Examining the interrelationship between subjective well-being and social capital

Examining the interrelationship between subjective well-being and social capital | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Examining the interrelationship between subjective well-being and social capital Qaqambile Mathentamo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8257781/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Subjective wellbeing (SWB) and social capital (SC) are important economic concepts which may positively affect economic agents and influence economic development. Yet, South Africa ranks low in world rankings when it comes to SWB and SC, ranking at 99 and 80 out of 147 countries in the world, respectively. There is vast literature in developed and homogenous developing countries aiming to study the effects of social capital on SWB and the literature stance is that social capital leads to positive SWB. There is also evidence of SWB leading to positive SC and reverse causality. Few studies attempted to control for reverse causality and deal with the endogeneity problem. The study contributes to existing literature by exploring the effects of SC on SWB in a heterogenous developing country where findings may differ from previous homogenous developed and developing countries and by controlling for reverse causality using an instrumental variable approach. Hence, the study aimed to control for reverse causality by using an instrumental variable approach to investigate the interrelationship between SWB and SC in South Africa – a heterogenous developing country. Methods The study used data from the National Income Dynamic Study (NIDS) a South African panel survey that has the most common determinants of SWB including SC. The study estimates association between SWB and SC using ordered probit models and an instrument variable. Results There is a bi-directional relationship between SC and SWB. Using an IV approach the study found that SC is positive and negatively associated with SWB depending on measure of SC. Conclusions SWB and SC are important facets of economic development; this study may contribute into South Africa’s realisation of its main economic development objectives and increasing its knowledge base of SWB and SC literature. JEL Classification: I31 General Welfare, Well-Being Subjective wellbeing social capital life satisfaction happiness trust social networks Introduction Historically philosophers considered happiness as the ultimate goal or motivation for human action (1–5). Yet, in the World Happiness report of 2024 South Africa (SA) is ranked 99 out of 147 countries in the world with a level of subjective well-being (SWB) of 5,23 (6). People also want to belong or to be associated with people whom they trust. Social capital (SC) is an important economic concept which shapes economic outcomes in the form of economic development by minimising costs (7–10). According to the same report SA was ranked at 80 with an 80,3% score on social support. General and institutional trust levels in SA are low owing to the country’s past and malfunctioning of many institutions; however, they have continued to deteriorate beyond the unpleasant legacy (10). Low levels of SWB and SC may adversely affect individuals and hinder SA from realising it may macroeconomic objectives of poverty alleviation and income inequality reduction, which are economic growth dependent. Since SWB and SC are important facets of economic development, this study may contribute into South Africa’s realisation of its main economic development objectives. This study may also be beneficial to the public since SWB studies general attract considerable interest from the general population (11). Subjective well-being is an older phenomenon in psychology relative to economics which focuses on external and internal effects on SWB (12). Subjective well-being is “an umbrella term used to describe the level of wellbeing people experience according to their subjective evaluations of their lives” (13). This means a person goes through a mental assessment of different aspects of his or her life to arrive at a certain level of well-being. This self-assessment entails a self-introspection where one ascertains whether he/she has realised his/her full potential (eudaemonia) and how much pleasurable and painful experiences (hedonism) did he/she go through (12,14). This self-evaluation entails life satisfaction and happiness. Thus, the study uses SWB, happiness and life satisfaction interchangeably. It also measures SWB using a life satisfaction question informed by availability of data and the similar correlation of determinants between happiness and life satisfaction (15). Social capital is an old sociological phenomenon later adopted in economics and by governments and international organisation owing to Putnam’s pioneering work (16–25). It is multifaceted, multidisciplinary and multidimensional leading to nonuniformity of its definition and measure often dependent of discipline and author use (3–5,8,9,26,27). Sampling definitions from different authors and from different disciplines, one can define SC as trust, norms, networks that facilitate and/or promote cooperation and/or collective action for mutual benefit (16,21,28–31). Although it is multidimensional and multifaceted, measures of social capital are based on its main elements – trust, social norms and network (5,32). This study measures social capital using interpersonal/particularised trust, generalised/social trust and social network due to availability of data. Trust and social networks are the most prominent measures of social capital in literature (10,33). Since Easterlin’s paradox there has been a surge of economics literature seeking to explore what determines subjective wellbeing. In most of these studies (2,3,5,8,9,27,34–39) social capital positively affects SWB although some results vary depending on measure of social capital used. Most of this literature is from developed country and homogenous developing countries. Given the fact that effects of SC on SWB differ across country (36,37,40) and SA being a heterogenous developing country, the study’s findings may differ from other countries. There is also evidence of SWB leading to positive SC and reverse causality (3,41,42). Yet, I struggled to find any literature exploring effect of SWB on SC. Few studies (3,4,42–45) attempted to control for reverse causality to deal with the endogeneity problem. Thus, this study acknowledges the bidirectionality of the SC and SWB relationship. Its contribution is the exploration of the effects of SC on SWB in a heterogenous developing country where findings may differ from previous homogenous developed and developing countries. The study also contributes to existing literature by controlling for reverse causality using an instrumental variable approach to investigate the interrelationship between SWB and SC in South Africa. The association between social capital and subjective well-being differs across measures of social capital. However, there is proof of a bi-directional relationship. Using an IV approach the study found that SC is positive and negatively associated with SWB depending on measure of SC. The rest of the paper is set out as follows: a literature review followed by a research methods section. Subsequently, results, discussion and conclusion follow, respectively. Literature review The surge in exploration of subjective well-being has led to many determinants of subjective wellbeing. Determinants of subjective well-being can be categorised as demographic, socio-economic, health, personality, social support, geography and infrastructure (12). This is unsurprising since many life’s aspects may affect one’s happiness or life satisfaction. The most common determinants of subjective well-being are age, marital status, absolute and relative income, employment status, education, geography type (urban or rural), gender, self-reported health, race or ethnicity, social capital and religion. This is because most studies are micro based as opposed to macro. In most studies age is u-shaped, marital status, absolute and relative income, employment status, education, self-reported health and social capital are positively related to subjective well-being (46–62). Hence, Wilson (1967), In, (1) depicts a happy person as a young, married, well off, employed, educated, healthy, confident and modest person. Geography type (urban or rural), gender, and race or ethnicity tends to differ per study or population. In some studies, (47,48,63) females tend to be happier than males whereas in other studies (49–51,54,55,60) males were found to be happier than females. Based on the literature explored by this study race in most cases is insignificant besides in South Africa where Africans were found to be the least happy (54), unsurprisingly due to persistent racial segregation and continued unpleasant socio-economic conditions. Different elements of social capital that are used to measure social capital including a composite index, may affect subjective well-being differently or similarly, hence, it is important to measure social capital using its different elements (3–5,8,9,26,27,37,39). Thus, depending on a social capital element(s) used to measure social capital or depending on how a specific element is measured one may find similar or different effect(s) on SWB. What is common from literature is that social capital positively affects SWB which can be explained by how each of the elements may affect SWB. Social norms are the least used element in literature due to its intangible character making it hard for researchers to use it as a proxy of social capital (35). It may also be due to lack of data or the inability to collect data on social norms. Most studies (5,7,32,35,41,64) which attempted to measure social capital using social norms did not measure social norms for what they truly are. They used trustworthiness, political civic engagement, feeling of safety, whether people are being fair and worrying about other people’s behaviour’s impact on them to measure social norms. These measures are more aligned to trust and social networks. Social norms entail acceptable forms of behaviour. (7) comes up with different types of norms – cooperation, sharing, equality and honesty norms, which minimise transaction costs in the form of decision-making costs. (35) strictly defines social norms as an acceptable way of behaviour which may deter unwarranted behaviour like crime. (37) and (39) come close to measuring acceptable behaviour in the index of civicness by formulating a social norms index based on responses of unwarranted behaviour. In a South African context, one may define social norms as inspired by a supernatural being or deity in the form of Ntu. Ntu could be a “supernatural [being] [or a mythical founder] that [is] believed to have created and/or to govern all reality, [whereas Ntu intervenes] in human affairs, and enforce or support human morality” (7). Through iSiNtu, which is a distinctly African way of life, social norms may discourage inappropriate behaviour which may lead to self-harm (9) thus, decreasing pain, affecting happiness, ultimately SWB. Due to difficult in measuring social norms and lack of data on this measure the study does not use social norms to represent social capital. Trust is the most used measure or proxy of social capital. This may be due to availability of data and the lack of difficulty in measuring this social capital element. Trust is an important enabler of economic outcomes since it minimises costs and encourages cooperation. It ensures efficiency in trade and production especially where contracts are incomplete or expensive to enforce leading to asymmetric information (2,3,33,42,44,64,65). This positive shaping of economic outcomes may improve SWB. Additionally, people interact, in the process of social interaction there is positive or negative experiences, which may increase or decrease trust (10,26,33,53). These positive or negative experiences may also influence SWB. For instance, higher levels of trust are allied with less feelings of anxiety, powerlessness and helplessness leading to less stress leading to positive SWB (9). Also, individuals residing in communities with high levels of trust generally feel