Comparability of modified and standardized test conditions for the 6-minute run

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Poppel This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6164588/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose In order to avoid cost-intensive laboratory-based test procedures, test systems based on field tests are used for health and fitness assessments in schools. For measuring cardiovascular endurance, various methods are used in practice to indirectly estimate VO2max. One method frequently used is to set a time frame for participants to achieve the highest total running performance possible. Methods The 6-minute run (6MR) was carried out in different geometric dimensions. The test was carried out at three time points in time on three different running tracks (T1-6MR-9×18: rectangle = 9 meters × 18 meters, T2-6MR-9×6: rectangle = 9 meters × 6 meters, T3-6MR-400 = ellipse = 400 meters) and the differences in the results were assessed. Results Significant differences in total distance running were found between the rectangular running tracks (T1-6MR-9×18 = 1295 meters (± 96) and T2-6MR-9×6 = 1297 meters (± 101) in the sports hall and the elliptical running track outdoor (T3-6MR-400 = 1362 meters (± 126). No differences were found between the two rectangular running tracks (T1-6MR-9×18 and T2-6MR-9×6). Conclusion These results indicate that existing reference values for the 6-minute run can also be used for assessment if the running test is carried out up to a minimum size of 9 meters × 6 meters. 6-minute run cardiovascular endurance cardiorespiratory fitness fitness testing Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Worldwide, an increasing trend of obesity in children and adolescents has been observed in recent years, with an acceleration of this trend due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[ 1 , 2 ] Being overweight and obese at a young age is associated with adverse health consequences later in life.[ 3 – 5 ] Besides the negative physical effects of obesity on the individuals affected, the economic costs associated directly and indirectly with overweight and obesity are increasing dramatically in parallel with the number of people suffering from overweight or obesity, causing a worrying financial loss to the country's economy.[ 6 – 9 ] Regular and widespread health and fitness monitoring is one of many measures that have been implemented nationally or regionally in school systems to counteract this trend.[ 10 – 18 ] Anthropometric data (height, weight, waist circumference) and health-related fitness parameters such as cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE), strength endurance, strength and flexibility are collected and evaluated.[ 10 – 18 ] CRE (often referred as cardiorespiratory fitness) of children and adolescents is a useful indicator of future health .[ 19 – 23 ] Maximum aerobic capacity (VO 2 max), the highest achievable amount of oxygen metabolized via the aerobic pathway, is seen as the gold standard for measuring CRE.[ 23 ] VO 2 max can be measured directly or indirectly using indicators such as heart rate, distance covered during a defined test time or time to complete a fixed distance.[ 24 ] VO 2 max is usually measured directly in the laboratory while a person performs a maximal graded exercise test on a bicycle ergometer or treadmill.[ 23 ] However, laboratory tests are expensive to conduct, which minimizes their potential for widespread use in school settings, where most health monitoring in children takes place worldwide.[ 25 ] In order to avoid cost-intensive laboratory-based test procedures and to ensure that the tests may be carried out quickly, test systems based on field tests are used in large-scale national, regional and superregional health and/or fitness assessments in schools.[ 10 – 18 ] Conducting these field tests in sports halls is crucial on two counts: firstly, to ensure a standardized test environment and, secondly, to achieve a high degree of planning safety for the test procedures in order not to be dependent on weather-related influences.[ 26 , 27 ] Depending on the field test battery used, different individual tests are used to assess the CRE. The most common test is the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER), a 20-meter shuttle run. Participants have to run a 20-meter course keeping speed dictated by audio signals or beeps. The speed is increased stepwise by shortening the tone intervals.[ 28 , 29 ] The PACER is included in many test batteries [ 30 ] to provide an indirect estimate of VO 2 max, but requires a sports hall with a length of at least 22 meters.[ 28 ] Other test methods commonly used to assess CRE include running tests with a predetermined total distance (eg. 1500 meters) to be covered as quickly as possible.[ 31 ] By other running tests the total running time is predetermined and the covered distance is assessed, as in the 6-minute run (6MR).[ 31 ] An infrastructure analysis of school sports facilities in Austria shows that there are major differences in the size of sports halls and gyms in different types of schools (primary, secondary, and high schools).[ 32 ] Of the 130 schools that participated, 93.8% (n = 122) provided information about the size of their current sports hall,[ 32 ] and 34.4% (n = 42) reported that their sports hall was smaller than 200 square meters, meaning likely smaller than 10m x 20 m.[ 32 ] The majority (83.3%; n = 35) of those schools were primary schools.[ 32 ] It can be assumed that most of these smaller sports halls do not have a length of at least 22 meters, which means that a 20-meter shuttle run cannot be carried out in such halls. An alternative to the PACER is the 6MR, a test in which participants run for a predetermined period of time on a 9 x 18 m field.[ 13 ] Compared to the PACER, the 6MR offers a significant advantage: the test can be administered without an acoustically standardized beep, which simplifies test preparation and performance.[ 10 , 30 ] However, a sports hall size of at least 10 x 20 m is also required to carry out the 6MR. 30 The aim of this study was to assess possible effects of different geometrical dimensions of the running track on the maximum possible running performance for the 6MR. Methods Study design A prospective cohort study with repeated measurements of cardiorespiratory endurance was conducted with schoolchildren from 4 grades of an elite secondary school in Klagenfurt, Austria. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Department of the University of Graz, Styria, Austria (GZ. 39/68/63 ex 2021/22). Study concept We aimed to assess whether different geometric path lengths and angels of the track influence the 6MR results of the participants. The 6MR was carried out at the first test time on the rectangular standardized track with the dimensions of 9 meters x 18 meters and fixed 90-degree corners (T1-6MR-9×18). At the second test time, the 6MR was carried out on a smaller rectangular track with the dimensions of 9 meters x 6 meters and fixed 90-degree corners (T2-6MR-9×6) and at the third test time, the 6MR was carried out on a 400-meter elliptical track (T3-6MR-400). Selection of participants A higher average running speed in a time-based endurance test automatically leads to a better overall running performance. Based on this fact, we aimed to conduct the study with very athletic test participants to examine whether a modified geometry of running tracks has an influence on the maximum overall running performance that can be achieved. In order to allow the comparison at a high-performance level, students from four different grades of an elite sports middle school were invited to participate in the study. Inclusion criteria defined that participants had to be members of one of the selected elite sports classes at the time of the study (April and May 2022). 100 (100%) legal guardians gave their written consent allowing their children to participate and provided information about their age and sex. Finally, 97 children and adolescents participated in the measurements at all three test time points (Fig. 1). Procedure All data were collected by trained members of a research team consisting of sports scientists, movement scientists and sports teachers. The tests were carried out during school hours in physical education classes. The participants wore standard sports clothing and the anthropometric measurements were taken barefoot. While completing the different endurance running tests, the participants wore sports shoes. The participants were instructed prior to the test neither to eat a solid meal half an hour before the test nor to consume a large amount of fluids. Measurement Time Points All anthropometric and fitness-related data were collected at each of the three test times. All data were collected within a period of 4 weeks, with a minimum break of 6 days between each test time. At measurement time 1 (T1-6MR-9×18) and measurement time 2 (T2-6MR-9×6), the participants completed the 6MR in a sports hall. At measurement time 3 (T3-6MR-400), they performed the 6MR outside on the running track. Average outdoor temperature was 18 degrees Celsius at all three measurement times, and all measurements were carried out in the morning between 10:00 and 12:00 AM. Anthropometry Body height (cm) was measured with a SECA 213 stadiometer (SECA 213, Hamburg, Germany) to the nearest 0.1 cm and weight (kg) was measured with a PPW4202/01 body scale (Bosch, Munich, Germany) to the nearest 0.1 kg. