33), occupation (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.69), and marital status (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.67). In addition, the t-test showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.94). Table\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe demographic and background information of the participants in both group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eexperimental group (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econtrol group (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewidow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers (spouse absconding, being in prison, not knowing about the spouse)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElementary/secondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh School/Diploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(53.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003euniversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(73.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eemployer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*Independent sample T-Test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e**Chi-Square Test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe normality of the data was measured by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the result is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. According to p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, the data has a normal distribution. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamination of the normality of mental well-being and its components before and after the intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebefore the intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eindependence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Mastery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epersonal development\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epurposefulness in life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eself-acceptance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epositive relationship with others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological well-being\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of univariate covariance analysis of the mindfulness-based training group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of univariate covariance analysis of psychological well-being and its components in the mindfulness-based group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of Squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest statistics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean of Squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eη\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual independence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.731\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eerror\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Mastery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.403\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.531\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eerror\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Growth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.949\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.949\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.625\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eerror\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurpose in Life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.355\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eerror\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.989\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Acceptance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.949\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.949\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eerror\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive Relations with Others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.434\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.942\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.657\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.657\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eerror\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewell-being\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1420.788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.957\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1420.788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.941\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eerror\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1324.746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted with the aim of determine the effectiveness of training methods based on mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households covered by the welfare organization in Shiraz city. The findings of this study showed that educational method based on mindfulness is effective on psychological well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the present study showed that the educational intervention led to an increase in the mean psychological well-being of the experimental group compared to the control, implying the effectiveness of education in increasing the psychological well-being of the experimental group. This finding was in line with the results of various studies such as studies conducted by Ajilchi et al. (2022), Jones et al. (2022), Zheng et al. (2022), Monemiyan et al. (2021) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. In explaining this finding, it can be said that it seems that the training of the components of mindfulness leads to a change in the beliefs of female heads of the household and a change in their life path. By benefiting from mindfulness-based therapy training, these women learned to face difficult life situations and give new meaning to their lives. In fact, mindfulness is awareness of the present moment without judgment, this awareness leads to the surrounding environment, to one's thoughts and feelings, without fixing anything or considering it good or bad [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the present study showed after educational intervention, the mean of Individual independence and Personal Growth were significantly increased in intervention group comparing control group, this finding was consisted with the results of a study conducted by Altinyelken et al. (2020), Bostock et al. (2019), Rezaeian et al. (2019) and Sedghi et al. (2019) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Mindfulness-based training, by considering components such as independence, personal growth, and self-mastery, teaches people to learn techniques to accept themselves without judging, live in the moment, and find a new insight into their life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the present study showed after educational intervention, the mean of Environmental Mastery was significantly increased in intervention group comparing control group, this finding agreed with the results of a study conducted by Lahtinen et al. (2023), da Silva et al. (2023), Tang et al. (2019) and Safari et al. (2020) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Training based on mindfulness acts as a meditation, it leads to an increase in hope, strength, flexibility, honesty, and self-acceptance in the person being trained, and finally, this person gets to know him/her self-better and tries to accept him/ her self without any judgment. This person gains more control over him/herself and learns to recognize all his/ her weaknesses and forgive him/herself.