a sense of belonging, which evokes a sense of being accepted and inclusion which may increase happiness (3). Social network is the second most used element to measure social capital in literature. This could also be due to availability of data and/or ease of measure. Social networks whether immediate bonding or bridging or linking may make people less lonely and sad, and more confident and pleasant leading to more pleasure which is synonymous to happiness (2,5,9,34,36,37,41). The importance of social relationships on SWB was more pronounced during COVID-19 where people were forced to avoid human interaction (5). People need social resources to deal with daily stressors, therefore, enabling them to preserve their well-being (9). According to the ‘need to belong theory’ people have an inborn longing for social interaction of which if they are deprived of such may lead to stress which may have negative long-lasting effects on SWB (9). Social networks are also an emotional (mainly provided by informal social networks) and economical (mainly provided by formal social networks) resource, which may improve SWB (40). Evidently, social capital through social norms, trust and social networks may positively or negatively affect SWB. Social capital is not just multidimensional through its elements it is also multidimensional via the level of measure. Social capital can be measured at the macro or micro level, depending on the level of the measure it may affect subjective wellbeing differently. (3,32,41,43,66,67) suggest a multilevel analysis which includes both individual and community/area-level measures of factors affecting SWB. In these studies, (3,32,41,67), some of the area level social capital measures are insignificant whilst the individual level measures are significant. Furthermore, (67–69) found no significant effect of community or area level social capital on SWB. Only (32) found positive and significant correlation between SC and SWB at individual and aggregated level. Each level has its own short comings. Micro/individual level studies “does not reveal whether social capital has an additional contextual effect on subjective wellbeing” (66). Whereas macro level studies may not reveal difference in SWB explained individually (66). Macro level studies may also not reveal social capital differences within heterogenous population communities or areas (44). Macro/community level studies (3,4,43,66) are based on individual level of social capital since area level social capital is an aggregation of individual social capital. Based on significant results, it is evident that individual level social capital effects on SWB supersedes aggregated social capital. Social capital also differs within country, as rural areas tend to have more bonding/informal social networks compared to urban areas whilst urban areas tend to have more bridging compared to rural areas (9). Hence, (40)found that formal networks’ effects on SWB were more pronounced in Britain and urban China, whereas informal network effects’ on SWB were more prominent in rural China. Effects of social capital on SWB based on different measures of social capital may also differ across country, for instance social capital may affect SWB in developed countries and have no effect in developing countries vice versa (2,37,40,70). This is because social capital may differ across country, informal networks are more pronounced in developing and formal networks are more prominent in developed countries (40). Most studies are based on advanced economies, which form and use social capital differently from developing nations (42). The wider impression of social capital in a developing country is that social ties are a vital means (or form of capital) allowing individuals, households, and communities to improve subjective well-being in difficult times. There are also social capital determinants studies based on micro (individual-level) and/or macro (country-level) level. Some studies focus on micro and macro only (2,7,33,71,72) determinants whilst others (10,53) study both. Micro social capital studies (10,43,72) use similar SWB co-variates reflected above, and results differ across measures of social capital. Subjective well-being is also amongst the determinants of social capital, and it positively affects social capital (73). This may be because “One’s positive outlook on life or positive world view could encourage one to trust others and thus contribute to the formation of social trust” (44). “It is [also] likely that individuals with higher levels of happiness would be more involved in social groups and therefore have higher levels of social capital leading to reverse causality” (3). Additionally, “it is likely that individuals with higher levels of life satisfaction would be more inclined to join certain social groups than those with lower levels of life satisfaction; however, it is also likely that individuals with lower levels of life satisfaction would be more inclined to join self-help groups”(42). There is vast literature aiming to study the effects of social capital on SWB. These studies measured social capital using its main elements – social norms, networks and trust. Mainly finding positive effects of social capital on SWB, however, some findings differing due to measure of social capital. Thus, there is some lack of uniformity in how SC affects SWB. One’s findings may offer different insights depending on measure used. The paper will also add to existing literature by using different measures of SC – trust and social networks. Through these elements one can clearly explain how social capital positively affects SWB. Studies focused on micro and/or macro, each with its own shortcoming, however, micro studies seem to supersede macro studies. Even though, one may study social capital at different level, this study is interested in knowing how individual’s decision to interact with familiar and unfamiliar beings and trust affects the individual’s SWB. The study is also interested in finding out whether the individual’s SWB influences the individual's decision to interact and trust others. Hence, I am more inclined to study social capital at the micro level. Effects of social capital on SWB differ within and across country, yet most studies are from developed and homogenous developing countries. One cannot solely rely on other countries’ studies without evaluating the relationship between social capital and SWB in their own country, in my case South Africa – a developing heterogenous country with limited social capital effects on SWB studies as far as I could tell. The findings might be new insights for South Africa and may differ from other studies since social capital’s effects on SWB differ within and between countries. This validates the study’s attempt to investigate the relationship between social capital and subjective wellbeing using different elements of social capital. I could not find any literature, which aimed to study the effects of SWB on social capital. I reviewed social capital determinants literature where I was able to identify SWB as one of the factors which affects social capital. Thus, people with high (low) trust/social networks/social capital levels tend to be happier (less happy); likewise happier (less happy) people tend to have more (less) trust/social networks/social capital. Therefore, there is evidence of reverse causality (3,41,42) of which only a few studies (3,34,42–45) attempted to control for reverse causality and deal with the endogeneity problem (simultaneity and omitted variables). The study acknowledges the bidirectionality of the SC and SWB relationship. Its main contribution to existing social capital and subjective well-being literature is its attempt to control for reverse causality as detailed in the research methods section. Research methods Data source The study sources its data from the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS). A South African national household panel survey aimed at monitoring and tracking poverty (74). It has five waves beginning from 2008. It collects data from a South African representative sample of over 28000 individuals from 7300 household. It collects children, adult and household data. The study used adult data since its focus is people from 18 years and above. All questionnaires of each wave besides the child questionnaire were merged into one database per wave. The five waves with merged questionnaires were appended into one dataset. All individuals below 18 years were dropped. This database is suitable for the study since it has common determinants of SWB and SC. These include SWB, SC, age, marital status, income, relative income, education, employment, gender, self-reported health, and race. Variables SWB is measured using happiness or life satisfaction questions of which the former is short-term reflective, and the latter is long-term reflective, however, both measures present similar results (41). These questions are normally single item based on a Likert scale. The scale differs per study ranging from 4-point to 11-point scale. For instance, (46,50,75,76) measure subjective wellbeing using a happiness question. Some studies (47,52,54,60,63) measure subjective wellbeing using a single item life satisfaction question mostly based on a 10-point Cantril ladder. Some studies (9,26,32,49,64) use both measures. Happiness and life satisfaction differ if they are strictly defined (1,51), however, they are used interchangeably in literature (77). This paper will also use subjective wellbeing, happiness and life satisfaction interchangeably. The study will also use a life satisfaction question as a proxy of subjective well-being based on a single item question, 10-point Likert scale question “Using a scale of 1 to 10 where 1 means very dissatisfied and 10 means very satisfied, how do you feel about your life as a whole right now?”. The decision to use life satisfaction question is informed by availability of data and the fact that determinants of subjective well-being tend to correlate similarly between happiness and life satisfaction (15). Social capital can be measured cognitively (i.e. trust and social norms which are subjective) or structural (i.e., social networks which are objective). Even amongst these elements there are also different measures. For instance, trust has three measures – general/social, interpersonal/particularised and institutional trust (32,72,78). Social network may have more than one measure which includes bonding – strong ties of people who are familiar with each other (family, friends & colleagues), bridging – weak ties of people who are not familiar with each other, linking – heterogenous groups linked to higher authority (9,41,72,79). Social ties can also be extended to three levels - micro (friends, family, relatives), meso (neighbours, colleagues) and collectively one can group micro & meso as bonding & bridging social networks (80), and macro (relationship with public institutional bodies) one would group those with linking. One can also categorise bonding as informal networks; bridging would be more formal networks. It is difficult to have and use all measures due to lack of data (79). Most social capital determinants studies (10,33,43,53,72,78) measured social capital using trust. Some (33,43,53) use one form of trust whilst others measure trust using more than one common measure of trust (10,72,78). This is study measures SC using social network and trust as proxies due to availability of data. The study created a dummy for anyone who indicated being part of a stokvel which is a common civic engagement in South Africa. The paper also created a dummy for those who responded positively to the trust questions[1]. One also created a social index using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) incorporating different elements or forms of trust and social networks like (5,72,79). Other variables are measured as per (62): Age 18 years and above; marital status (ms) 1 ‘never married’, 2 ‘divorced or separated’, 3 ‘living with a partner’, 5 ‘married’; absolute income (lninc); relative income (ri) 1 ‘below average income’, 2 ‘average income’, 3 ‘above average income’; education categories (edu_cat) 1 ‘no schooling’, 2 ‘primary (grade R to 7/standard 5)’, 3 ‘secondary incomplete (grade 