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the body weight in kg by the body height in meters squared. Cardiovascular Data Firstbeat Sports sensors (Firstbeat Technologies Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland) were used to measure the internal training load data (starting heart rate (SHR), average heart rate (AHR), maximum heart rate(MHR)) for each participant during the three 6MR tests. The Firstbeat sports sensor allows an electrocardiogram sample rate of 125 to 512 measurement time points per second for raw data sampling. The participants wore the sensors using textile straps to fix them securely to their chest, approximately at the base of the sternum. To ensure consistency and to eliminate possible variations in data output between sensors, the same sensor was used for all participants in all test sessions. Internal training load data were processed and calculated using Firstbeat Sports software (version 2.50.3; Firstbeat Technologies Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland). Endurance Performance 6MR – standardized measurement (T1-6MR-9×18) The test was carried out according to a common test manual of the 6MR according to Bös.[ 10 ] The children were instructed to run as far as possible within 6 minutes. The test was conducted in the school sports hall. A square (9 meter × 18 meter) was marked with sports poles, then the four corner poles were moved 0.5 m inwards. The children had to run around the marked square. A group of 6 children performed the test at the same time and their running distance was measured to the nearest meter. 6MR – Reduction of standard size (T2-6MR-9×6) The participants were instructed to run as far as possible within 6 minutes. The test was carried out in the school sports hall. A square (9 meter × 6 meter) was marked with sports poles, then the four corner poles were moved 0.5 m inwards. The children had to run around the marked square. The geometric change of the standardized running track shortened the total length of the track from 54 to 30 meters, which corresponds to a reduction of 44.4%. Therefore, the number of participants per test session was reduced accordingly. A group of 3 to 4 children performed the test at the same time and their running distance was measured to the nearest meter. 6MR – Enlargement of standard size (T3-6MR-400) The test was carried out on a standard 400-meter outdoor running track. The participants had to run as far as possible on the 400-meter running track for 6 minutes. Since the technical equipment for a maximum of 6 simultaneous real-time monitoring of the test runs was available at the test times, a group of max. 6 children carried out the test at the same time and their running distance was measured to the nearest meter. Standardization and classification In order to check for age- and sex-specific differences and to adjust for the low numbers of participants in the individual annual age groups, all participants were additionally categorized into two age categories (age group 1: 10.0 to 12.9 years; age group 2: 13.0 to 15.9 years). The standardized BMI values (BMI IOTF SDS) were calculated based on current international (International Obesity Task Force - IOTF) age- and sex-specific reference values.[ 33 ] The results of the cardiovascular measurements (starting heart rate, average heart rate, maximum heart rate) were included in the analyses as raw data. To compare the results (raw values) of the cardiorespiratory endurance (6MR) test with established reference values, z-scores were calculated using a traditional z-score standardization method based on age- and sex-specific reference values. Since no reference values were available in Austria for participants of this age, we used German reference values from the German Motor Test (2016).[ 10 ] Statistical Analysis For descriptive statistics, continuous variables are expressed as means ( M) and standard deviations (SD), and categorical variables as absolute values ( n ) and percentage values (%). No data imputation was performed. Changes in SHR, AHR, MHR and 6MR were analyzed between the three measurement points (T1: April 2022, T2: May 2022, T3: May 2022) using mixed-design ANOVAs for sex and age groups. Harley's F-max test was used to test for homogeneity. The Greenhouse-Geisser adjustment was used to correct for sphericity violations. In ANOVAs, partial eta-square (η p 2 ) was used to determine the size of the effect (≥ 0.01 = small, ≥ 0.06 = medium, and ≥ 0.14 = large). [ 34 ] If significant differences between the measurement times were found in ANOVAs, post-hoc tests were carried out using a Bonferroni correction in the calculation. All tests were two-sided, with a p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. All statistical calculations were performed using SPSS version 29 (IBM Corp. Published 2022. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp.). Results In April and May 2022, 97 children participated in the measurements. In the total sample, the mean age was 12.8 ± 1.2 years (range: 10.8–15.6 years), 26 (26.8%) of whom were girls (Table 1 ). Table 1 Overall sample characteristics and descriptive data of analyzed parameters for the total study population and the subgroup sex All Girls Boys T1–9×18 T2–9×6 T3–400 T1–9×18 T2–9×6 T3–400 T1–9×18 T2–9×6 T3–400 N 97 26 71 Age. years 12.8 ± 1.2 12.8 ± 1.2 12.8 ± 1.2 12.7 ± 1.1 12.7 ± 1.1 12.7 ± 1.1 12.9 ± 1.2 12.9 ± 1.2 12.9 ± 1.2 Weight. kg 45.9 ± 9.8 46.3 ± 9.9 46.3 ± 9.9 43.2 ± 8.7 43.3 ± 8.7 43.6 ± 8.6 46.9 ± 10.1 47.4 ± 10.2 47.2 ± 10.2 Height. cm 157.7 ± 10.3 157.7 ± 10.3 157.7 ± 10.3 155.1 ± 9.1 155.1 ± 9.1 155.1 ± 9.1 158.6 ± 10.6 158.6 ± 10.6 158.6 ± 10.6 BMI. kg/m2 18.3 ± 2.2 18.4 ± 2.4 18.4 ± 2.2 17.8 ± 2.2 17.9 ± 2.2 18.0 ± 2.2 18.4 ± 2.2 18.6 ± 2.4 18.6 ± 2.2 6MR. m 1295 ± 96 1297 ± 101 1362 ± 126 1242 ± 94 1236 ± 101 1312 ± 110 1314 ± 90 1319 ± 93 1381 ± 127 SHR. bpm 110.9 ± 17.3 107.8 ± 18.4 122.6 ± 19.1 116.8 ± 17.1 113.5 ± 17.9 122.5 ± 18.6 108.7 ± 17.0 105.7 ± 18.3 122.6 ± 19.4 AHR. bpm 184.9 ± 10.7 185.5 ± 9.1 188.8 ± 10.0 185.5 ± 11.1 187.5 ± 8.6 190.8 ± 8.3 184.6 ± 10.6 184.8 ± 9.3 188.1 ± 10.5 MHR. bpm 198.5 ± 7.3 198.0 ± 7.4 199.0 ± 7.6 200.6 ± 7.5 199.2 ± 7.9 200.1 ± 8.5 197.7 ± 7.1 197.1 ± 7.1 198.8 ± 7.2 6MR z − value (BÖS). mean (SD) 1.28 ± 0.67 1.28 ± 0.64 1.71 ± 0.81 1.77 ± 0.72 1.73 ± 0.78 2.28 ± 0.83 1.10 ± 0.56 1.12 ± 0.50 1.51 ± 0.71 BMI IOTF SDS 0.01 ± 0.86 0.06 ± 0.87 0.06 ± 0.84 -0.28 ± 0.90 -0.26 ± 0.89 -0.22 ± 0.89 0.11 ± 0.82 0.18 ± 0.83 0.16 ± 0.80 Sample size for study population, N = 97; Data are No. or mean (SD). N = Number, SD = standard deviation, kg = kilogram, cm = centimeter, BMI = body mass index, m2 = square meter, SHR = starting heart rate, AHR = average heart rate, MHR = maximal heart rate, 6MR = 6 Minutes run, bpm = beats per minute, SDS = standard deviation score, BMI IOTF SDS = BMI SDS based on International Obesity Taskforce reference centile curves, z-value = traditional z-score standardization,; T1 = test procedure on a standard rectangular field with dimensions of 9 meters × 18 meters, T2 = test procedure on a reduced rectangular field with dimensions of 9 meters × 6 meters, T3 = test procedure on an increased elliptical field with a path length of 400 meters, m = meters. Change in heart rate Significant differences (p < .001) were found in the starting heart rate (SHR) between the 6MRs completed in the sports hall (T1-6MR-9×18 and T2-6MR-9×6) and those completed outdoors (T3-6MR-400). No differences (p = .73) in SHR were found between the endurance runs performed in the sports halls (T1-6MR-9×18 and T2-6MR-9×6) (Table S2 & S3). At the average heart rate (AHR) during the test, significant differences (p < .001) were found between the rectangular running tracks (T1-6MR-9×18: AHR = 184.9 ± 10.7 and T2-6MR-9×6: AHR = 185.5 ± 9.1) and the elliptical running track (T3-6MR-400:AVR = 188.8 ± 10.0). No differences (p = .42) were detected between the geometrically rectangular running tracks (T1-6MR-9×18 and T2-6MR-9×6) (Table 2 & S3). Table 2 Mixed ANOVAS for heart rate and cardiorespiratory endurance data over measurement time points T1-6MR-9×18, T2-6MR-9×6 und T3-6MR-400. Variable Effects df F P Value η p 2 Power a 6MR. m Between-subjects effects Sex 1 11.53 0.001 0.11 0.919 Age Groups 1 8.983 0.003 0.088 0.843 Sex*Age