Dispersion is essential in crop residue application

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However, the effects of residue application for crop growth are unstable because of variable weather conditions and the residual effects of crop residue application. Furthermore, residue application often reduces crop yields. Therefore, I tried to clarify effective residue application factors in an environment which was has stable weather conditions and low residualafter effects. Methods Majuro atoll, a coral sand atoll near the equator, was selected for the experiment site because of its stable weather and low residualafter effect of coral sand. A factorial design experiment using sweet corn was conducted based on the following four factors: fungi propagation before application, cutting residue into pieces, dispersion (or accumulationwindrowing) of applied residue, and placement (on the surface or incorporation) with an equal amount of crop residue. The effects of each factors on the corn yields were evaluated using Cohen’s effect size analysis. Results The dispersion showed the largest effect (1.2 in Cohen’s), which exceeded the effect of incorporation (0.7). The interaction of dispersion and incorporation showed a huge effect (4.9) on corn yield. Discussion The effect of dispersion was not positive but it avoided the negative effects of residue clustering. Because, the toxicity of the plant residue and generation of toxic substances by anaerobic decomposition are widely known. Anaerobic decomposition occurs inside the residue clusters. However, dispersion reduced the toxicity by adsorption in soil and avoiding anaerobic decomposition. Furthermore, incorporation showed an interaction effect, but surface placement did not. Conclusion The dispersion of crop residue enhanced the positive effect of crop residue incorporation by avoiding the toxicity from crop residue. This finding adds a new viewpoint for the controversy between conventional and conservation agriculture. 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Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Revised Dispersion is essential in crop residue application [version 4; peer review: 2 approved] Previously titled: Dispersion has a large effect (Cohen's d) on crop yield in crop residue application Masato Oda https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7241-5238 Masato Oda https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7241-5238 PUBLISHED 16 Dec 2025 Author details Author details Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan Masato Oda Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Agriculture, Food and Nutrition gateway. Abstract Background Crop residue application can maintain soil fertility and sustain agriculture. However, the effects of residue application for crop growth are unstable because of variable weather conditions and the residual effects of crop residue application. Furthermore, residue application often reduces crop yields. Therefore, I tried to clarify effective residue application factors in an environment which was has stable weather conditions and low residualafter effects. Methods Majuro atoll, a coral sand atoll near the equator, was selected for the experiment site because of its stable weather and low residualafter effect of coral sand. A factorial design experiment using sweet corn was conducted based on the following four factors: fungi propagation before application, cutting residue into pieces, dispersion (or accumulationwindrowing) of applied residue, and placement (on the surface or incorporation) with an equal amount of crop residue. The effects of each factors on the corn yields were evaluated using Cohen’s effect size analysis. Results The dispersion showed the largest effect (1.2 in Cohen’s), which exceeded the effect of incorporation (0.7). The interaction of dispersion and incorporation showed a huge effect (4.9) on corn yield. Discussion The effect of dispersion was not positive but it avoided the negative effects of residue clustering. Because, the toxicity of the plant residue and generation of toxic substances by anaerobic decomposition are widely known. Anaerobic decomposition occurs inside the residue clusters. However, dispersion reduced the toxicity by adsorption in soil and avoiding anaerobic decomposition. Furthermore, incorporation showed an interaction effect, but surface placement did not. Conclusion The dispersion of crop residue enhanced the positive effect of crop residue incorporation by avoiding the toxicity from crop residue. This finding adds a new viewpoint for the controversy between conventional and conservation agriculture. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Conservation agriculture, Crop residue, Green manure, Marshall Islands, Organic matter application, Soil degradation, Anaerobic decomposition Corresponding Author(s) Masato Oda ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Masato Oda Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Oda M. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Oda M. Dispersion is essential in crop residue application [version 4; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 7 :1831 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16748.4 ) First published: 21 Nov 2018, 7 :1831 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16748.1 ) Latest published: 16 Dec 2025, 7 :1831 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16748.4 ) Revised Amendments from Version 3 Term Clarification: The term has been changed from "residual effects" to "after-effect." This term is defined as "the effect of crop residue application on the subsequent crops." Added Information: Information regarding the decomposition rate and C/N ratio of the input residue, as well as weed emergence, has been added. Terminology Refinement: Certain terms have been clarified (or refined). Subheadings: Subheadings have been added to the Discussion section. Term Clarification: The term has been changed from "residual effects" to "after-effect." This term is defined as "the effect of crop residue application on the subsequent crops." Added Information: Information regarding the decomposition rate and C/N ratio of the input residue, as well as weed emergence, has been added. Terminology Refinement: Certain terms have been clarified (or refined). Subheadings: Subheadings have been added to the Discussion section. See the author's detailed response to the review by Valensi Kautsar See the author's detailed response to the review by Zachary Brym READ REVIEWER RESPONSES Introduction Soil degradation is a major constraint on food security ( Gomiero, 2016 ; Lal, 2015 ), and the intervention points for reversing soil degradation are soil erosion and depletion of soil organic matter ( Karlen & Rice, 2015 ). Conservation agriculture or green manure approaches are developing against this backdrop and emphasize the importance of retaining crop residue ( Cherr et al ., 2006 ; Pittelkow et al ., 2015a ); however, they have not yielded satisfactory results. For example, long-term trials of conservation agriculture show no particular interactions among factors such as tillage, mulch, rotation, soil texture and rainfall ( Pittelkow et al ., 2015b ). The main problem with crop residue application is that the decomposition of the residue can have both positive and negative effects on crop production ( Kumar & Goh, 1999 ). Nitrogen benefits and nitrogen recovery from residues show that they have considerable potential ( Kumar & Goh, 1999 ). However, microorganisms produce toxic substances during the decomposition of plant residue. Microorganisms metabolize these substances in anaerobic soils. Nonetheless, the phytotoxic leachates of some decomposing cover crop residues have adverse effects on crops even under aerobic conditions ( Bhowmik & Doll, 1982 ; Jessop & Stewart, 1983 ; Kimber, 1973a ; Kimber, 1973b ; Lynch, 1977 ; Lynch, 1978 ; Stirzaker & Bunn, 1996 ). The application method of crop residue is a major factor in the success of the method, although the effects of organic matter application also differ by the quantity, conditions and timing ( Chen et al ., 2014 ; Tian et al ., 2007 ). Both particle size and placement of the applied material affect the residue breakdown rate and the mineralization/immobilization process ( Kumar & Goh, 1999 ). However, environmental factors have strong interactions with residue decomposition ( Kumar & Goh, 1999 ). Finding effective crop residue application methods is difficult without stable weather and with the inability to control for no after effects of organic matter, even with a focus on the application method. The aim of this study was to clarify the most effective crop residue application method. Although, there are many factors concerning residue management ( Kumar & Goh, 1999 ), I examined four