8/standard 6/form 1 to diploma with less than grade 12/Standard 10)’, 4 ‘matric (standard 10/grade 12/form 5)’, 5 ‘post-secondary (certificate with grade 12/standard10 to higher degree (masters, doctorate))’; employment status (es) 1 ‘employed or self-employed’ 0 ‘otherwise’; gender (g) 1 ‘male’ 2 ‘female’; self-reported health (srh) 1 ‘poor’, 2 ‘fair’, 3 ‘good’, 4 ‘very good’ and 5 ‘excellent’; and ethnic groups (r) is a categorial variable 1 ‘African’, 2 ‘Coloured’, 3 ‘Indian’, 4 ‘White’. Data analysis Data was ready made by dropping if participant did not participate in all waves. All participants that did not appear in all five waves were dropped leading to 53330 observations. The data was set as panel which was strongly balanced since there were no missing waves for some people. The cross section (ID) is equal to five for everyone. The descriptive analysis and association test between SWB and SC were run, of which results are displayed in the results section. The study used an ordered probit random effects model due to SWB & SC being categorical variables. Firstly, the study ran an ordered probit random effects model to investigate the effects SC on SWB: There is a problem of endogeneity due to simultaneity. To control for reverse causality the study opted for an instrument variable approach. The study looked for variables which are not related to SWB, but to SC, in which SC affects SWB through such a variable. A variable which is not correlated with the error term. This is a daunting task, hence, limited studies aiming to control for endogeneity (42). The study ran four separate regressions for each measure of SC. The paper instrumented personal trust with importance of religion and own radio and social trust with religion and own radio. For social networks I used religion and water source. This because religion is known to influence social capital (45) and an increased signal reception adversely affects social capital since it is associated with low levels of trust (81). Communal water source can be a way of establishing social interaction influencing social capital. In Africa, those who are mandated to fetching water especially women sometimes use water sources and time spent fetching water as time to bond with family and close friends within the community. There were couple of instruments options for the social capital index – religion, those who received a job through bonding and bridging social networks, preference to continue living in current area, own radio, like to relocate and city slick. Social capital shapes economic outcomes (including employment opportunities) by minimising costs, hence, the job referral instrument. Preference to continue to live in an area and like to relocate may affect civic engagement and trust. I used the city slick instrument which is a representative dummy of all provinces (Gauteng and the Western Cape) with minimal rural areas and a heterogenous population. Since heterogeneity may have an adverse effect on trust, and rural areas tend to have strong ties/informal networks/ bonding compared to urban areas. Instrument variables selection Driven by theory, literature and common sense I came up with different IVs for each measure of SC. I came up with a long list of possible IVs. As a first step I regressed all these possible IVs for each measure with each measure to find out if they were significant. A significant relationship between an IVs and the possible endogenous variables validates the potential instruments. I then proceeded to regress SWB on other variables, predicted and stored residual values (3). An IV should not be correlated with the error term (82). I did a correlation analysis to find out if any of the possible instruments are correlated with the error term. I estimated two-stage instrument variables ( ivereg2 ) since it automatically reports the necessary tests – Under identification test, Stock-Yogo weak identification test, Sargan-Hansen test and endogenous test of which the outcomes are depicted in the results section. I used each possible instrument as a single instrument for each measure of SC. The outcomes of the test did not validate this approach. I tried different pair combinations of IVs until I found combinations with test outcomes that validate the instruments. The chosen pairs for each SC measure are reported in the results section. [1] Imagine you lost a wallet or purse that contained R200, and it was found by someone who lives close by. Imagine you lost a wallet or purse that contained R200, and it was found by a complete stranger. Is it very likely (1), somewhat likely (2) or not likely at all (3) to be returned with the money in it? Results Most of the descriptive statistics are reflective of South Africa’s population as displayed in Table 1 below. Life satisfaction has an average of 5 like what is reported in the World Happiness Report. The data also shows low levels of trust, mostly never married, female and African, high-income inequality and unemployment like in literature and national statistics (10,83). Table 1 Descriptive statistics Variable Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max Life satisfaction 41389 5.264 2.449 1 10 Interpersonal trust 40521 1.444 .716 1 3 Social trust 40071 1.243 .561 1 3 Social network 53330 .075 .264 0 1 Age 53215 43.169 15.618 18 111 Marital status . . . . . never married 43123 .426 .494 0 1 divorced or separated 43123 .033 .18 0 1 widow/widower 43123 .115 .319 0 1 living with partner 43123 .087 .282 0 1 married 43123 .338 .473 0 1 Absolute income 44240 8.238 1.033 .678 14.773 Relative income . . . . . Below average income 41009 .478 .5 0 1 Average income 41009 .41 .492 0 1 Above average income 41009 .112 .315 0 1 Education categories . . . . . no schooling 47207 .116 .32 0 1 primary 47207 .234 .423 0 1 secondary incomplete 47207 .377 .485 0 1 Matric 47207 .146 .353 0 1 post-secondary 47207 .128 .334 0 1 Employment status . . . . . 0 53330 .637 .481 0 1 1 53330 .363 .481 0 1 Gender . . . . . Male 53330 .369 .482 0 1 Female 53330 .631 .482 0 1 Self-reported health . . . . . Poor 42832 .045 .208 0 1 Fair 42832 .118 .322 0 1 Good 42832 .282 .45 0 1 Very Good 42832 .28 .449 0 1 Excellent 42832 .275 .447 0 1 Ethnic groups . . . . . African 53330 .763 .425 0 1 Coloured 53330 .147 .354 0 1 Asian/Indian 53330 .017 .127 0 1 White 53330 .073 .26 0 1 Table 2 displays the results of the regressions. The dependent variable is an ordered variable. I estimate an ordered probit model for life satisfaction and each of the social capital measures. The F-tests from the fixed effects results and the Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test for random effects did not confirm existence of panel effects for the social trust model. For that model I ran a pooled ordinary least squares regression. An increase in interpersonal trusts, social capital index and being part of a social network increases the probability of reporting high levels of SWB. Whilst an increase in generalised trust increases the probability of reporting low levels of SWB. The rest of the determinants of SWB are as expected based on comprehensive literature review. Age is u-shaped, being married, absolute and relative income, higher education and health, and being non-African is associated with the probability of reporting higher levels of SWB similar to previous literature (46–62). Gender is insignificant further confirming previous studies (52,57,58). An increase in life satisfaction is associated with the likelihood of reporting higher levels of interpersonal trust and being part of a social network. Whereas an increase in life satisfaction is associated with low levels of social trust. An increase in life satisfaction is associated with reporting low levels of social capital. Seemingly there is evidence of endogeneity since SWB is significantly associated with all measures of SC. Table 2 Random\ordered probit models Subjective Well-being Social Capital Life satisfaction Interpersonal trust Social trust Social network Social capital index Life satisfaction .005* − .042*** .015*** − .011*** Interpersonal trust .033** Social trust − .185*** Social network .062*** Social capital index .03** Age − .011*** .006** .001 .037*** .005* Age squared Marital status Divorced or separated .016 − .004 .005 .089 − .032 widow/widower .007 .098*** .069** .205*** .092*** Living with a partner .03 − .02 − .028 .069* − .034 married .082*** .098*** .052** .121*** .078*** Absolute income .149*** .012 .012 .185*** .014* Relative income Average income .414*** .009 .065*** .135*** .022 Above average income .117*** .37*** .428*** .04 .369*** Education categories primary .064*** .005 .01 .021 .011 secondary incomplete .105*** .069*** .067** .106*** .087*** Matric .112*** .193*** .098*** .152*** .193*** post-secondary .172*** .243*** .089** .159*** .22*** Employment status .072*** − .043*** − .059*** .308*** − .055*** Gender Female .01 − .017 − .003 .629*** − .013 Self-reported health .066*** .03*** .016** .005 .021*** Ethnic groups Coloured .53*** − .24*** − .245*** -1.067*** − .25*** Asian/Indian .504*** .036 − .24*** -1.174*** − .026 White .453*** .353*** − .069* -1.531*** .244*** Constant − .06 1.062*** 1.018 4.666*** .812*** Constant .398*** 1.719*** 1.622 .144 1.12*** Constant .864*** .036 .015 Constant 1.318*** Constant 1.854*** Constant 2.236*** Constant 2.609*** Constant 3.035*** Constant 3.272*** Constant .04 Mean dependent var 5.272 1.442 1.242 0.096 1.599 Number of observation 37103 38074 37689 39779 37103 Prob > chi2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 SD dependent var 2.419 0.713 0.559 0.294 0.858 Chi-square 5755.719 1167.502 765.387 1812.174 958.469 Akaike crit. (AIC) 158059.471 62111.557 43267.425 22317.092 62921.117 Pseudo r-squared 0.017 Bayesian crit. (BIC) 43455.242 *** p < .01, ** p < .05, * p < .1 As much as SC is a determinant of SWB, SWB is also a determinant of SC. This means there might be a bi-directional relationship which has not been adequately explored in literature due to the difficulty in finding appropriate IVs (42). An instrument variable should be a variable that is not related to SWB, but to SC, in which SC affects SWB through it. I selected the appropriate IVs based on the outcome of the IV regression tests. The underidentification test is an LM test where the null is that the equation is underidentified, meaning one should reject the null, therefore, the model is identified (84). In the Sargan-Hansen test the null is that the instruments are valid “uncorrelated with the error tern, and excluded instruments are correctly excluded from the estimated equation” (84). “A rejection casts doubt on the validity of the instruments” (84). Thus, one should fail to reject the null. The endogenous test has a null hypothesis which says the presumed endogenous variable is actually exogenous (84), thus, one ought to reject the null. Using a single instrument did not result in valid instrument in each instant. I did different combinations of instruments until all tests were satisfied. For interpersonal/particularised trust I used the importance of religion and own radio as instruments. Social/generalised trust’s instruments are religion and own radio. Social network’s instruments are religion and water source. The social capital index has different combinations of instruments – those who got a job due to social capital as a possession of the community and/or due to their current and previous social networks and religion; preference towards relocation and own radio; religion and those areas which are mainly urban; and likelihood of relocation and own radio. Those who find religion important are more prone to joining religious groups which can increase their level of social capital. Strong television and radio frequencies can be associated with less civic engagement and lower self-reported trust (81). Water sources can form a social interaction platform. Communal water sources are sometimes used as social interaction platforms where females meet and converse. They do not just collect water they also use water sources to meet with relatives and friends. These social platforms may serve as places where people enhance their relationships and share ideas. Social capital can minimise transaction costs therefore shaping economic outcome like securing a job. One would assume that those with strong preference to stay or unlikely to relocate would have a stronger inclination to participate, feel a sense of belonging, make bonds within this community. A variable of all provinces with heterogeneity and less rural areas (Western cape and Gauteng) ( city _slck) was created. This was taken as an instrument since heterogeneity may affect level of trust, rural areas tend to have strong ties/informal networks/ bonding compared to urban (3,43,45). The results of the IV regression are shown in Table 3 below. Like(3) interpersonal and generalised trust are positively associated with SWB.