Groups 1 0.731 0.4 0.008 0.135 Error 93 Within-subjects effects Time (T1-T2-T3) 1.389 50.309 < .001 0.351 1 Time*Sex 1.389 0.586 0.5 0.006 0.13 Time*Age Groups 1.389 2.73 0.09 0.029 0.441 Time*Sex*Age Groups 1.389 1.363 0.26 0.014 0.244 Error (Time) 129.174 6MR z − value (BÖS). mean (SD) Between-subjects effects Sex 1 27.344 < .001 0.227 0.999 Age Groups 1 0.006 0.94 0 0.051 Sex*Age Groups 1 3.085 0.08 0.032 0.412 Error 93 Within-subjects effects Time (T1-T2-T3) 1.396 53.782 < .001 0.366 1 Time*Sex 1.396 1.587 0.21 0.017 0.278 Time*Age Groups 1.396 2.36 0.12 0.025 0.391 Time*Sex*Age Groups 1.396 1.285 0.27 0.014 0.233 Error (Time) 129.795 AHR. bpm Between-subjects effects Sex 1 0.601 0.44 0.006 0.12 Age Groups 1 1.595 0.21 0.017 0.239 Sex*Age Groups 1 0.814 0.37 0.009 0.145 Error 93 Within-subjects effects Time (T1-T2-T3) 1.796 13.82 < .001 0.129 0.996 Time*Sex 1.796 1.005 0.36 0.011 0.213 Time*Age Groups 1.796 0.127 0.86 0.001 0.068 Time*Sex*Age Groups 1.796 2.312 0.11 0.024 0.438 Error (Time) 166.983 MHR. bpm Between-subjects effects Sex 1 1.461 0.23 0.015 0.223 Age Groups 1 1.38 0.24 0.015 0.213 Sex*Age Groups 1 0.028 0.87 0 0.053 Error 93 Within-subjects effects Time (T1-T2-T3) 2 3.002 0.05 0.031 0.577 Time*Sex 2 1.011 0.37 0.011 0.225 Time*Age Groups 2 1.241 0.29 0.013 0.268 Time*Sex*Age Groups 2 0.048 0.95 0.001 0.057 Error (Time) 186 a observed power computed using alpha = .05 ANOVA = analysis of variance, AHR = average heart rate, MHR = maximal heart rate, 6MR = 6 Minutes run, bpm = beats per minute, df = degrees of freedom, F = test statistic, \(\:{\varvec{\eta\:}}_{\varvec{p}}^{2}\) = partial eta square, SD = standard deviation, z-value = traditional z-score standardization, T1= test procedure on a standard rectangular field with dimensions of 9 meters × 18 meters, T2 = test procedure on a reduced rectangular field with dimensions of 9 meters × 6 meters, T3 = test procedure on an increased elliptical field with a path length of 400 meters, m = meters. No differences (p = 0.052) were found between the three measurements when assessing the maximum heart rate (MHR) (Table 2 & S3). Comparable results for SHR, AHR and MHR were also found in the subgroups of sex and age range (Table S3). Change in total running performance in 6MR Significant differences (p < .001) in total distance running were found between the rectangular running tracks (T1-6MR-9×18 = 1295 meters (± 96) and T2-6MR-9×6 = 1297 meters (± 101)) in the sports hall and the elliptical running track outdoor (T3-6MR-400 = 1362 meters (± 126)). No differences (p > .99) were found between the geometrically rectangular running tracks (T1-6MR-9×18 and T2-6MR-9×6) in the sports hall (Fig. 2, Table 2 & S3). Comparable results in evaluating the total running performance were also found in the subgroups of sex and age range (Table S3) and in standardized z-scores (Fig. 2, Table S3). Discussion In this study we compared the results of the standardized 6MR with a 6MR on a smaller rectangular track in the sports hall or a 400-meter outdoor running track. We found that there were no differences in the distance achieved in the standardized 6MR and the smaller rectangular track. However, on an elliptical 400-meter running track participants ran further in 6 minutes compared to both rectangular running track dimensions. In addition, the results of both running tests (T1-6MR-9×18 and T2-6MR-9×6) carried out in the sports hall differed significantly from the results achieved outdoors (T3-6MR-400) in terms of the average heart rate. However, since no differences were found in the maximum heart rate at any of the three measurement time points and the average heart rate in the sports hall, it can be concluded that the geometric design of the running track has an influence on the total running performance. Our results are in line with observations from earlier studies that showed that different geometric track dimensions have an influence on the running time in tests with pre-defined distances [ 35 ] and that there are significant differences between running tests in sports halls and those outdoors, where, in addition to the geometric dimensions of the running tracks, weather conditions may also play a role.[ 36 ] These results are interesting since the participants had to complete significantly more 90-degree corners during the running test at T2 (6MR-9×6) than at T1 (6MR-9×18). Using a real-time monitoring system (Firstbeat), it was shown that there were no differences in the mean and maximum heart rate of the participants during the 6MR when the two different versions of the test were carried out in the sports hall. It can therefore be assumed that the physical stress on the participants was similar in both tests. This is particularly interesting and means that existing reference values for the 6MR can also be used for assessment if the running test is carried out in smaller halls up to a geometric minimum dimension of 9 meters × 6 meters. This makes it much easier to plan the 6MR in schools with smaller sports halls, which in turn can lead to a higher rate of implementation of running tests in schools with disadvantaged infrastructure (small sports halls). A higher degree of plannability, in addition to simplifying the implementation, can however also lead to much lower implementation costs. Strengths and weaknesses of the study A major strength of our study is that all data were collected by a team of trained sports scientists and sports teachers and that the individual measurements were carried out by the same test director. Another strength is that all data were measured objectively and approximately at the same time of day. The high maximum heart rate achieved by the participants during the three different running tests showing no differences can also be mentioned as a strength, as it suggests that the participants performed the tests with comparable motivation at a high level of performance. The study's weaknesses include the fact that in some age groups the sample size was small (< 30 in the girls' subgroup). Conclusion Our study shows that the performance of children and adolescents in the 6MR in sports halls can be assessed using existing reference values, with a track of 9 meters × 6 meters. This allows to carry out the 6MR also in schools with smaller sports halls. This can significantly increase the number of (especially primary) schools that can collect valid data by use of the 6MR. Additional studies could explore whether this can also increase acceptance among school staff. Abbreviations AHR Average heart rate ANOVA Analysis of variance BMI Body mass index CRE Cardiorespiratory endurance IOTF International Obesity Task Force MHR Maximum heart rate PACER Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run SHR Starting heart rate T1-6MR-9×18 The rectangular standardized track with the dimensions of 9 meters x 18 meters and fixed 90-degree corners T2-6MR-9×6 A smaller rectangular track with the dimensions of 9 meters x 6 meters and fixed 90-degree corners T3-6MR-400 A 400-meter elliptical track VO 2 max Maximum aerobic capacity 6MR The 6-minute run Declarations Author Contributions Conceptualization: Gerald Jarnig and Mireille van Poppel; methodology: Gerald Jarnig; formal analysis: Gerald Jarnig and Mireille van Poppel; investigation: Gerald Jarnig; resources: Gerald Jarnig and Christoph Rottensteiner; data curation: Gerald Jarnig; writing—original draft preparation: Gerald Jarnig; writing—review and editing: Gerald Jarnig, Reinhold Kerbl, Christoph Rottensteiner and Mireille van Poppel; visualization: Gerald Jarnig and Mireille van Poppel; supervision, Mireille van Poppel; project administration: Gerald Jarnig; funding acquisition: Gerald Jarnig All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding This research and the Open Access publishing costs were funded by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research, grant number GZ:2024-0.780.614 and the Austrian Federal Ministry for Arts, Culture, Civil Service and Sport, grant number GZ:2025-0.021.608. The Open Access was funded by the University of Graz. Institutional Review Board Statement The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Graz, Styria, Austria (GZ. 39/68/63 ex 2021/22). Informed Consent Statement Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Data Availability Statement The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy/ethical restrictions. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all participants and their guardians, and the trainers and staff involved in this study. None of the individuals listed were financially compensated. Conflicts of Interest The authors Gerald Jarnig, Reinhold Kerbl and Mireille van Poppel declare no conflicts of interest. Christoph Rottensteiner is an employee and stockowner of Firstbeat Technology Oy (Jyväskylä, Finland), he helped make the study possible by providing cost-effective equipment for monitoring heart rates using Firstbeat technology and wrote the text explaining the technical features of the Firstbeat system. However, Christoph Rottensteiner had no influence on the design, data collection, analysis or interpretation of the data collected. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. References Jarnig G, Jaunig J, Kerbl R, Strenger V, Haeusler G, van Poppel MNM (2022) Acceleration in BMI gain following COVID-19 restrictions. 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Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 45(7):1303–1323. doi: 10.1177/1096348020971028 Mahar MT, Welk GJ, Rowe DA (2018) Estimation of aerobic fitness from PACER performance with and without body mass index. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 22(3):239–249. doi: 10.1080/1091367X.2018.1427590 Marques A, Henriques-Neto D, Peralta M, Martins J, Gomes F, Popovic S, Masanovic B, Demetriou Y, Schlund A, Ihle A (2021) Field-Based Health-Related Physical Fitness Tests in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Front Pediatr 9:640028. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.640028 Olds T, Tomkinson G, Léger L, Cazorla G (2006) Worldwide variation in the performance of children and adolescents: an analysis of 109 studies of the 20-m shuttle run test in 37 countries. J Sports Sci 24(10):1025–1038. doi: 10.1080/02640410500432193 Mayorga-Vega D, Bocanegra-Parrilla R, Ornelas M, Viciana J (2016) Criterion-Related Validity of the Distance- and Time-Based Walk/Run Field Tests for Estimating Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 11(3):e0151671. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151671 Unger A, Schwarzenlander A, Wilke J (2024) Policies and opportunities for physical activity engagement in Austrian schools: a census survey. PeerJ 12:e17794. doi: 10.7717/peerj.17794 Cole TJ, Lobstein T (2012) Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity. Pediatr Obes 7(4):284–294. doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00064.x Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2. Aufl. Routledge: New York, USA Quinn MD (2009) The effect of track geometry on 200- and 400-m sprint running performance. J Sports Sci 27(1):19–25. doi: 10.1080/02640410802392707 Greene PR, Monheit MA (1990) Optimal geometry for oval sprint tracks. J Biomech 23(5):447–452. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(90)90300-r Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementsJarnigetal2025.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBesides the negative physical effects of obesity on the individuals affected, the economic costs associated directly and indirectly with overweight and obesity are increasing dramatically in parallel with the number of people suffering from overweight or obesity, causing a worrying financial loss to the country's economy.[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegular and widespread health and fitness monitoring is one of many measures that have been implemented nationally or regionally in school systems to counteract this trend.[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11 CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] Anthropometric data (height, weight, waist circumference) and health-related fitness parameters such as cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE), strength endurance, strength and flexibility are collected and evaluated.[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11 CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] CRE (often referred as cardiorespiratory fitness) of children and adolescents is a useful indicator of future health .[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20 CR21 CR22\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaximum aerobic capacity (VO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003emax), the highest achievable amount of oxygen metabolized via the aerobic pathway, is seen as the gold standard for measuring CRE.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] VO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003emax can be measured directly or indirectly using indicators such as heart rate, distance covered during a defined test time or time to complete a fixed distance.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] VO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003emax is usually measured directly in the laboratory while a person performs a maximal graded exercise test on a bicycle ergometer or treadmill.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] However, laboratory tests are expensive to conduct, which minimizes their potential for widespread use in school settings, where most health monitoring in children takes place worldwide.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to avoid cost-intensive laboratory-based test procedures and to ensure that the tests may be carried out quickly, test systems based on field tests are used in large-scale national, regional and superregional health and/or fitness assessments in schools.[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11 CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] Conducting these field tests in sports halls is crucial on two counts: firstly, to ensure a standardized test environment and, secondly, to achieve a high degree of planning safety for the test procedures in order not to be dependent on weather-related influences.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDepending on the field test battery used, different individual tests are used to assess the CRE. The most common test is the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER), a 20-meter shuttle run. Participants have to run a 20-meter course keeping speed dictated by audio signals or beeps. The speed is increased stepwise by shortening the tone intervals.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] The PACER is included in many test batteries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] to provide an indirect estimate of VO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003emax, but requires a sports hall with a length of at least 22 meters.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther test methods commonly used to assess CRE include running tests with a predetermined total distance (eg. 1500 meters) to be covered as quickly as possible.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] By other running tests the total running time is predetermined and the covered distance is assessed, as in the 6-minute run (6MR).[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn infrastructure analysis of school sports facilities in Austria shows that there are major differences in the size of sports halls and gyms in different types of schools (primary, secondary, and high schools).[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] Of the 130 schools that participated, 93.8% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;122) provided information about the size of their current sports hall,[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] and 34.4% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42) reported that their sports hall was smaller than 200 square meters, meaning likely smaller than 10m x 20 m.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] The majority (83.3%; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35) of those schools were primary schools.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt can be assumed that most of these smaller sports halls do not have a length of at least 22 meters, which means that a 20-meter shuttle run cannot be carried out in such halls.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn alternative to the PACER is the 6MR, a test in which participants run for a predetermined period of time on a 9 x 18 m field.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] Compared to the PACER, the 6MR offers a significant advantage: the test can be administered without an acoustically standardized beep, which simplifies test preparation and performance.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] However, a sports hall size of at least 10 x 20 m is also required to carry out the 6MR.\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to assess possible effects of different geometrical dimensions of the running track on the maximum possible running performance for the 6MR.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy design\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA prospective cohort study with repeated measurements of cardiorespiratory endurance was conducted with schoolchildren from 4 grades of an elite secondary school in Klagenfurt, Austria. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Department of the University of Graz, Styria, Austria (GZ. 39/68/63 ex 2021/22).