factors (fungi propagation, cutting, dispersion and incorporation) from the viewpoint of farmers applicability. Experiments were conducted in low fertility and high microorganism’s activity environment. That enabled clear observing the effect of applied residue on crop yields. Methods Site description and conditions Majuro Atoll, the capital of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, is located in the Pacific Ocean near the equator, where year-round cultivation is possible. The maximum and minimum monthly average temperatures are 29.4 to 30.2°C and 24.7 to 25.0°C, respectively. The average monthly precipitation is 169 to 356 mm, and the average annual precipitation is 3, 365 mm ( CLIMATE-DATA.ORG ). Coral sand, the soil of Majuro atoll, has relatively high organic matter levels in top soil due to refractory organic matter (organic carbon of 46.9 g kg −1 at 0–15 cm and 10.8 g kg −1 at 15–45 cm) ( Deenik & Yost, 2006 ), and high percolation rates (1.4–3.5 × 10 −3 m s −1 ) ( Hunt & Peterson, 1980 ). Thus, the climate is stable, the soil has high permeability with no waterlogging, and frequent rainfall keeps the soil moisture close to field capacity, so applied organic matter is almost decomposed in the crop period. It is known that the after effect of organic resources is small for sandy soils in a warm and humid climate ( Chivenge et al ., 2011 ). The experimental field was located at Laura Farm (7°8"34"N, 171°2"9"E), which belongs to the Ministry of Resources and Development. The field size was 12.5 × 7.2 m. The plot size was 1.2 × 6.0 m, and the experimental field consisted of two sets of six plots. The government forbids the use of synthetic fertilizer and chemicals on this atoll in order to protect the underground aquifer; therefore, farmers use copra cake as fertilizer. Soil water-soluble NO 3 -N (0–5 cm layer; 1:2.5 soil:water extraction) was 4 µg g soil −1 , as assessed by a nitrate ion meter (LAQUAtwin B-742, Horiba, Tokyo). No significant after effect has been found in this field, although corn had been cropped three crops without fertilizer nor any chemicals from November 26, 2013 to July 28, 2014 (see raw data ( Oda, 2018 )). Materials and crop management Corn residue to be used as the material for the experiment was harvested on July 28, 2014, just after the harvest of the previous crop of corn in the experimental field. The residue was divided into 12 bundles of the same fresh weights of 4.7 Mg ha −1 (2.1 Mg ha −1 in dry weight) and applied to the plots by different methods (described later). Corn ( Zea mays L.) was planted in two rows at 0.5 m row spacing at a population of 3.3 plants m −2 on August 4, 2014, and harvested on October 21, 2014 (78 days after seeding). Irrigation, fertilizer and chemical applications were not performed. Hand weeding was performed 2 and 5 weeks after seeding. Weed emergence was negligible and the weed residue was left on the soil surface of the plot. Treatments An L 12 orthogonal array design was used in the experiment ( Taguchi, 1986 ). This design was used to ensure robust experimental results under a wide range of conditions. Only the main effects were seen in the experiments, and all the factor levels had six replications. The 12 experiments consisted of four factors (fungi propagation, cutting, dispersion and incorporation) that were randomly assigned to the experimental plots ( Table 1 ). The four different treatments were established as follows. In the fungi propagation factor, the residue was stored in a compost house for 7 days until propagating fungi, and the remainder of the residue stored beside the field. For the cutting factor, the residue was cut into 10 cm pieces. For the dispersion factor, the residue was scattered evenly on the plots, and for the non-dispersion, the residue was placed on the center line of the plot in a swath approximately 30 cm wide. For the incorporation factor, I removed approximately 5 cm thickness of soil of the plots, then placed the residue, and covered the residue with the soil ( Figure 1 ). Table 1. Experimental matrix for L 12 orthogonal array. The 12 experiments consisted of four factors (fungi propagation, cutting, dispersion and incorporation), which were randomly assigned to the experimental plots. No. Fungi propagation Cutting Dispersion Incorporation 1 ◯ ◯ 2 ◯ 3 ◯ ◯ 4 ◯ ◯ 5 ◯ ◯ 6 ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ 7 ◯ ◯ 8 ◯ 9 ◯ ◯ 10 ◯ 11 ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ 12 ◯ Figure 1. Photograph of the condition of the experimental field. The 12 experiments consisted of four factors (fungi propagation, cutting, dispersion and incorporation), which were randomly assigned to the experimental plots. Validation of the linearity of input and output Strong linearity must be found between returned residue quantity and the yield if the adopted factors have a robust performance ( Taguchi, 1986 ). For validation purposes, I returned the crop residues into the same plot using the combination of the two most effective factors (dispersion and incorporation). The plot effect can confound the yields in this plot design since the quantity (0.4–2.0 Mg ha −1 in dry weight) of applied residues was proportional to the preceding yield in each plot. However, this conflict was considered to be small because the plot effect was very small in this field (see raw data ( Oda, 2018 )) and the after effect of corn was small. I seeded corn on October 28, 2014 and harvested it on January 9, 2015 (73 days after seeding). Determination of yields and statistical analyses I got precipitation data from the automatic weather station at the Laura Farm. I weighed the fresh weight of the whole crop and the kernels in each plot and checked the kernel/whole ratio was stable ( R 2 = 0.9983). The aboveground dry matter (DM) was calculated by multiplying the fresh weight to an aboveground DM/fresh-kernel-weight ratio (2.79) of an existing study ( Miura & Watanabe, 2002 ). The aboveground residue DM was calculated by multiplying the DM/fresh ratio (0.46) of air-dried residue sample. Statistical Effect size analysis was conducted using the effect size of Cohen’s d ( Cohen, 1992 ) by the MS Excel 2016. d = M 1 − M 2 S D 1 2 + S D 2 2 2 d: Effect size, M: Mean, SD: Standard deviation A significance is affected by the sample size; however, Cohen's d is not affected by sample sizes and can evaluate the true effect. The p values were calculated with an unpaired, one-sided, unequal variances t -test. I evaluated the linearity of the input and the output using the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) in a simple linear regression. Results Climate conditions There were no irregular climate conditions during the experimental periods. The number of precipitation days for each 78-day and 73-day crop period were 58 and 54 days, respectively, and total precipitation was 1111 and 542 mm, respectively. Based on the amount of undecomposed residue collected, the decomposition rate of the input residue was nearly the same for incorporation (90%) and non-incorporation (85%). Effect size of the application methods Table 2 shows the results of the Effect size analyses. The effect sizes of Cohen’s d 2.0 correspond to small, medium, large, very large and huge, respectively ( Cohen, 1992 ; Sawilowsky, 2009 ). Table 2. Effect size of crop residue application method factors on crop yield. The same amount of crop residue was applied to plots by different methods (fungi propagation, cutting, dispersion and incorporation). Factor Cohen’s d P Fungi propagation 0.1 0.455 Cutting 0.0 0.477 Dispersion 1.2 0.045 Incorporation 0.7 0.223 P values: one-sided, unpaired, unequal distribution t-test (n = 6). Dispersion had a larger effect ( p = 0.045, Cohen’s d = 1.2) than incorporation ( p = 0.223, Cohen’s d = 0.7). Fungi propagation and cutting had no effect (Cohen’s d = 0.0–0.1). I calculated the effects of dispersion and incorporation, assuming the effects of cutting and fungi propagation to be negligible. The interaction was huge ( p = 0.005, Cohen’s d = 4.9), while the main effect of dispersion (Cohen’s d = 0.3) and incorporation (Cohen’s d = −0.2) were medium and small in effect size, respectively ( Table 3 ). Table 3. Estimated effect size of dispersion and incorporating. The same amount of crop residue was applied to plots by different methods (fungi propagation, cutting, dispersion and incorporation). The effect sizes on corn yields were calculated neglecting the un-effective factors in Table 2 . P values: one-sided, unpaired, unequal distribution t-test (n = 3). Factor Cohen’s d p Dispersion Incorporation + + 4.9 0.005 + – 0.3 0.392 – + –0.2 0.420 Linearity of input and output Under the combination of dispersion and incorporation, input (the quantity of applied residue) was proportional to the output (harvested aboveground biomass) ( Figure 2 ; R 2 = 0.8963). Figure 2. Biomass output based on the quantity of corn residue input. Crop residues were returned into the same plot using the combination of the two most effective factors (dispersion and incorporation). Discussion Effect of dispersion Dispersion had a very large effect on corn yield. The yield was influenced by the huge effect of the interaction of dispersion and incorporation. The dispersion of crop residue application having a large effect on yield is probably a new finding. The C/N ratio of sweet corn at harvest is generally 30 to 35, which can cause nitrogen starvation. A positive effect for dispersion is surprising, given that dispersion typically increases nutrient loss. Intuitively, application of crop residues away from plants should be less effective ( Stone et al ., 2000 ). The results of this study will be reasonable if dispersion avoids the negative effect of residue clustering. This is because crop residue retained at the surface or incorporated into the soil may produce phytotoxic allelochemicals ( Chung & Miller, 1995 ; Weston, 1996 ). In addition, Martin et al . (1990) reported that corn stover is itself phytotoxic. The combination of the toxicity produced by the decomposition of residue by bacteria, fungi and extract of residue results in different levels of toxicity. For the aspect of adsorption, dispersion increases the adsorption of phytotoxic substances in soil. Adsorption is the most important soil factor controlling the fate of chemicals in the environment because it controls the chemical concentrations present in the soil solution, which is a physiological phenomenon that follows the Freundlich equation ( Vidal & Bauman, 1997 ). This means that dispersion has a stable effect on avoiding phytotoxicity. We should pay closer attention to the dispersion of residue incorporation because tillage merely buries the residue ( Staricka et al ., 1991 ). Synergistic effect of dispersion and incorporation Conversely, the positive effect of incorporating crop residue on yield is because of the nutrient addition ( Kumar & Goh, 1999 ), especially given that this experiment was conducted without fertilizer addition. Matching the amount and timing of nitrogen release with crop nitrogen demand is a key component of crop production ( Robertson, 1997 ). The combination of dispersion and incorporation brings a proportional yield increase to applied residue under non-fertilized conditions. In this case, the yield will reflect the nutrient applied by the residue. Furthermore, incorporation had an interactive effect, but surface placement did not. Residue incorporation, rather than surface placement, may enhance biological nitrogen fixation by reducing the inorganic N in soil ( Kumar & Goh, 1999 ); however, further study is needed in this area. Conclusion A stable climate with a low after effect of soil can reveal a stable result for crop residue management. Cohen's effect size analysis showed the dispersion of crop residue had a very large effect on corn yield, and the effect arose from the interaction with incorporation. Dispersion will avoid phytotoxicity from anaerobic conditions inside residue clusters and clarify the positive effect of crop residue incorporation. This finding adding a new viewpoint for the controversy between conventional and conservation agriculture. Ethics statement This study was conducted with the permissions from the local government. Data availability Figshare: Majuro Supplemental data, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6668129.v1 ( Oda, 2018 ). Data from Experiments 3 and 4 includes data that supports the results of this article. Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). Acknowledgements I wish to thank the Ministry of Resources and Development for their cooperation, especially Mr. Jabukja Aikne and the Taiwan Technical Mission for providing seeds and tractor service. I also wish to express my deepest thanks to Mr. Susumu Yoshimura for supporting these experiments. Faculty Opinions recommended References Bhowmik PC, Doll JD: Corn and soybean response to allelopathic effects of weed and crop residues 1 . 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Publisher Full Text Gomiero T: Soil degradation, land scarcity and food security: reviewing a complex challenge. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (3): 281. Publisher Full Text Hunt CD Jr, Peterson FL: WRRCTR No.126 groundwater resources of Kwajalein Island, Marshall Islands. 1980. Reference Source Jessop RS, Stewart LW: Effects of crop residues, soil type and temperature on emergence and early growth of wheat. Plant Soil. 1983; 74 (1): 101–109. Publisher Full Text Karlen DL, Rice CW: Soil degradation: will humankind ever learn? Sustainability. 2015; 7 (9): 12490–12501. Publisher Full Text Kimber RWL: PHYTOTOXICITY FROM PLANT RESIDUES II. THE EFFECT OF TIME OF ROTTING OF STRAW FROM SOME GRASSES AND LEGUMES ON THE GROWTH OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS The influence of water extracts of rotted wheat straw on the growth of wheat and oat plants was described in Part. Plant Soil. 1973a; 38 (2): 347–361. Reference Source Kimber RWL: Phytotoxicity from plant residues: III. The relative effect of toxins and nitrogen immobilization on the germination and growth of wheat. Plant Soil. 1973b; 38 (3): 543–555. Publisher Full Text Kumar K, Goh KM: Crop residues and management practices: effects on soil quality, soil nitrogen dynamics, crop yield, and nitrogen recovery. Adv Agron. 1999; 68 : 197–319. Publisher Full Text Lal R: Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (5): 5875–5895. Publisher Full Text Lynch JM: Phytotoxicity of acetic acid produced in the anaerobic decomposition of wheat straw. J Appl Bacteriol. 1977; 42 (1): 81–87. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Lynch JM: Production and phytotoxicity of acetic acid in anaerobic soils containing plant residues. Soil Biol Biochem. 1978; 10 (2): 131–135. Publisher Full Text Martin VL, McCoy EL, Dick WA: Allelopathy of crop residues influences corn seed germination and early growth. Agron J. 1990; 82 (3): 555–560. Publisher Full Text Miura S, Watanabe Y: Growth and yield of sweet corn with legume living mulches (Agronomy). Jpn J Crop Sci. 2002; 71 (1): 36–42. Publisher Full Text Oda M: Majuro supplemental data.xlsx. figshare. Dataset, 2018. http://www.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6668129.v1 Pittelkow CM, Liang X, Linquist BA, et al. : Productivity limits and potentials of the principles of conservation agriculture. Nature. 2015a; 517 (7534): 365–368. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Pittelkow CM, Linquist BA, Lundy ME, et al. : When does no-till yield more? A global meta-analysis. Field Crops Res. 2015b; 183 : 156–168. Publisher Full Text Robertson GP: Nitrogen use efficiency in row-crop agriculture: crop nitrogen use and soil nitrogen loss. Ecology in agriculture. Academic Press, New York, 1997; 347–365. Publisher Full Text Sawilowsky SS: New effect size rules of thumb. J Mod Appl Stat Methods. 2009; 8 (2): 597–599. Publisher Full Text Staricka JA, Allmaras RR, Nelson WW: Spatial variation of crop residue incorporated by tillage. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 1991; 55 (6): 1668–1674. Publisher Full Text Stirzaker RJ, Bunn DG: Phytotoxicity of ryegrass and clover cover crops, and a lucerne alley crop for no-till vegetable production. Biol Agric Hortic. 1996; 13 (1): 83–101. Publisher Full Text Stone EL, Migvar L, Robison WL: Growing plants on atoll soils. 2000. Publisher Full Text Taguchi G: Introduction to quality engineering: designing quality into products and processes. 1986. Reference Source Tian G, Badejo MA, Okoh AI, et al. : Effects of residue quality and climate on plant residue decomposition and nutrient release along the transect from humid forest to Sahel of West Africa. Biogeochemistry. 2007; 86 (2): 217–229. Publisher Full Text Vidal RA, Bauman TT: Fate of allelochemicals in the soil. Cienc Rural. 1997; 27 (2): 351–357. Publisher Full Text Weston LA: Utilization of allelopathy for weed management in agroecosystems. Agron J. 1996; 88 (6): 860–866. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 4 VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 21 Nov 2018 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan Masato Oda Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (4) version 4 Revised Published: 16 Dec 2025, 7:1831 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16748.4 version 3 Revised Published: 28 Aug 2025, 7:1831 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16748.3 version 2 Revised Published: 18 Feb 2020, 7:1831 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16748.2 version 1 Published: 21 Nov 2018, 7:1831 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16748.1 Copyright © 2025 Oda M. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Oda M. Dispersion is essential in crop residue application [version 4; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 7 :1831 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16748.4 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 28 Aug 2025 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Brym Z. Reviewer Report For: Dispersion is essential in crop residue application [version 4; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 7 :1831 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.187288.r414941 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1831/v3#referee-response-414941 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 09 Oct 2025 Zachary Brym , University of Florida, Homestead, Florida, USA Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.187288.r414941 This article succinctly presents an experiment that investigates residue application factors in a unique environment. The study and its reporting is interesting and of potential importance. In the interest of a detailed and constructive review, I have provided several comments ... Continue reading READ ALL This article succinctly presents an experiment that investigates residue application factors in a unique environment. The study and its reporting is interesting and of potential importance. In the interest of a detailed and constructive review, I have provided several comments for consideration and clarification. These included suggestions on literature to incorporate and expansions to the text to help the reader understand the derivation and context for important details. Abstract Background - The statement "effects of residue application..." is unclear. What would make the effects "stable"? What is a "residual effect" related to crop residue. Some of the confusion is by the overlapping definitions of these similar words. Methods - This is an intriguing residue evaluation and experimental design. Results - A bit more information on the dispersion method would help the interpretation of results here. Discussion - How was toxicity determined for the corn residue? What is the source of toxicity by corn residue? Is it nitrate, organic acid, etc.? Introduction - I suggest you provide an extra detail about which substances of microorganisms are toxic. - A recent review of microbial degradation of residue (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-024-06209-z) to consider adding. - In counter point to lacking evidence, this review acknowledged several long-term studies on crop residue effects (https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2017.1336149). Method - I appreciate the intent to use a uniquely stable environment for the experiment. - What is the effect of multi-year corn crop on the site location? What is the C:N ratio of the harvested corn? - Reporting is just a single year study, though two crop cycles are considered separately for study objectives. Results -The results are simple and adequate. Combination of dispersion and incorporation makes sense for moderate material decomposition, based on the observation that most material was decomposed by crop harvest. - Was there variability in weed pressure observed across the plots? Thinking about ways dispersion might impact soil characteristics and crop growth. Discussion - "probably a new finding" seems like an unnecessary statement. Your intuition is to place residue at the base of plants, but my understanding is that the roots will be distributed laterally across the row. My intuition is to distribute the residue evenly across the field, if not for positive residue effect specifically, then for consistent effect across a field. Is there a published recommendation for placing on center line? Here's a review on root architecture (https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs293) - Interesting residue toxicity is indicated as the primary driver above organic matter and nutrient retention. I struggle a bit to reconcile the factor of crop residue organic matter, nutrition, and phytotoxicity. In the soils of this study, overall how do crop plants respond? What is the nutrient balance of the soil as it relates to crop productivity? What aspects of the study lead you to identify toxicity as a key driver? Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Agroecology, Agronomy, Best Management Practices I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Brym Z. Reviewer Report For: Dispersion is essential in crop residue application [version 4; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 7 :1831 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.187288.r414941 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1831/v3#referee-response-414941 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 09 Jan 2026 Masato Oda , Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan 09 Jan 2026 Author Response Thank you for your constructive review. Abstract (1) What would make the effects "stable"? Response: I have changed it to "the effects of residue application for crop growth." (2) ... Continue reading Thank you for your constructive review. Abstract (1) What would make the effects "stable"? Response: I have changed it to "the effects of residue application for crop growth." (2) Confusion by the "residual effect" related to crop residue Response: I have changed the term from "residual effects" to "after-effect." This term is defined as "the effect of crop residue application on the subsequent crops." (3) A bit more information on the dispersion method. Response: ​​​​​​​I have changed "accumulation" to "windrowing." (4) How was toxicity determined for the corn residue? Response: ​​​​​​​I did not measure this. Introduction (5) Providing an extra detail about which substances of microorganisms are toxic. Response: ​​​​​​​The scope of this study is to evaluate the elements of crop residue application methods by their effect size. The identification of toxic substances is outside the scope of this research. (6) A recent review of microbial degradation of residue... Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the up-to-date information.Since it has been seven years since the first draft, I would like to note this in the comments section. Methods (7) What is the effect of multi-year corn crop on the site location? Response: ​​​​​​​As stated in the Site description, the characteristic of the study site is its low "after effect." Also, because year-round cultivation is possible, I practice continuous cropping at approximately 80-day intervals. Furthermore, I noticed and corrected an error in the column heading for the last column of the table in the Supplemental data, as well as a typo in the footnote. This item represents the amount of undecomposed residue measured before the validation experiment. I have added a note of this to the main text. (8) What is the C:N ratio of the harvested corn? Response: ​​​​​​​I have added the sentence: "The C/N ratio of sweet corn residue at harvest is generally 30 to 35, which can cause nitrogen starvation." in the first paragraph of the discussion section. (9) Reporting is just a single year study, though two crop cycles are considered separately for study objectives. Response: ​​​​​​​At the end of the first sentence in the Site description, I have added: ", where year-round cultivation is possible" Results (10) Combination of dispersion and incorporation makes sense for moderate material decomposition, based on the observation that most material was decomposed by crop harvest. Response: ​​​​​​​I have specifically added: "Based on the amount of undecomposed residue collected, the decomposition rate of the input residue was nearly the same for incorporation (90%) and non-incorporation (85%)." (11) Was there variability in weed pressure observed across the plots? Thinking about ways dispersion might impact soil characteristics and crop growth. Response: ​​​​​​​I have added that "Weed emergence was negligible." in the Materials and crop management section. Discussion (12) "probably a new finding" seems like an unnecessary statement. Response: ​​​​​​​This sentence was intended to invite counter-evidence from readers. (13) The roots will be distributed laterally across the row. My intuition is to distribute the residue evenly across the field... Is there a published recommendation for placing on center line? Response: ​​​​​​​In actual cultivation, your intuition is likely correct. This placement was an experimental treatment. While plants extend their roots in search of water and nutrients, they do not extend them wastefully. In this experiment, they did not extend across the row. (14) In the soils of this study, overall how do crop plants respond? What is the nutrient balance of the soil as it relates to crop productivity? What