(43,45) also found a positive association between social trust and SWB. Like(44,45) my IV results are not consistent across all forms of regressions. The social capital index is positively and negatively associated with SWB depending on the instruments used. When the combination of SC_index variable is includes own radio, SC_index is positively associated with SWB. When the common instrument in the SC_index instruments combination is religion the association between SC and SWB is negative. Social network is negatively associated with SWB. Table 3 Instrument Variable Regressions (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) VARIABLES Interpersonal trust Social trust Social network Social capital index 1 Social capital index 2 Social capital index 3 Social capital index 4 Interpersonal trust 12.32*** (4.097) Social trust 5.014*** (1.170) Social network -5.737*** (2.003) Social capital index -1.887** 6.000*** -1.160** 3.669*** (0.835) (1.267) (0.565) (0.841) Constant -12.92*** -4.791*** -0.421 3.870*** -6.480*** 2.914*** -3.431*** (4.814) (1.458) (0.660) (1.113) (1.708) (0.761) (1.138) Observations 37,906 37,540 39,618 37,006 36,995 37,006 37,054 R-squared -12.535 0.5989 0.7680 0.7816 0.0724 0.8270 0.5573 Underidentification test (Anderson canon. corr. LM statistic): Chi-sq(2) P-val = 0.0082 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Sargan statistic (overidentification test of all instruments): Chi-sq(1) P-val = 0.9148 0.5489 0.2616 0.4914 0.6607 0.1061 0.1129 Endogeneity test of endogenous regressors: Chi-sq(1) P-val = 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0076 0.0000 0.0345 0.0000 Discussion Like previous literature the association between SC and SWB differs depending on measure of SC. Other literature found a positive association between interpersonal and social networks(2,3,8,9,32,34–37,41,42,45,65,66,68–70) whilst others found a negative association between social trust and SWB (27). Amongst the participants there is higher interpersonal trust compared to social trust. The participants tend to trust people whom they are familiar with unlike strangers. This is due to previous intergroup conflicts leading to low levels of trust toward non-group members (10). High levels of trust may limit emotional anxiety, stress and feelings of hopelessness and powerlessness, thus, increasing SWB (9). Low levels of trust may decrease SWB. Thus, the positive association between SWB and interpersonal trust is associated with former reasoning whilst the negative association between SWB and generalised trust is linked to the latter explanation. Being part of a social network limits loneliness, sadness, ensures more confidence, pleasantness, social support which can improve one’s SWB (2,5,9,34,36,37,41). Stokvels are not just saving clubs but are also a source of what (9) refers to as social resource to deal with daily stressors since member offer each other emotional support. They also offer social interaction amongst its members. In line with the ’need to belong theory’ which states that people have an inborn longing for interaction of which if they are deprived of such may lead “to temporary higher stress and thus temporary lower well-being but also to long lasting negative effects on well-being” (9). Being part of a stokvel limits such deprivation, hence, the positive association. The positive association between SWB and interpersonal trust may be because of a positive outlook on life leading one to trust more (44) and be involved in social groups (3,42). The association between SWB and social trust can be explained as follows - people interact, they may experience positive or negative experiences which may increase or decrease their level of trust (10,26,33,53). Past intergroup conflicts may have led to negative experiences resulting in less generalised trust. Those who are cognisant of their happiness may choose to have less trust towards strangers due to past negative experience. Thus, to increase their happiness they may choose to trust strangers less to limit the disappointment which comes with trust being eroded. The negative externalities of social capital may be more pronounced than the positive externalities. After controlling for endogeneity interpersonal trust continues to be positively associated with SWB. Genaralised trusts and social network’s sign changes from negative to positive and positive to negative association respectively. Own radio and instrument of social capital index was common in interpersonal and generalised trust which are positively associated with SWB, hence, the positive assosication between social capital index and SWB. Religion was one of the instruments of social networks of which social networks had a negative association with SWB, thus, the negative association between social capital index and SWB when religion is the common instrument. It is evident that effects of SC on SWB depend on measure of SC and controlling for endogeneity. Conclusion There is an interrelationship between social capital and subjective well-being. There is a bi-directional association between subjective well-being and social capital, and it differs across measures of social capital. There is evidence of endogeneity which the paper attempted to solve by estimating an instrument variable regression. Thus, it is important to use different measures of social capital to study the relationship between social capital and subjective well-being. These findings may resonate with South African citizens since SWB and SC are important human facets. The findings may also be beneficial to policymakers who are mandated with improving South Africa’s economic development because SWB and SC are important tools of economic development. The study has some limitations. Its failure to measure social capital using all elements meaning some of the element(s) which may affect SWB differently are not capture. The inability to find an appropriate measure of social norms is this study’s main limitation like most previous studies. This limitation may serve as future research prospect where social norms data based on what social norms are truly are may be collected for future testing. Thus, depending on data availability future studies should use all elements to measure social capital. Abbreviations Instrument Variable IV National Income Dynamics Study NIDs Principle Components Analysis PCA Social Capital SC South Africa SA Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit SALDRU Subjective Well being–SWB Statement and Declarations Authors’ contributions: QM participated in all aspects of the preparations of this manuscript including conceptualization of the study and conducted the data analysis. Funding: Not applicable. Availability of data and materials : The data analysed in this study is available from the SALDRU https://www.nids.uct.ac.za Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The author declares no competing interests. Ethics declarations: Not applicable Authors details: 1 Qaqambile Mathentamo Lecturer: University of Fort Hare, Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance Faculty of Management and Commerce Address: 50 Church Street, East London, 5200, South Africa. Email address: [email protected] Competing Interests: The author declares that he does not have any conflict of interests. Data availability statement : The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [Mathentamo, Q], upon reasonable request. References Adedeji, A., Olonisakin, T. T., Buchcik, J., & Idemudia, E. S. (2023). Socioeconomic status and social capital as predictors of happiness: evidence and gender differences. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8257781","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":554618174,"identity":"2df72b34-b115-4ff7-8529-df822fa37b49","order_by":0,"name":"Qaqambile Mathentamo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIie3Qv4vCMBTA8VcCN6V2TUHaf6FdnPxjIkJcOnjcIpyIELhbnEXQP+LuP6g88JbOIjyHgwNdOii3OIiYgpNC0M0h3yE/hg8vBMDletLYZfd+oZnfJTxtFlHRBNSD5EXcRWpL3P51e+tBMMbFO5drCD5ztjtYSEgq1ZNiIwQpRVxuQBQS0pGFJCRT7X+gAMoa5B8QYAUguZV09to/oYgNeeMSITZkfrSSzEwZojCHBqtIsjIfYpsSUvY65QsMv0m1w5lEnhYtzeoWUqPO1z/vYxBRe74rJUbRD+K+tBDIr+7mSd7QBm6Jy+VyuW46A0gxUuD58kolAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Fort Hare","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qaqambile","middleName":"","lastName":"Mathentamo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-02 08:23:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8257781/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8257781/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97519776,"identity":"877eb97b-aa13-49dc-a4d5-fa8dd6c386cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-05 10:55:32","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":752070,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SWBSC.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8257781/v1/d745b990be0d505710da955e.docx"},{"id":97519773,"identity":"b6b96bd5-2ab5-40bd-b457-b2685941d468","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-05 10:55:32","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3844,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"068f2f801971432793013047f5fe0bc5.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8257781/v1/a97edff8c532b1ac8498523c.json"},{"id":97519775,"identity":"13dfd35f-2a55-4e59-8716-b5fd96d4dc12","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-05 10:55:32","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":139542,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"068f2f801971432793013047f5fe0bc51enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8257781/v1/3973c057892e2c92b1d08547.xml"},{"id":97519774,"identity":"5f649d17-a49c-495f-a0ab-bcfb4b4c2b61","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-05 10:55:32","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":138057,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"068f2f801971432793013047f5fe0bc51structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8257781/v1/7dba044f1502e3f0e0bcfe1f.xml"},{"id":97519777,"identity":"054cb08c-c3b8-4cba-89bf-9f97ae797dc5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-05 10:55:32","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":150975,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8257781/v1/98bb5224b716fdd859687228.html"},{"id":107485300,"identity":"29017588-a43b-4d00-b9e6-2435eaa19f3f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:34:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1073951,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8257781/v1/8ac21a4c-1a31-4c18-8455-fc06f5d26eb6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Examining the interrelationship between subjective well-being and social capital","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHistorically philosophers considered happiness as the ultimate goal or motivation for human action\u0026nbsp;(1–5). Yet, in the World Happiness report of 2024 South Africa (SA) is ranked 99 out of 147 countries in the world with a level of subjective well-being (SWB) of 5,23 (6). People also want to belong or to be associated with people whom they trust. Social capital (SC) is an important economic concept which shapes economic outcomes in the form of economic development by minimising costs (7–10). According to the same report SA was ranked at 80 with an 80,3% score on social support. General and institutional trust levels in SA are low owing to the country’s past and malfunctioning of many institutions; however, they have continued to deteriorate beyond the unpleasant legacy (10). Low levels of SWB and SC may adversely affect individuals and hinder SA from realising it may macroeconomic objectives of poverty alleviation and income inequality reduction, which are economic growth dependent. Since SWB and SC are important facets of economic development, this study may contribute into South Africa’s realisation of its main economic development objectives. This study may also be beneficial to the public since SWB studies general attract considerable interest from the general population (11).