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy concept\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe aimed to assess whether different geometric path lengths and angels of the track influence the 6MR results of the participants. The 6MR was carried out at the first test time on the rectangular standardized track with the dimensions of 9 meters x 18 meters and fixed 90-degree corners (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18). At the second test time, the 6MR was carried out on a smaller rectangular track with the dimensions of 9 meters x 6 meters and fixed 90-degree corners (T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6) and at the third test time, the 6MR was carried out on a 400-meter elliptical track (T3-6MR-400).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelection of participants\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA higher average running speed in a time-based endurance test automatically leads to a better overall running performance. Based on this fact, we aimed to conduct the study with very athletic test participants to examine whether a modified geometry of running tracks has an influence on the maximum overall running performance that can be achieved.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to allow the comparison at a high-performance level, students from four different grades of an elite sports middle school were invited to participate in the study. Inclusion criteria defined that participants had to be members of one of the selected elite sports classes at the time of the study (April and May 2022). 100 (100%) legal guardians gave their written consent allowing their children to participate and provided information about their age and sex. Finally, 97 children and adolescents participated in the measurements at all three test time points (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcedure\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data were collected by trained members of a research team consisting of sports scientists, movement scientists and sports teachers. The tests were carried out during school hours in physical education classes. The participants wore standard sports clothing and the anthropometric measurements were taken barefoot. While completing the different endurance running tests, the participants wore sports shoes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe participants were instructed prior to the test neither to eat a solid meal half an hour before the test nor to consume a large amount of fluids.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurement Time Points\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll anthropometric and fitness-related data were collected at each of the three test times. All data were collected within a period of 4 weeks, with a minimum break of 6 days between each test time. At measurement time 1 (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18) and measurement time 2 (T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6), the participants completed the 6MR in a sports hall. At measurement time 3 (T3-6MR-400), they performed the 6MR outside on the running track. Average outdoor temperature was 18 degrees Celsius at all three measurement times, and all measurements were carried out in the morning between 10:00 and 12:00 AM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnthropometry\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBody height (cm) was measured with a SECA 213 stadiometer (SECA 213, Hamburg, Germany) to the nearest 0.1 cm and weight (kg) was measured with a PPW4202/01 body scale (Bosch, Munich, Germany) to the nearest 0.1 kg. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the body weight in kg by the body height in meters squared.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCardiovascular Data\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirstbeat Sports sensors (Firstbeat Technologies Oy, Jyv\u0026auml;skyl\u0026auml;, Finland) were used to measure the internal training load data (starting heart rate (SHR), average heart rate (AHR), maximum heart rate(MHR)) for each participant during the three 6MR tests. The Firstbeat sports sensor allows an electrocardiogram sample rate of 125 to 512 measurement time points per second for raw data sampling. The participants wore the sensors using textile straps to fix them securely to their chest, approximately at the base of the sternum. To ensure consistency and to eliminate possible variations in data output between sensors, the same sensor was used for all participants in all test sessions. Internal training load data were processed and calculated using Firstbeat Sports software (version 2.50.3; Firstbeat Technologies Oy, Jyv\u0026auml;skyl\u0026auml;, Finland).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndurance Performance\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6MR \u0026ndash; standardized measurement (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe test was carried out according to a common test manual of the 6MR according to B\u0026ouml;s.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] The children were instructed to run as far as possible within 6 minutes. The test was conducted in the school sports hall. A square (9 meter \u0026times; 18 meter) was marked with sports poles, then the four corner poles were moved 0.5 m inwards. The children had to run around the marked square. A group of 6 children performed the test at the same time and their running distance was measured to the nearest meter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6MR \u0026ndash; Reduction of standard size (T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe participants were instructed to run as far as possible within 6 minutes. The test was carried out in the school sports hall. A square (9 meter \u0026times; 6 meter) was marked with sports poles, then the four corner poles were moved 0.5 m inwards. The children had to run around the marked square. The geometric change of the standardized running track shortened the total length of the track from 54 to 30 meters, which corresponds to a reduction of 44.4%. Therefore, the number of participants per test session was reduced accordingly. A group of 3 to 4 children performed the test at the same time and their running distance was measured to the nearest meter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6MR \u0026ndash; Enlargement of standard size (T3-6MR-400)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe test was carried out on a standard 400-meter outdoor running track. The participants had to run as far as possible on the 400-meter running track for 6 minutes. Since the technical equipment for a maximum of 6 simultaneous real-time monitoring of the test runs was available at the test times, a group of max. 6 children carried out the test at the same time and their running distance was measured to the nearest meter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandardization and classification\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to check for age- and sex-specific differences and to adjust for the low numbers of participants in the individual annual age groups, all participants were additionally categorized into two age categories (age group 1: 10.0 to 12.9 years; age group 2: 13.0 to 15.9 years).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe standardized BMI values (BMI\u003csub\u003eIOTF\u003c/sub\u003e SDS) were calculated based on current international (International Obesity Task Force - IOTF) age- and sex-specific reference values.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the cardiovascular measurements (starting heart rate, average heart rate, maximum heart rate) were included in the analyses as raw data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo compare the results (raw values) of the cardiorespiratory endurance (6MR) test with established reference values, z-scores were calculated using a traditional z-score standardization method based on age- and sex-specific reference values. Since no reference values were available in Austria for participants of this age, we used German reference values from the German Motor Test (2016).