aspects of the study lead you to identify toxicity as a key driver? Response: ​​​​​​​The soils of this study are highly nutrient-poor, so the crops rely on nutrients from the input materials. However, the method of plant residue application affects plant growth. I have clarified the phrase "In this case," to "In the absence of toxicity," in the last paragraph of the Discussion. Thank you for your constructive review. Abstract (1) What would make the effects "stable"? Response: I have changed it to "the effects of residue application for crop growth." (2) Confusion by the "residual effect" related to crop residue Response: I have changed the term from "residual effects" to "after-effect." This term is defined as "the effect of crop residue application on the subsequent crops." (3) A bit more information on the dispersion method. Response: ​​​​​​​I have changed "accumulation" to "windrowing." (4) How was toxicity determined for the corn residue? Response: ​​​​​​​I did not measure this. Introduction (5) Providing an extra detail about which substances of microorganisms are toxic. Response: ​​​​​​​The scope of this study is to evaluate the elements of crop residue application methods by their effect size. The identification of toxic substances is outside the scope of this research. (6) A recent review of microbial degradation of residue... Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the up-to-date information.Since it has been seven years since the first draft, I would like to note this in the comments section. Methods (7) What is the effect of multi-year corn crop on the site location? Response: ​​​​​​​As stated in the Site description, the characteristic of the study site is its low "after effect." Also, because year-round cultivation is possible, I practice continuous cropping at approximately 80-day intervals. Furthermore, I noticed and corrected an error in the column heading for the last column of the table in the Supplemental data, as well as a typo in the footnote. This item represents the amount of undecomposed residue measured before the validation experiment. I have added a note of this to the main text. (8) What is the C:N ratio of the harvested corn? Response: ​​​​​​​I have added the sentence: "The C/N ratio of sweet corn residue at harvest is generally 30 to 35, which can cause nitrogen starvation." in the first paragraph of the discussion section. (9) Reporting is just a single year study, though two crop cycles are considered separately for study objectives. Response: ​​​​​​​At the end of the first sentence in the Site description, I have added: ", where year-round cultivation is possible" Results (10) Combination of dispersion and incorporation makes sense for moderate material decomposition, based on the observation that most material was decomposed by crop harvest. Response: ​​​​​​​I have specifically added: "Based on the amount of undecomposed residue collected, the decomposition rate of the input residue was nearly the same for incorporation (90%) and non-incorporation (85%)." (11) Was there variability in weed pressure observed across the plots? Thinking about ways dispersion might impact soil characteristics and crop growth. Response: ​​​​​​​I have added that "Weed emergence was negligible." in the Materials and crop management section. Discussion (12) "probably a new finding" seems like an unnecessary statement. Response: ​​​​​​​This sentence was intended to invite counter-evidence from readers. (13) The roots will be distributed laterally across the row. My intuition is to distribute the residue evenly across the field... Is there a published recommendation for placing on center line? Response: ​​​​​​​In actual cultivation, your intuition is likely correct. This placement was an experimental treatment. While plants extend their roots in search of water and nutrients, they do not extend them wastefully. In this experiment, they did not extend across the row. (14) In the soils of this study, overall how do crop plants respond? What is the nutrient balance of the soil as it relates to crop productivity? What aspects of the study lead you to identify toxicity as a key driver? Response: ​​​​​​​The soils of this study are highly nutrient-poor, so the crops rely on nutrients from the input materials. However, the method of plant residue application affects plant growth. I have clarified the phrase "In this case," to "In the absence of toxicity," in the last paragraph of the Discussion. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Author Response 09 Jan 2026 Masato Oda , Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan 09 Jan 2026 Author Response I will introduce the references suggested by the reviewer. - A recent review of microbial degradation of residue (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-024-06209-z) to consider adding. - In counter point to lacking evidence, this ... Continue reading I will introduce the references suggested by the reviewer. - A recent review of microbial degradation of residue (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-024-06209-z) to consider adding. - In counter point to lacking evidence, this review acknowledged several long-term studies on crop residue effects (https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2017.1336149). I will introduce the references suggested by the reviewer. - A recent review of microbial degradation of residue (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-024-06209-z) to consider adding. - In counter point to lacking evidence, this review acknowledged several long-term studies on crop residue effects (https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2017.1336149). Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 09 Jan 2026 Masato Oda , Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan 09 Jan 2026 Author Response Thank you for your constructive review. Abstract (1) What would make the effects "stable"? Response: I have changed it to "the effects of residue application for crop growth." (2) ... Continue reading Thank you for your constructive review. Abstract (1) What would make the effects "stable"? Response: I have changed it to "the effects of residue application for crop growth." (2) Confusion by the "residual effect" related to crop residue Response: I have changed the term from "residual effects" to "after-effect." This term is defined as "the effect of crop residue application on the subsequent crops." (3) A bit more information on the dispersion method. Response: ​​​​​​​I have changed "accumulation" to "windrowing." (4) How was toxicity determined for the corn residue? Response: ​​​​​​​I did not measure this. Introduction (5) Providing an extra detail about which substances of microorganisms are toxic. Response: ​​​​​​​The scope of this study is to evaluate the elements of crop residue application methods by their effect size. The identification of toxic substances is outside the scope of this research. (6) A recent review of microbial degradation of residue... Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the up-to-date information.Since it has been seven years since the first draft, I would like to note this in the comments section. Methods (7) What is the effect of multi-year corn crop on the site location? Response: ​​​​​​​As stated in the Site description, the characteristic of the study site is its low "after effect." Also, because year-round cultivation is possible, I practice continuous cropping at approximately 80-day intervals. Furthermore, I noticed and corrected an error in the column heading for the last column of the table in the Supplemental data, as well as a typo in the footnote. This item represents the amount of undecomposed residue measured before the validation experiment. I have added a note of this to the main text. (8) What is the C:N ratio of the harvested corn? Response: ​​​​​​​I have added the sentence: "The C/N ratio of sweet corn residue at harvest is generally 30 to 35, which can cause nitrogen starvation." in the first paragraph of the discussion section. (9) Reporting is just a single year study, though two crop cycles are considered separately for study objectives. Response: ​​​​​​​At the end of the first sentence in the Site description, I have added: ", where year-round cultivation is possible" Results (10) Combination of dispersion and incorporation makes sense for moderate material decomposition, based on the observation that most material was decomposed by crop harvest. Response: ​​​​​​​I have specifically added: "Based on the amount of undecomposed residue collected, the decomposition rate of the input residue was nearly the same for incorporation (90%) and non-incorporation (85%)." (11) Was there variability in weed pressure observed across the plots? Thinking about ways dispersion might impact soil characteristics and crop