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubjective well-being is an older phenomenon in psychology relative to economics which focuses on external and internal effects on SWB (12). Subjective well-being is “an umbrella term used to describe the level of wellbeing people experience according to their subjective evaluations of their lives”\u0026nbsp;(13).\u0026nbsp;This means a person goes through a mental assessment of different aspects of his or her life to arrive at a certain level of well-being. This self-assessment entails a self-introspection where one ascertains whether he/she has realised his/her full potential (eudaemonia) and how much pleasurable and painful experiences (hedonism) did he/she go through (12,14). This self-evaluation entails life satisfaction and happiness. Thus, the study uses SWB, happiness and life satisfaction interchangeably. It also measures SWB using a life satisfaction question informed by availability of data and the similar correlation of determinants between happiness and life satisfaction (15).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial capital is an old sociological phenomenon later adopted in economics and by governments and international organisation owing to Putnam’s pioneering work (16–25). It is multifaceted, multidisciplinary and multidimensional leading to nonuniformity of its definition and measure often dependent of discipline and author use (3–5,8,9,26,27). Sampling definitions from different authors and from different disciplines, one can define SC as\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003etrust, norms, networks\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ethat \u003cstrong\u003efacilitate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand/or \u003cstrong\u003epromote cooperation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand/or \u003cstrong\u003ecollective action\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003efor \u003cstrong\u003emutual benefit\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(16,21,28–31).\u0026nbsp;Although it is multidimensional and multifaceted, measures of social capital are based on its main elements – trust, social norms and network (5,32). This study measures social capital using interpersonal/particularised trust, generalised/social trust and social network due to availability of data. Trust and social networks are the most prominent measures of social capital in literature (10,33).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince Easterlin’s paradox there has been a surge of economics literature seeking to explore what determines subjective wellbeing. In most of these studies\u0026nbsp;(2,3,5,8,9,27,34–39)\u0026nbsp;social capital positively affects SWB although some results vary depending on measure of social capital used. Most of this literature is from developed country and homogenous developing countries. Given the fact that effects of SC on SWB differ across country (36,37,40) and SA being a heterogenous developing country, the study’s findings may differ from other countries. There is also evidence of SWB leading to positive SC and reverse causality (3,41,42). Yet, I struggled to find any literature exploring effect of SWB on SC. Few studies (3,4,42–45) attempted to control for reverse causality to deal with the endogeneity problem. Thus, this study acknowledges the bidirectionality of the SC and SWB relationship. Its contribution is the exploration of the effects of SC on SWB in a heterogenous developing country where findings may differ from previous homogenous developed and developing countries. The study also contributes to existing literature by controlling for reverse causality using an instrumental variable approach to investigate the interrelationship between SWB and SC in South Africa.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe association between social capital and subjective well-being differs across measures of social capital. However, there is proof of a bi-directional relationship. Using an IV approach the study found that SC is positive and negatively associated with SWB depending on measure of SC. The rest of the paper is set out as follows: a literature review followed by a research methods section. Subsequently, results, discussion and conclusion follow, respectively. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Literature review","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe surge in exploration of subjective well-being has led to many determinants of subjective wellbeing. Determinants of subjective well-being can be categorised as demographic, socio-economic, health, personality, social support, geography and infrastructure (12). This is unsurprising since many life’s aspects may affect one’s happiness or life satisfaction. The most common determinants of subjective well-being are age, marital status, absolute and relative income, employment status, education, geography type (urban or rural), gender, self-reported health, race or ethnicity, social capital and religion. This is because most studies are micro based as opposed to macro. In most studies age is u-shaped, marital status, absolute and relative income, employment status, education, self-reported health and social capital are positively related to subjective well-being (46–62).\u0026nbsp;Hence, Wilson (1967), In, (1) depicts a happy person as a young, married, well off, employed, educated, healthy, confident and modest person. Geography type (urban or rural), gender, and race or ethnicity tends to differ per study or population. In some studies, (47,48,63) females tend to be happier than males whereas in other studies (49–51,54,55,60) males were found to be happier than females. Based on the literature explored by this study race in most cases is insignificant besides in South Africa where Africans were found to be the least happy (54), unsurprisingly due to persistent racial segregation and continued unpleasant socio-economic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent elements of social capital that are used to measure social capital including a composite index, may affect subjective well-being differently or similarly, hence, it is important to measure social capital using its different elements (3–5,8,9,26,27,37,39). Thus, depending on a social capital element(s) used to measure social capital or depending on how a specific element is measured one may find similar or different effect(s) on SWB. What is common from literature is that social capital positively affects SWB which can be explained by how each of the elements may affect SWB.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial norms are the least used element in literature due to its intangible character making it hard for researchers to use it as a proxy of social capital (35). It may also be due to lack of data or the inability to collect data on social norms. Most studies (5,7,32,35,41,64) which attempted to measure social capital using social norms did not measure social norms for what they truly are. They used trustworthiness, political civic engagement, feeling of safety, whether people are being fair and worrying about other people’s behaviour’s impact on them to measure social norms. These measures are more aligned to trust and social networks. Social norms entail acceptable forms of behaviour. (7) comes up with different types of norms – cooperation, sharing, equality and honesty norms, which minimise transaction costs in the form of decision-making costs. (35) strictly defines social norms as an acceptable way of behaviour which may deter unwarranted behaviour like crime. (37) and (39) come close to measuring acceptable behaviour in the index of civicness by formulating a social norms index based on responses of unwarranted behaviour. In a South African context, one may define social norms as inspired by a supernatural being or deity in the form of \u003cem\u003eNtu.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eNtu\u003c/em\u003e could be a “supernatural [being] [or a mythical founder] that [is] believed to have created and/or to govern all reality, [whereas \u003cem\u003eNtu\u003c/em\u003e intervenes] in human affairs, and enforce or support human morality” (7). Through \u003cem\u003eiSiNtu,\u003c/em\u003e which is a distinctly African way of life, social norms may discourage inappropriate behaviour which may lead to self-harm (9) thus, decreasing pain, affecting happiness, ultimately SWB. Due to difficult in measuring social norms and lack of data on this measure the study does not use social norms to represent social capital. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrust is the most used measure or proxy of social capital. This may be due to availability of data and the lack of difficulty in measuring this social capital element. Trust is an important enabler of economic outcomes since it minimises costs and encourages cooperation. It ensures efficiency in trade and production especially where contracts are incomplete or expensive to enforce leading to asymmetric information (2,3,33,42,44,64,65). This positive shaping of economic outcomes may improve SWB. Additionally, people interact, in the process of social interaction there is positive or negative experiences, which may increase or decrease trust (10,26,33,53). These positive or negative experiences may also influence SWB. For instance, higher levels of trust are allied with less feelings of anxiety, powerlessness and helplessness leading to less stress leading to positive SWB (9). Also, individuals residing in communities with high levels of trust generally feel a sense of belonging, which evokes a sense of being accepted and inclusion which may increase happiness (3).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial network is the second most used element to measure social capital in literature. This could also be due to availability of data and/or ease of measure. Social networks whether immediate bonding or bridging or linking may make people less lonely and sad, and more confident and pleasant leading to more pleasure which is synonymous to happiness (2,5,9,34,36,37,41). The importance of social relationships on SWB was more pronounced during COVID-19 where people were forced to avoid human interaction (5). People need social resources to deal with daily stressors, therefore, enabling them to preserve their well-being (9). According to the ‘need to belong theory’ people have an inborn longing for social interaction of which if they are deprived of such may lead to stress which may have negative long-lasting effects on SWB (9). Social networks are also an emotional (mainly provided by informal social networks) and economical (mainly provided by formal social networks) resource, which may improve SWB (40).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEvidently, social capital through social norms, trust and social networks may positively or negatively affect SWB. Social capital is not just multidimensional through its elements it is also multidimensional via the level of measure. Social capital can be measured at the macro or micro level, depending on the level of the measure it may affect subjective wellbeing differently. (3,32,41,43,66,67) suggest a multilevel analysis which includes both individual and community/area-level measures of factors affecting SWB. In these studies, (3,32,41,67), some of the area level social capital measures are insignificant whilst the individual level measures are significant. Furthermore, (67–69) found no significant effect of community or area level social capital on SWB. Only (32) found positive and significant correlation between SC and SWB at individual and aggregated level. Each level has its own short comings. Micro/individual level studies “does not reveal whether social capital has an additional contextual effect on subjective wellbeing” (66). Whereas macro level studies may not reveal difference in SWB explained individually (66). Macro level studies may also not reveal social capital differences within heterogenous population communities or areas (44). Macro/community level studies (3,4,43,66) are based on individual level of social capital since area level social capital is an aggregation of individual social capital. Based on significant results, it is evident that individual level social capital effects on SWB supersedes aggregated social capital.