[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor descriptive statistics, continuous variables are expressed as means (\u003cem\u003eM)\u003c/em\u003e and standard deviations (SD), and categorical variables as absolute values (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e) and percentage values (%). No data imputation was performed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChanges in SHR, AHR, MHR and 6MR were analyzed between the three measurement points (T1: April 2022, T2: May 2022, T3: May 2022) using mixed-design ANOVAs for sex and age groups. Harley's F-max test was used to test for homogeneity. The Greenhouse-Geisser adjustment was used to correct for sphericity violations. In ANOVAs, partial eta-square (η\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) was used to determine the size of the effect (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;small, \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;medium, and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;large). [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] If significant differences between the measurement times were found in ANOVAs, post-hoc tests were carried out using a Bonferroni correction in the calculation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll tests were two-sided, with a p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 considered statistically significant. All statistical calculations were performed using SPSS version 29 (IBM Corp. Published 2022. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp.).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn April and May 2022, 97 children participated in the measurements. In the total sample, the mean age was 12.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2 years (range: 10.8\u0026ndash;15.6 years), 26 (26.8%) of whom were girls (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall sample characteristics and descriptive data of analyzed parameters for the total study population and the subgroup sex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGirls\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoys\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT1\u0026ndash;9\u0026times;18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT2\u0026ndash;9\u0026times;6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT3\u0026ndash;400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT1\u0026ndash;9\u0026times;18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT2\u0026ndash;9\u0026times;6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT3\u0026ndash;400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT1\u0026ndash;9\u0026times;18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT2\u0026ndash;9\u0026times;6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT3\u0026ndash;400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge. years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight. kg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeight. cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e155.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e155.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e155.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI. kg/m2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6MR. m\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1295\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1297\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1362\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1242\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1236\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1312\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1314\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1319\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1381\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHR. bpm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAHR. bpm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e185.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e185.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e187.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMHR. bpm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6MR\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ez\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003e(B\u0026Ouml;S). mean (SD)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eIOTF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003eSDS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eSample size for study population, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;97; Data are No. or mean (SD). N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard deviation, kg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;kilogram, cm\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;centimeter, BMI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;body mass index, m2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;square meter, SHR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;starting heart rate, AHR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;average heart rate, MHR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;maximal heart rate, 6MR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6 Minutes run, bpm\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;beats per minute, SDS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard deviation score, BMI\u003csub\u003eIOTF\u003c/sub\u003e SDS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;BMI SDS based on International Obesity Taskforce reference centile curves, z-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;traditional z-score standardization,; T1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;test procedure on a standard rectangular field with dimensions of 9 meters \u0026times; 18 meters, T2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;test procedure on a reduced rectangular field with dimensions of 9 meters \u0026times; 6 meters, T3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;test procedure on an increased elliptical field with a path length of 400 meters, m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;meters.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChange in heart rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSignificant differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) were found in the starting heart rate (SHR) between the 6MRs completed in the sports hall (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18 and T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6) and those completed outdoors (T3-6MR-400). No differences (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.73) in SHR were found between the endurance runs performed in the sports halls (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18 and T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6) (Table S2 \u0026amp; S3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the average heart rate (AHR) during the test, significant differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) were found between the rectangular running tracks (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18: AHR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;184.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.7 and T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6: AHR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;185.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1) and the elliptical running track (T3-6MR-400:AVR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0). No differences (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.42) were detected between the geometrically rectangular running tracks (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18 and T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; S3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed ANOVAS for heart rate and cardiorespiratory endurance data over measurement time points T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18, T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6 und T3-6MR-400.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eη\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePower \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6MR. m\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetween-subjects effects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.919\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.983\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex*Age Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.731\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin-subjects effects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime (T1-T2-T3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.389\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.309\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.351\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime*Sex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.389\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.586\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime*Age Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.389\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.441\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime*Sex*Age Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.389\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eError (Time)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129.174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6MR\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ez\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003e(B\u0026Ouml;S). mean (SD)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetween-subjects effects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.344\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex*Age Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.085\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.412\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin-subjects effects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime (T1-T2-T3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.396\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.782\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime*Sex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.396\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.587\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.278\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime*Age Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.396\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime*Sex*Age Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.396\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.285\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eError (Time)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129.795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAHR. bpm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetween-subjects effects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.601\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.595\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex*Age Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.814\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin-subjects effects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime (T1-T2-T3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.796\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime*Sex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.796\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime*Age Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.796\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime*Sex*Age Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.796\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.312\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.438\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eError (Time)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166.983\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMHR. bpm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetween-subjects effects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.461\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex*Age Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin-subjects effects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime (T1-T2-T3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.577\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime*Sex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime*Age Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.241\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime*Sex*Age Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eError (Time)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e observed power computed using alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eANOVA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;analysis of variance, AHR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;average heart rate, MHR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;maximal heart rate, 6MR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6 Minutes run, bpm\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;beats per minute, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;degrees of freedom, F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;test statistic, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\varvec{\\eta\\:}}_{\\varvec{p}}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = partial eta square, SD = standard deviation, z-value = traditional z-score standardization, T1= test procedure on a standard rectangular field with dimensions of 9 meters \u0026times; 18 meters, T2 = test procedure on a reduced rectangular field with dimensions of 9 meters \u0026times; 6 meters, T3 = test procedure on an increased elliptical field with a path length of 400 meters, m = meters.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo differences (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.052) were found between the three measurements when assessing the maximum heart rate (MHR) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; S3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparable results for SHR, AHR and MHR were also found in the subgroups of sex and age range (Table S3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChange in total running performance in 6MR\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSignificant differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) in total distance running were found between the rectangular running tracks (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1295 meters (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;96) and T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1297 meters (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;101)) in the sports hall and the elliptical running track outdoor (T3-6MR-400\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1362 meters (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;126)). No differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.99) were found between the geometrically rectangular running tracks (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18 and T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6) in the sports hall (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; S3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparable results in evaluating the total running performance were also found in the subgroups of sex and age range (Table S3) and in standardized z-scores (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2, Table S3).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study we compared the results of the standardized 6MR with a 6MR on a smaller rectangular track in the sports hall or a 400-meter outdoor running track. We found that there were no differences in the distance achieved in the standardized 6MR and the smaller rectangular track. However, on an elliptical 400-meter running track participants ran further in 6 minutes compared to both rectangular running track dimensions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the results of both running tests (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18 and T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6) carried out in the sports hall differed significantly from the results achieved outdoors (T3-6MR-400) in terms of the average heart rate. However, since no differences were found in the maximum heart rate at any of the three measurement time points and the average heart rate in the sports hall, it can be concluded that the geometric design of the running track has an influence on the total running performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur results are in line with observations from earlier studies that showed that different geometric track dimensions have an influence on the running time in tests with pre-defined distances [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] and that there are significant differences between running tests in sports halls and those outdoors, where, in addition to the geometric dimensions of the running tracks, weather conditions may also play a role.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese results are interesting since the participants had to complete significantly more 90-degree corners during the running test at T2 (6MR-9\u0026times;6) than at T1 (6MR-9\u0026times;18). Using a real-time monitoring system (Firstbeat), it was shown that there were no differences in the mean and maximum heart rate of the participants during the 6MR when the two different versions of the test were carried out in the sports hall. It can therefore be assumed that the physical stress on the participants was similar in both tests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is particularly interesting and means that existing reference values for the 6MR can also be used for assessment if the running test is carried out in smaller halls up to a geometric minimum dimension of 9 meters \u0026times; 6 meters. This makes it much easier to plan the 6MR in schools with smaller sports halls, which in turn can lead to a higher rate of implementation of running tests in schools with disadvantaged infrastructure (small sports halls). A higher degree of plannability, in addition to simplifying the implementation, can however also lead to much lower implementation costs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrengths and weaknesses of the study\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA major strength of our study is that all data were collected by a team of trained sports scientists and sports teachers and that the individual measurements were carried out by the same test director. Another strength is that all data were measured objectively and approximately at the same time of day. The high maximum heart rate achieved by the participants during the three different running tests showing no differences can also be mentioned as a strength, as it suggests that the participants performed the tests with comparable motivation at a high level of performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study's weaknesses include the fact that in some age groups the sample size was small (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30 in the girls' subgroup).