growth. Response: ​​​​​​​I have added that "Weed emergence was negligible." in the Materials and crop management section. Discussion (12) "probably a new finding" seems like an unnecessary statement. Response: ​​​​​​​This sentence was intended to invite counter-evidence from readers. (13) The roots will be distributed laterally across the row. My intuition is to distribute the residue evenly across the field... Is there a published recommendation for placing on center line? Response: ​​​​​​​In actual cultivation, your intuition is likely correct. This placement was an experimental treatment. While plants extend their roots in search of water and nutrients, they do not extend them wastefully. In this experiment, they did not extend across the row. (14) In the soils of this study, overall how do crop plants respond? What is the nutrient balance of the soil as it relates to crop productivity? What aspects of the study lead you to identify toxicity as a key driver? Response: ​​​​​​​The soils of this study are highly nutrient-poor, so the crops rely on nutrients from the input materials. However, the method of plant residue application affects plant growth. I have clarified the phrase "In this case," to "In the absence of toxicity," in the last paragraph of the Discussion. Thank you for your constructive review. Abstract (1) What would make the effects "stable"? Response: I have changed it to "the effects of residue application for crop growth." (2) Confusion by the "residual effect" related to crop residue Response: I have changed the term from "residual effects" to "after-effect." This term is defined as "the effect of crop residue application on the subsequent crops." (3) A bit more information on the dispersion method. Response: ​​​​​​​I have changed "accumulation" to "windrowing." (4) How was toxicity determined for the corn residue? Response: ​​​​​​​I did not measure this. Introduction (5) Providing an extra detail about which substances of microorganisms are toxic. Response: ​​​​​​​The scope of this study is to evaluate the elements of crop residue application methods by their effect size. The identification of toxic substances is outside the scope of this research. (6) A recent review of microbial degradation of residue... Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the up-to-date information.Since it has been seven years since the first draft, I would like to note this in the comments section. Methods (7) What is the effect of multi-year corn crop on the site location? Response: ​​​​​​​As stated in the Site description, the characteristic of the study site is its low "after effect." Also, because year-round cultivation is possible, I practice continuous cropping at approximately 80-day intervals. Furthermore, I noticed and corrected an error in the column heading for the last column of the table in the Supplemental data, as well as a typo in the footnote. This item represents the amount of undecomposed residue measured before the validation experiment. I have added a note of this to the main text. (8) What is the C:N ratio of the harvested corn? Response: ​​​​​​​I have added the sentence: "The C/N ratio of sweet corn residue at harvest is generally 30 to 35, which can cause nitrogen starvation." in the first paragraph of the discussion section. (9) Reporting is just a single year study, though two crop cycles are considered separately for study objectives. Response: ​​​​​​​At the end of the first sentence in the Site description, I have added: ", where year-round cultivation is possible" Results (10) Combination of dispersion and incorporation makes sense for moderate material decomposition, based on the observation that most material was decomposed by crop harvest. Response: ​​​​​​​I have specifically added: "Based on the amount of undecomposed residue collected, the decomposition rate of the input residue was nearly the same for incorporation (90%) and non-incorporation (85%)." (11) Was there variability in weed pressure observed across the plots? Thinking about ways dispersion might impact soil characteristics and crop growth. Response: ​​​​​​​I have added that "Weed emergence was negligible." in the Materials and crop management section. Discussion (12) "probably a new finding" seems like an unnecessary statement. Response: ​​​​​​​This sentence was intended to invite counter-evidence from readers. (13) The roots will be distributed laterally across the row. My intuition is to distribute the residue evenly across the field... Is there a published recommendation for placing on center line? Response: ​​​​​​​In actual cultivation, your intuition is likely correct. This placement was an experimental treatment. While plants extend their roots in search of water and nutrients, they do not extend them wastefully. In this experiment, they did not extend across the row. (14) In the soils of this study, overall how do crop plants respond? What is the nutrient balance of the soil as it relates to crop productivity? What aspects of the study lead you to identify toxicity as a key driver? Response: ​​​​​​​The soils of this study are highly nutrient-poor, so the crops rely on nutrients from the input materials. However, the method of plant residue application affects plant growth. I have clarified the phrase "In this case," to "In the absence of toxicity," in the last paragraph of the Discussion. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Author Response 09 Jan 2026 Masato Oda , Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan 09 Jan 2026 Author Response I will introduce the references suggested by the reviewer. - A recent review of microbial degradation of residue (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-024-06209-z) to consider adding. - In counter point to lacking evidence, this ... Continue reading I will introduce the references suggested by the reviewer. - A recent review of microbial degradation of residue (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-024-06209-z) to consider adding. - In counter point to lacking evidence, this review acknowledged several long-term studies on crop residue effects (https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2017.1336149). I will introduce the references suggested by the reviewer. - A recent review of microbial degradation of residue (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-024-06209-z) to consider adding. - In counter point to lacking evidence, this review acknowledged several long-term studies on crop residue effects (https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2017.1336149). Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 18 Feb 2020 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Kautsar V. Reviewer Report For: Dispersion is essential in crop residue application [version 4; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 7 :1831 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.24786.r170344 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1831/v2#referee-response-170344 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 07 Feb 2024 Valensi Kautsar , Institut Pertanian Stiper, Instiper Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.24786.r170344 Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? For example, to analyze the dispersion effect, the group of dispersion treatment is compared to which group for control? In the Methods: "all ... Continue reading READ ALL Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? For example, to analyze the dispersion effect, the group of dispersion treatment is compared to which group for control? In the Methods: "all factor levels have six replicates". Does the replication mean the number of plant replicates in one plot? Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: internal nutrient cycling I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Kautsar V. Reviewer Report For: Dispersion is essential in crop residue application [version 4; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 7 :1831 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.24786.r170344 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1831/v2#referee-response-170344 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 13 Apr 2024 Masato Oda , Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan 13 Apr 2024 Author Response Thank you for your precious comment. I'm sorry to be late to reply. The answer for your questions are as follows. 1. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s ... Continue reading Thank you for your precious comment. I'm sorry to be late to reply. The answer for your questions are as follows. 1. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? For each treatment. Every treatment has 6 replication plots. The effect of each treatment is assumed as an additive effect. This study design cannot detect interactions. An interaction can be detected if the number of treatments is 2 instead of 4. So, I assumed that the study was designed for two treatments (dispersion and incorporation) because the Cohen's d for cutting or fungal propagation were very small (less than 0.1). 2. Does the replication mean the number of plant replicates in one plot? No. The replication means the number of plots. Factorial design experiment reduces the number of experimental plots by limiting the detection of interactions. Thank you for your precious comment. I'm sorry to be late to reply. The answer for your questions are as follows. 1. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? For each treatment. Every treatment has 6 replication plots. The effect of each treatment is assumed as an additive effect. This study design cannot detect interactions. An interaction can be detected if the number of treatments is 2 instead of 4. So, I assumed that the study was designed for two treatments (dispersion and incorporation) because the Cohen's d for cutting or fungal propagation were very small (less than 0.1). 2. Does the replication mean the number of plant replicates in one plot? No. The replication means the number of plots. Factorial design experiment reduces the number of experimental plots by limiting the detection of interactions. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Author Response 19 Jun 2024 Masato Oda , Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan 19 Jun 2024 Author Response Thanks for the review. Sorry for the late response. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? This experiment is designed using an orthogonal array, so ... Continue reading Thanks for the review. Sorry for the late response. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? This experiment is designed using an orthogonal array, so the effect of each treatment is compared to the overall mean value. Does the replication mean the number of plant replicates in one plot? No. The number of replicates is the number of plots. The Taguchi method is a highly efficient experimental design. It is widely used in industry. Thanks for the review. Sorry for the late response. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? This experiment is designed using an orthogonal array, so the effect of each treatment is compared to the overall mean value. Does the replication mean the number of plant replicates in one plot? No. The number of replicates is the number of plots. The Taguchi method is a highly efficient experimental design. It is widely used in industry. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 13 Apr 2024 Masato Oda , Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan 13 Apr 2024 Author Response Thank you for your precious comment. I'm sorry to be late to reply. The answer for your questions are as follows. 1. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s ... Continue reading Thank you for your precious comment. I'm sorry to be late to reply. The answer for your questions are as follows. 1. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? For each treatment. Every treatment has 6 replication plots. The effect of each treatment is assumed as an additive effect. This study design cannot detect interactions. An interaction can be detected if the number of treatments is 2 instead of 4. So, I assumed that the study was designed for two treatments (dispersion and incorporation) because the Cohen's d for cutting or fungal propagation were very small (less than 0.1). 2. Does the replication mean the number of plant replicates in one plot? No. The replication means the number of plots. Factorial design experiment reduces the number of experimental plots by limiting the detection of interactions. Thank you for your precious comment. I'm sorry to be late to reply. The answer for your questions are as follows. 1. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? For each treatment. Every treatment has 6 replication plots. The effect of each treatment is assumed as an additive effect. This study design cannot detect interactions. An interaction can be detected if the number of treatments is 2 instead of 4. So, I assumed that the study was designed for two treatments (dispersion and incorporation) because the Cohen's d for cutting or fungal propagation were very small (less than 0.1). 2. Does the replication mean the number of plant replicates in one plot? No. The replication means the number of plots. Factorial design experiment reduces the number of experimental plots by limiting the detection of interactions. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Author Response 19 Jun 2024 Masato Oda , Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan 19 Jun 2024 Author Response Thanks for the review. Sorry for the late response. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? This experiment is designed using an orthogonal array, so ... Continue reading Thanks for the review. Sorry for the late response. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? This experiment is designed using an orthogonal array, so the effect of each treatment is compared to the overall mean value. Does the replication mean the number of plant replicates in one plot? No. The number of replicates is the number of plots. The Taguchi method is a highly efficient experimental design. It is widely used in industry. Thanks for the review. Sorry for the late response. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? This experiment is designed using an orthogonal array, so the effect of each treatment is compared to the overall mean value. Does the replication mean the number of plant replicates in one plot? No. The number of replicates is the number of plots. The Taguchi method is a highly efficient experimental design. It is widely used in industry. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 4 VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 21 Nov 2018 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 4 (revision) 16 Dec 25 Version 3 (revision) 28 Aug 25 read Version 2 (revision) 18 Feb 20 read Version 1 21 Nov 18 Valensi Kautsar , Instiper Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Zachary Brym , University of Florida, Homestead, Florida, USA Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Brym Z. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 09 Oct 2025 | for Version 3 Zachary Brym , University of Florida, Homestead, Florida, USA 0 Views copyright © 2025 Brym Z. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (2) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This article succinctly presents an experiment that investigates residue application factors in a unique environment. The study and its reporting is interesting and of potential importance. In the interest of a detailed and constructive review, I have provided several comments for consideration and clarification. These included suggestions on literature to incorporate and expansions to the text to help the reader understand the derivation and context for important details. Abstract Background - The statement "effects of residue application..." is unclear. What would make the effects "stable"? What is a "residual effect" related to crop residue. Some of the confusion is by the overlapping definitions of these similar words. Methods - This is an intriguing residue evaluation and experimental design. Results - A bit more information on the dispersion method would help the interpretation of results here. Discussion - How was toxicity determined for the corn residue? What is the source of toxicity by corn residue? Is it nitrate, organic acid, etc.? Introduction - I suggest you provide an extra detail about which substances of microorganisms are toxic. - A recent review of microbial degradation of residue (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-024-06209-z) to consider adding. - In counter point to lacking evidence, this review acknowledged several long-term studies on crop residue effects (https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2017.1336149). Method - I appreciate the intent to use a uniquely stable environment for the experiment. - What is the effect of multi-year corn crop on the site location? What is the C:N ratio of the harvested corn? - Reporting is just a single year study, though two crop cycles are considered separately for study objectives. Results -The results are simple and adequate. Combination of dispersion and incorporation makes sense for moderate material decomposition, based on the observation that most material was decomposed by crop harvest. - Was there variability in weed pressure observed across the plots? Thinking about ways dispersion might impact soil characteristics and crop growth. Discussion - "probably a new finding" seems like an unnecessary statement. Your intuition is to place residue at the base of plants, but my understanding is that the roots will be distributed laterally across the row. My intuition is to distribute the residue evenly across the field, if not for positive residue effect specifically, then for consistent effect across a field. Is there a published recommendation for placing on center line? Here's a review on root architecture (https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs293) - Interesting residue toxicity is indicated as the primary driver above organic matter and nutrient retention. I struggle a bit to reconcile the factor of crop residue organic matter, nutrition, and phytotoxicity. In the soils of this study, overall how do crop plants respond? What is the nutrient balance of the soil as it relates to crop productivity? What aspects of the study lead you to identify toxicity as a key driver? Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Agroecology, Agronomy, Best Management Practices I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (2) Author Response 09 Jan 2026 Masato Oda, Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan Thank you for your constructive review. Abstract (1) What would make the effects "stable"? Response: I have changed it to "the effects of residue application for crop growth." (2) Confusion by the "residual effect" related to crop residue Response: I have changed the term from "residual effects" to "after-effect." This term is defined as "the effect of crop residue application on the subsequent crops." (3) A bit more information on the dispersion method. Response: ​​​​​​​I have changed "accumulation" to "windrowing." (4) How was toxicity determined for the corn residue? Response: ​​​​​​​I did not measure this. Introduction (5) Providing an extra detail about which substances of microorganisms are toxic. Response: ​​​​​​​The scope of this study is to evaluate the elements of crop residue application methods by their effect size. The identification of toxic substances is outside the scope of this research. (6) A recent review of microbial degradation of residue... Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the up-to-date information.Since it has been seven years since the first draft, I would like to note this in the comments section. Methods (7) What is the effect of multi-year corn crop on the site location? Response: ​​​​​​​As stated in the Site description, the characteristic of the study site is its low "after effect." Also, because year-round cultivation is possible, I practice continuous cropping at approximately 80-day intervals. Furthermore, I noticed and corrected an error in the column heading for the last column of the table in the Supplemental data, as well as a typo in the footnote. This item represents the amount of undecomposed residue measured before the validation experiment. I have added a note of this to the main text. (8) What is the C:N ratio of the harvested corn? Response: ​​​​​​​I have added the sentence: "The C/N ratio of sweet corn residue at harvest is generally 30 to 35, which can cause nitrogen starvation." in the first paragraph of the discussion section. (9) Reporting is just a single year study, though two crop cycles are considered separately for study objectives. Response: ​​​​​​​At the end of the first sentence in the Site description, I have added: ", where year-round cultivation is possible" Results (10) Combination of dispersion and incorporation makes sense for moderate material decomposition, based on the observation that most material was decomposed by crop harvest. Response: ​​​​​​​I have specifically added: "Based on the amount of undecomposed residue collected, the decomposition rate of the input residue was nearly the same for incorporation (90%) and non-incorporation (85%)." (11) Was there variability in weed pressure observed across the plots? Thinking about ways dispersion might impact soil characteristics and crop growth. Response: ​​​​​​​I have added that "Weed emergence was negligible." in the Materials and crop management section. Discussion (12) "probably a new finding" seems like an unnecessary statement. Response: ​​​​​​​This sentence was intended to invite counter-evidence from readers. (13) The roots will be distributed laterally across the row. My intuition is to distribute the residue evenly across the field... Is there a published recommendation for placing on center line? Response: ​​​​​​​In actual cultivation, your intuition is likely correct. This placement was an experimental treatment. While plants extend their roots in search of water and nutrients, they do not extend them wastefully. In this experiment, they did not extend across the row. (14) In the soils of this study, overall how do crop plants respond? What is the nutrient balance of the soil as it relates to crop productivity? What aspects of the study lead you to identify toxicity as a key driver? Response: ​​​​​​​The soils of this study are highly nutrient-poor, so the crops rely on nutrients from the input materials. However, the method of plant residue application affects plant growth. I have clarified the phrase "In this case," to "In the absence of toxicity," in the last paragraph of the Discussion. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Author Response 09 Jan 2026 Masato Oda, Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan I will introduce the references suggested by the reviewer. - A recent review of microbial degradation of residue (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-024-06209-z) to consider adding. - In counter point to lacking evidence, this review acknowledged several long-term studies on crop residue effects (https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2017.1336149). View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Brym Z. Peer Review Report For: Dispersion is essential in crop residue application [version 4; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 7 :1831 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.187288.r414941) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1831/v3#referee-response-414941 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Kautsar V. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 07 Feb 2024 | for Version 2 Valensi Kautsar , Institut Pertanian Stiper, Instiper Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2024 Kautsar V. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (2) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? For example, to analyze the dispersion effect, the group of dispersion treatment is compared to which group for control? In the Methods: "all factor levels have six replicates". Does the replication mean the number of plant replicates in one plot? Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise internal nutrient cycling I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (2) Author Response 13 Apr 2024 Masato Oda, Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan Thank you for your precious comment. I'm sorry to be late to reply. The answer for your questions are as follows. 1. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? For each treatment. Every treatment has 6 replication plots. The effect of each treatment is assumed as an additive effect. This study design cannot detect interactions. An interaction can be detected if the number of treatments is 2 instead of 4. So, I assumed that the study was designed for two treatments (dispersion and incorporation) because the Cohen's d for cutting or fungal propagation were very small (less than 0.1). 2. Does the replication mean the number of plant replicates in one plot? No. The replication means the number of plots. Factorial design experiment reduces the number of experimental plots by limiting the detection of interactions. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Author Response 19 Jun 2024 Masato Oda, Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan Thanks for the review. Sorry for the late response. Which groups are used to calculate Cohen’s d value? This experiment is designed using an orthogonal array, so the effect of each treatment is compared to the overall mean value. Does the replication mean the number of plant replicates in one plot? No. The number of replicates is the number of plots. The Taguchi method is a highly efficient experimental design. It is widely used in industry. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Kautsar V. Peer Review Report For: Dispersion is essential in crop residue application [version 4; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 7 :1831 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.24786.r170344) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1831/v2#referee-response-170344 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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