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial capital also differs within country, as rural areas tend to have more bonding/informal social networks compared to urban areas whilst urban areas tend to have more bridging compared to rural areas (9). Hence, (40)found that formal networks’ effects on SWB were more pronounced in Britain and urban China, whereas informal network effects’ on SWB were more prominent in rural China. Effects of social capital on SWB based on different measures of social capital may also differ across country, for instance social capital may affect SWB in developed countries and have no effect in developing countries vice versa (2,37,40,70). This is because social capital may differ across country, informal networks are more pronounced in developing and formal networks are more prominent in developed countries (40). Most studies are based on advanced economies, which form and use social capital differently from developing nations (42). The wider impression of social capital in a developing country is that social ties are a vital means (or form of capital) allowing individuals, households, and communities to improve subjective well-being in difficult times.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are also social capital determinants studies based on micro (individual-level) and/or macro (country-level) level. Some studies focus on micro and macro only (2,7,33,71,72) determinants whilst others (10,53) study both. Micro social capital studies (10,43,72)\u0026nbsp;use similar SWB co-variates reflected above, and results differ across measures of social capital. Subjective well-being is also amongst the determinants of social capital, and it positively affects social capital (73). This may be because “One’s positive outlook on life or positive world view could encourage one to trust others and thus contribute to the formation of social trust” (44). “It is [also] likely that individuals with higher levels of happiness would be more involved in social groups and therefore have higher levels of social capital leading to reverse causality” (3). Additionally, “it is likely that individuals with higher levels of life satisfaction would be more inclined to join certain social groups than those with lower levels of life satisfaction; however, it is also likely that individuals with lower levels of life satisfaction would be more inclined to join self-help groups”(42).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is vast literature aiming to study the effects of social capital on SWB. These studies measured social capital using its main elements – social norms, networks and trust. Mainly finding positive effects of social capital on SWB, however, some findings differing due to measure of social capital. Thus, there is some lack of uniformity in how SC affects SWB.\u0026nbsp;One’s findings may offer different insights depending on measure used. The paper will also add to existing literature by using different measures of SC – trust and social networks. Through these elements one can clearly explain how social capital positively affects SWB.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies focused on micro and/or macro, each with its own shortcoming, however, micro studies seem to supersede macro studies. Even though, one may study social capital at different level, this study is interested in knowing how individual’s decision to interact with familiar and unfamiliar beings and trust affects the individual’s SWB. The study is also interested in finding out whether the individual’s SWB influences the individual's decision to interact and trust others. Hence, I am more inclined to study social capital at the micro level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects of social capital on SWB differ within and across country, yet most studies are from developed and homogenous developing countries. One cannot solely rely on other countries’ studies without evaluating the relationship between social capital and SWB in their own country, in my case South Africa – a developing heterogenous country with limited social capital effects on SWB studies as far as I could tell. The findings might be new insights for South Africa and may differ from other studies since social capital’s effects on SWB differ within and between countries. This validates the study’s attempt to investigate the relationship between social capital and subjective wellbeing using different elements of social capital.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI could not find any literature, which aimed to study the effects of SWB on social capital. I reviewed social capital determinants literature where I was able to identify SWB as one of the factors which affects social capital. Thus, people with high (low) trust/social networks/social capital levels tend to be happier (less happy); likewise happier (less happy) people tend to have more (less) trust/social networks/social capital. Therefore, there is evidence of reverse causality (3,41,42) of which only a few studies (3,34,42–45) attempted to control for reverse causality and deal with the endogeneity problem (simultaneity and omitted variables). The study acknowledges the bidirectionality of the SC and SWB relationship. Its main contribution to existing social capital and subjective well-being literature is its attempt to control for reverse causality as detailed in the research methods section.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Research methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003eData source\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study sources its data from the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS). A South African national household panel survey aimed at monitoring and tracking poverty (74). It has five waves beginning from 2008. It collects data from a South African representative sample of over 28000 individuals from 7300 household. It collects children, adult and household data. The study used adult data since its focus is people from 18 years and above. All questionnaires of each wave besides the child questionnaire were merged into one database per wave. The five waves with merged questionnaires were appended into one dataset. All individuals below 18 years were dropped. \u0026nbsp;This database is suitable for the study since it has common determinants of SWB and SC. These include SWB, SC, age, marital status, income, relative income, education, employment, gender, self-reported health, and race.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003eVariables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSWB is measured using happiness or life satisfaction questions of which the former is short-term reflective, and the latter is long-term reflective, however, both measures present similar results (41). These questions are normally single item based on a Likert scale. The scale differs per study ranging from 4-point to 11-point scale. For instance, (46,50,75,76) measure subjective wellbeing using a happiness question. Some studies (47,52,54,60,63) measure subjective wellbeing using a single item life satisfaction question mostly based on a 10-point Cantril ladder. Some studies (9,26,32,49,64) use both measures. Happiness and life satisfaction differ if they are strictly defined (1,51), however, they are used interchangeably in literature (77). This paper will also use subjective wellbeing, happiness and life satisfaction interchangeably. The study will also use a life satisfaction question as a proxy of subjective well-being based on a single item question, 10-point Likert scale question \u0026ldquo;Using a scale of 1 to 10 where 1 means very dissatisfied and 10 means very satisfied, how do you feel about your life as a whole right now?\u0026rdquo;. The decision to use life satisfaction question is informed by availability of data and the fact that determinants of subjective well-being tend to correlate similarly between happiness and life satisfaction (15).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial capital can be measured cognitively (i.e. trust and social norms which are subjective) or structural (i.e., social networks which are objective). Even amongst these elements there are also different measures. For instance, trust has three measures \u0026ndash; general/social, interpersonal/particularised and institutional trust (32,72,78). Social network may have more than one measure which includes bonding \u0026ndash; strong ties of people who are familiar with each other (family, friends \u0026amp; colleagues), bridging \u0026ndash; weak ties of people who are not familiar with each other, linking \u0026ndash; heterogenous groups linked to higher authority (9,41,72,79). Social ties can also be extended to three levels - micro (friends, family, relatives), meso (neighbours, colleagues) and collectively one can group micro \u0026amp; meso as bonding \u0026amp; bridging social networks (80), and macro (relationship with public institutional bodies) one would group those with linking. One can also categorise bonding as informal networks; bridging would be more formal networks. It is difficult to have and use all measures due to lack of data (79). Most social capital determinants studies (10,33,43,53,72,78) measured social capital using trust. Some (33,43,53) use one form of trust whilst others measure trust using more than one common measure of trust (10,72,78). This is study measures SC using social network and trust as proxies due to availability of data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study created a dummy for anyone who indicated being part of a stokvel which is a common civic engagement in South Africa. The paper also created a dummy for those who responded positively to the trust questions[1]. One also created a social index using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) incorporating different elements or forms of trust and social networks like (5,72,79).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther variables are measured as per (62):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge 18 years and above; marital status (ms) 1 \u0026lsquo;never married\u0026rsquo;, 2 \u0026lsquo;divorced or separated\u0026rsquo;, 3 \u0026lsquo;living with a partner\u0026rsquo;, 5 \u0026lsquo;married\u0026rsquo;; absolute income (lninc); relative income (ri) 1 \u0026lsquo;below average income\u0026rsquo;, 2 \u0026lsquo;average income\u0026rsquo;, 3 \u0026lsquo;above average income\u0026rsquo;; education categories (edu_cat) 1 \u0026lsquo;no schooling\u0026rsquo;, 2 \u0026lsquo;primary (grade R to 7/standard 5)\u0026rsquo;, 3 \u0026lsquo;secondary incomplete (grade 8/standard 6/form 1 to diploma with less than grade 12/Standard 10)\u0026rsquo;, 4 \u0026lsquo;matric (standard 10/grade 12/form 5)\u0026rsquo;, 5 \u0026lsquo;post-secondary (certificate with grade 12/standard10 to higher degree (masters, doctorate))\u0026rsquo;; employment status (es) 1 \u0026lsquo;employed or self-employed\u0026rsquo; 0 \u0026lsquo;otherwise\u0026rsquo;; gender (g) 1 \u0026lsquo;male\u0026rsquo; 2 \u0026lsquo;female\u0026rsquo;; self-reported health (srh) 1 \u0026lsquo;poor\u0026rsquo;, 2 \u0026lsquo;fair\u0026rsquo;, 3 \u0026lsquo;good\u0026rsquo;, 4 \u0026lsquo;very good\u0026rsquo; and 5 \u0026lsquo;excellent\u0026rsquo;; and ethnic groups (r) is a categorial variable 1 \u0026lsquo;African\u0026rsquo;, 2 \u0026lsquo;Coloured\u0026rsquo;, 3 \u0026lsquo;Indian\u0026rsquo;, 4 \u0026lsquo;White\u0026rsquo;.