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study shows that the performance of children and adolescents in the 6MR in sports halls can be assessed using existing reference values, with a track of 9 meters \u0026times; 6 meters. This allows to carry out the 6MR also in schools with smaller sports halls. This can significantly increase the number of (especially primary) schools that can collect valid data by use of the 6MR. Additional studies could explore whether this can also increase acceptance among school staff.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAHR\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Average heart rate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eANOVA\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Analysis of variance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Body mass index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCRE\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Cardiorespiratory endurance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIOTF\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;International Obesity Task Force\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMHR\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Maximum heart rate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePACER \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSHR\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Starting heart rate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT1-6MR-9×18\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The rectangular standardized track with the dimensions of 9 meters x 18 meters and fixed 90-degree corners\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT2-6MR-9×6\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;A smaller rectangular track with the dimensions of 9 meters x 6 meters and fixed 90-degree corners\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT3-6MR-400 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A 400-meter elliptical track\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003emax \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Maximum aerobic capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6MR\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The 6-minute run\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: Gerald Jarnig and Mireille van Poppel; methodology: Gerald Jarnig; formal analysis: Gerald Jarnig and Mireille van Poppel; investigation: Gerald Jarnig; resources: Gerald Jarnig and Christoph Rottensteiner; data curation: Gerald Jarnig; writing—original draft preparation: Gerald Jarnig; writing—review and editing: Gerald Jarnig, Reinhold Kerbl, Christoph Rottensteiner and Mireille van Poppel; visualization: Gerald Jarnig and Mireille van Poppel; supervision, Mireille van Poppel; project administration: Gerald Jarnig; funding acquisition: Gerald Jarnig\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research and the Open Access publishing costs were funded by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research, grant number GZ:2024-0.780.614 and the Austrian Federal Ministry for Arts, Culture, Civil Service and Sport, grant number GZ:2025-0.021.608. The Open Access was funded by the University of Graz.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInstitutional Review Board Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Graz, Styria, Austria (GZ. 39/68/63 ex 2021/22).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent Statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy/ethical restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank all participants and their guardians, and the trainers and staff involved in this study. None of the individuals listed were financially compensated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors Gerald Jarnig, Reinhold Kerbl and Mireille van Poppel declare no conflicts of interest. Christoph Rottensteiner is an employee and stockowner of Firstbeat Technology Oy (Jyväskylä, Finland), he helped make the study possible by providing cost-effective equipment for monitoring heart rates using Firstbeat technology and wrote the text explaining the technical features of the Firstbeat system. However, Christoph Rottensteiner had no influence on the design, data collection, analysis or interpretation of the data collected.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJarnig G, Jaunig J, Kerbl R, Strenger V, Haeusler G, van Poppel MNM (2022) Acceleration in BMI gain following COVID-19 restrictions. A longitudinal study with 7- to 10-year-old primary school children. 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J Biomech 23(5):447\u0026ndash;452. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/0021-9290(90)90300-r\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/0021-9290(90)90300-r\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"6-minute run, cardiovascular endurance, cardiorespiratory fitness, fitness testing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6164588/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6164588/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003ePurpose\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to avoid cost-intensive laboratory-based test procedures, test systems based on field tests are used for health and fitness assessments in schools. For measuring cardiovascular endurance, various methods are used in practice to indirectly estimate VO2max. One method frequently used is to set a time frame for participants to achieve the highest total running performance possible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe 6-minute run (6MR) was carried out in different geometric dimensions. The test was carried out at three time points in time on three different running tracks (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18: rectangle\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9 meters \u0026times; 18 meters, T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6: rectangle\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9 meters \u0026times; 6 meters, T3-6MR-400\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;ellipse\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;400 meters) and the differences in the results were assessed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSignificant differences in total distance running were found between the rectangular running tracks (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1295 meters (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;96) and T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1297 meters (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;101) in the sports hall and the elliptical running track outdoor (T3-6MR-400\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1362 meters (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;126). No differences were found between the two rectangular running tracks (T1-6MR-9\u0026times;18 and T2-6MR-9\u0026times;6).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese results indicate that existing reference values for the 6-minute run can also be used for assessment if the running test is carried out up to a minimum size of 9 meters \u0026times; 6 meters.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparability of modified and standardized test conditions for the 6-minute run","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-26 15:03:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6164588/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e6a378e6-618b-49d0-9f07-350fe64d2f22","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-30T15:08:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-26 15:03:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6164588","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6164588","identity":"rs-6164588","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}