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the results, after educational intervention, the mean Purpose in Life and positive relationship with others were significantly increased in intervention group comparing control group, these findings were consistent with the results of studies conducted by Taziki et al. (2022), Bahreini et al. (2022), Adelian et al. (2021), and sedghi et al. (2018) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. In justifying this finding, it can be noticed, training programs according to the content of psychological well-being and the use of suitable training strategies have led to the improvement of psychological well-being. Training based on mindfulness can make a person aware of him/herself and help him/herself in predicting and creating a new way and approach in life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the strengths of this study is the involvement of the researcher in the implementation of the study, the design of the educational intervention based on the results of the pre-test and the use of face-to-face teaching methods, as well as the active participation of all people in the group, the presentation of materials in groups, the participants having a lot of time for Use of the mentioned content. One of the weaknesses of this study is the impossibility of generalizing the results to other study populations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study showed that the educational intervention based on Mindfulness led to an increase in psychological well-being in the experimental group. Therefore, it is suggested to use an intervention based on Mindfulness in the implementation of intervention programs for women heads of households. In the same way, by providing programs and services for the prevention of psychological problems at a lower cost from the government (under the insurance coverage of the services), programs can be made to prevent these problems from occurring. Similarly, considering the effect of educational intervention, it is suggested to the experts in the field of health and psychology to use mindfulness intervention in their interventions and compare its results in all age and gender groups.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003esupplementary Information\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe supplementary Information generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003ereasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to appreciate the participants who contributed to this research.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eM. Z. put forward the idea. F.M. and M. Z. searched the database. N. S. extracted and analyzed the data. M.B. provided statistical advice. F. M. wrote the manuscript. M. Z. reviewed and revised the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from [corresponding author] but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of [corresponding author].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDeclarations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate All women heads of households were obtained from Shiraz city welfare office affiliated to Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran. Informed consent was obtained from all participating and the study was approved by the ethics committee of Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran. (Approval No. IR.IAU.M.REC.1402.006).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003econsent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Author details\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepartment of Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDorahaki A, Noubahkt R. The Study of Economic and Social Status of Iranian female-headed households: a secondary analysis. Payesh 2021; 20 (4) :427-437. 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The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Improvement of the Perceived Stress and Symptoms of Depression among Women-Headed Households. \u003cem\u003eIranian Journal of Health Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, 2020; 3(2): 71-78. doi: 10.30473/ijohp.2021.52028.1071\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaziki T, Momeni KM, Karami J, Afroz G. The Effect of a Mindfulness-based Intervention on Quality of Life and Psychological Well-being of Mothers of Students with Intellectual Disabilities. Journal of Psychology\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003eof Exceptional Individuals.2022; 12(45): 1-26. DOI: 10.22054/JPE.2022.58755.2282\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBahreini Z, Kahrazehi F, Nikmanesh Z. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Psychological Well-Being and Positive and Negative Emotions in Adolescent Girls with Body Dysmorphic Syndrome. IJRN 2022; 8 (2) :64-79. URL: http://ijrn.ir/article-1-685-en.html\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdelian H, Khodabandeh Shahraki S, Miri S, Farokhzadian J. The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction on resilience of vulnerable women at drop-in centers in the southeast of Iran. BMC women\u0026apos;s health. 2021 Dec;21(1):1-0. DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01390-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003esedghi, P., Cheraghi, A. The effectiveness of the mindfulness training on Psychological well-being and resiliency of female-headed household. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Family Research\u003c/em\u003e, 2018; 14(4): 549-562.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-womens-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bmwh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Women's Health](http://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bmwh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Women's Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Educational intervention, psychological well-being, Mindfulness, Female-headed households","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3409489/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3409489/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow level of psychological well-being is one of the most common problems of female heads of households, and various educational programs have been conducted to improve the psychological well-being of this group, the present study was conducted to develop the effect of educational intervention according to Mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe method of this research was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all female heads of households in Shiraz city who had a file in the Shiraz city welfare office and at the same time their children were studying in schools covered by the 2nd district education office of Shiraz city in 2022\u0026ndash;2023. Among the female heads of households in the statistical community, 30 women were selected as available and then randomly divided into two groups of 15 including experimental group (training based on mindfulness) and a control group. The research tool included psychological well-being questionnaire (Ryff, 1989). The experimental group was subjected to training based on mindfulness-based therapy (Baer et al., 2006) during 8 90-minute sessions, But the members of the control group did not receive any intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter intervention, there was a significant difference between the components of individual independence, personal development, purposefulness in life, self-acceptance, positive relationship with others, and psychological well-being after the educational intervention between the experimental and control groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), but no significant difference in Environmental Mastery after the educational intervention between the experimental and control groups (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.602).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the results, it seems that psychologists can use the method of training based on mindfulness therapy in order to increase the psychological well-being of women heads of households.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The effect of educational intervention according to Mindfulness on the psychological well-being of female heads of households","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-10-17 08:25:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3409489/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-01-05T10:32:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-12-30T12:18:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"1c93b34b-1e0c-4724-a0a0-dfba8760e0ae","date":"2023-12-23T05:26:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-10-18T10:42:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-10-18T10:35:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2023-10-13T15:33:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-10-13T15:22:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Women's Health","date":"2023-10-04T06:37:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-womens-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bmwh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Women's Health](http://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bmwh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Women's Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b62ff48f-fe26-4b19-afd1-a6918e944e17","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 17th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-02T05:44:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-10-17 08:25:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3409489","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3409489","identity":"rs-3409489","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}