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003eData analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData was ready made by dropping if participant did not participate in all waves. All participants that did not appear in all five waves were dropped leading to 53330 observations. The data was set as panel which was strongly balanced since there were no missing waves for some people. The cross section (ID) is equal to five for everyone. The descriptive analysis and association test between SWB and SC were run, of which results are displayed in the results section. The study used an ordered probit random effects model due to SWB \u0026amp; SC being categorical variables.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirstly, the study ran an ordered probit random effects model to investigate the effects SC on SWB:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"ftn1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is a problem of endogeneity due to simultaneity. To control for reverse causality the study opted for an instrument variable approach. The study looked for variables which are not related to SWB, but to SC, in which SC affects SWB through such a variable. A variable which is not correlated with the error term. This is a daunting task, hence, limited studies aiming to control for endogeneity (42).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study ran four separate regressions for each measure of SC. The paper instrumented personal trust with importance of religion and own radio and social trust with religion and own radio. For social networks I used religion and water source. This because religion is known to influence social capital (45) and an increased signal reception adversely affects social capital since it is associated with low levels of trust (81). Communal water source can be a way of establishing social interaction influencing social capital. In Africa, those who are mandated to fetching water especially women sometimes use water sources and time spent fetching water as time to bond with family and close friends within the community. There were couple of instruments options for the social capital index \u0026ndash; religion, those who received a job through bonding and bridging social networks, preference to continue living in current area, own radio, like to relocate and city slick. Social capital shapes economic outcomes (including employment opportunities) by minimising costs, hence, the job referral instrument. Preference to continue to live in an area and like to relocate may affect civic engagement and trust. I used the city slick instrument which is a representative dummy of all provinces (Gauteng and the Western Cape) with minimal rural areas and a heterogenous population. \u0026nbsp;Since heterogeneity may have an adverse effect on trust, and rural areas tend to have strong ties/informal networks/ bonding compared to urban areas.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003eInstrument variables selection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDriven by theory, literature and common sense I came up with different IVs for each measure of SC. I came up with a long list of possible IVs. As a first step I regressed all these possible IVs for each measure with each measure to find out if they were significant. A significant relationship between an IVs and the possible endogenous variables validates the potential instruments. I then proceeded to regress SWB on other variables, predicted and stored residual values (3). An IV should not be correlated with the error term (82). I did a correlation analysis to find out if any of the possible instruments are correlated with the error term. I estimated two-stage instrument variables (\u003cem\u003eivereg2\u003c/em\u003e) since it automatically reports the necessary tests \u0026ndash; Under identification test, Stock-Yogo weak identification test, Sargan-Hansen test and endogenous test of which the outcomes are depicted in the results section. I used each possible instrument as a single instrument for each measure of SC. The outcomes of the test did not validate this approach. I tried different pair combinations of IVs until I found combinations with test outcomes that validate the instruments. The chosen pairs for each SC measure are reported in the results section.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1] Imagine you lost a wallet or purse that contained R200, and it was found by someone who lives close by.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImagine you lost a wallet or purse that contained R200, and it was found by a complete stranger.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs it very likely (1), somewhat likely (2) or not likely at all (3) to be returned with the money in it?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eMost of the descriptive statistics are reflective of South Africa\u0026rsquo;s population as displayed in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e below. Life satisfaction has an average of 5 like what is reported in the World Happiness Report. The data also shows low levels of trust, mostly never married, female and African, high-income inequality and unemployment like in literature and national statistics (10,83).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Dev.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLife satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41389\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.264\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.449\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInterpersonal trust\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40521\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.444\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.716\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial trust\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.243\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.561\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial network\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.264\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53215\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.618\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enever married\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.426\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edivorced or separated\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ewidow/widower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.115\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.319\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eliving with partner\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.338\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbsolute income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.238\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.678\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.773\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRelative income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelow average income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.478\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.492\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbove average income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.315\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation categories\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno schooling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eprimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.234\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.423\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esecondary incomplete\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.377\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMatric\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.353\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epost-secondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.128\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.334\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.637\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.481\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.481\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.369\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.482\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.631\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.482\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf-reported health\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42832\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.208\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFair\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42832\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.118\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42832\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery Good\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42832\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.449\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42832\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.275\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.447\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnic groups\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrican\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.763\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.425\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColoured\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.354\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsian/Indian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.073\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e displays the results of the regressions. The dependent variable is an ordered variable. I estimate an ordered probit model for life satisfaction and each of the social capital measures. The F-tests from the fixed effects results and the Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test for random effects did not confirm existence of panel effects for the social trust model. For that model I ran a pooled ordinary least squares regression.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn increase in interpersonal trusts, social capital index and being part of a social network increases the probability of reporting high levels of SWB. Whilst an increase in generalised trust increases the probability of reporting low levels of SWB. The rest of the determinants of SWB are as expected based on comprehensive literature review. Age is u-shaped, being married, absolute and relative income, higher education and health, and being non-African is associated with the probability of reporting higher levels of SWB similar to previous literature (46\u0026ndash;62). Gender is insignificant further confirming previous studies (52,57,58).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn increase in life satisfaction is associated with the likelihood of reporting higher levels of interpersonal trust and being part of a social network. Whereas an increase in life satisfaction is associated with low levels of social trust. An increase in life satisfaction is associated with reporting low levels of social capital. Seemingly there is evidence of endogeneity since SWB is significantly associated with all measures of SC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRandom\\ordered probit models\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective Well-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial Capital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterpersonal trust\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial trust\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial network\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial capital index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLife satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.005*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.042***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.015***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.011***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInterpersonal trust\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.033**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial trust\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.185***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial network\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.062***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial capital index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.03**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.011***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.006**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.037***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.005*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge squared\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced or separated\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ewidow/widower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.098***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.069**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.205***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.092***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiving with a partner\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.069*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.082***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.098***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.052**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.121***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.078***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbsolute income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.149***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.185***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.014*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRelative income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.414***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.065***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.135***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbove average income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.117***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.37***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.428***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.369***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation categories\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eprimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.064***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esecondary incomplete\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.105***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.069***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.067**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.106***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.087***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMatric\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.112***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.193***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.098***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.152***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.193***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epost-secondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.172***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.243***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.089**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.159***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.22***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.072***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.043***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.059***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.308***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.055***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.629***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf-reported health\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.066***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.03***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.016**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.021***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnic groups\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColoured\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.53***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.24***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.245***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.067***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.25***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsian/Indian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.504***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.24***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.174***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.453***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.353***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.069*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.531***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.244***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.062***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.666***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.812***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.398***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.719***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.622\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.144\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.864***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.318***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.854***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.236***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.609***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.035***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.272***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean dependent var\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.272\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.442\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.242\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.599\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of observation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38074\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39779\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProb\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;chi2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD dependent var\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.419\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.559\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.294\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChi-square\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5755.719\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1167.502\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e765.387\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1812.174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e958.469\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAkaike crit. (AIC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158059.471\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62111.557\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43267.425\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22317.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62921.117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePseudo r-squared\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBayesian crit. (BIC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43455.242\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e*** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, * p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs much as SC is a determinant of SWB, SWB is also a determinant of SC. This means there might be a bi-directional relationship which has not been adequately explored in literature due to the difficulty in finding appropriate IVs (42). An instrument variable should be a variable that is not related to SWB, but to SC, in which SC affects SWB through it. I selected the appropriate IVs based on the outcome of the IV regression tests. The underidentification test is an LM test where the null is that the equation is underidentified, meaning one should reject the null, therefore, the model is identified (84). In the Sargan-Hansen test the null is that the instruments are valid \u0026ldquo;uncorrelated with the error tern, and excluded instruments are correctly excluded from the estimated equation\u0026rdquo; (84). \u0026ldquo;A rejection casts doubt on the validity of the instruments\u0026rdquo; (84). Thus, one should fail to reject the null. The endogenous test has a null hypothesis which says the presumed endogenous variable is actually exogenous (84), thus, one ought to reject the null. Using a single instrument did not result in valid instrument in each instant. I did different combinations of instruments until all tests were satisfied.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor interpersonal/particularised trust I used the importance of religion and own radio as instruments. Social/generalised trust\u0026rsquo;s instruments are religion and own radio. Social network\u0026rsquo;s instruments are religion and water source. The social capital index has different combinations of instruments \u0026ndash; those who got a job due to social capital as a possession of the community and/or due to their current and previous social networks and religion; preference towards relocation and own radio; religion and those areas which are mainly urban; and likelihood of relocation and own radio. Those who find religion important are more prone to joining religious groups which can increase their level of social capital. Strong television and radio frequencies can be associated with less civic engagement and lower self-reported trust (81). Water sources can form a social interaction platform. Communal water sources are sometimes used as social interaction platforms where females meet and converse. They do not just collect water they also use water sources to meet with relatives and friends. These social platforms may serve as places where people enhance their relationships and share ideas. Social capital can minimise transaction costs therefore shaping economic outcome like securing a job. One would assume that those with strong preference to stay or unlikely to relocate would have a stronger inclination to participate, feel a sense of belonging, make bonds within this community. A variable of all provinces with heterogeneity and less rural areas (Western cape and Gauteng) (\u003cem\u003ecity\u003c/em\u003e_slck) was created. This was taken as an instrument since heterogeneity may affect level of trust, rural areas tend to have strong ties/informal networks/ bonding compared to urban (3,43,45). The results of the IV regression are shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLike(3) interpersonal and generalised trust are positively associated with SWB.(43,45) also found a positive association between social trust and SWB. Like(44,45) my IV results are not consistent across all forms of regressions. The social capital index is positively and negatively associated with SWB depending on the instruments used. When the combination of SC_index variable is includes own radio, SC_index is positively associated with SWB. When the common instrument in the SC_index instruments combination is religion the association between SC and SWB is negative. Social network is negatively associated with SWB.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInstrument Variable Regressions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVARIABLES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterpersonal trust\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial trust\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial network\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial capital index 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial capital index 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial capital index 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial capital index 4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInterpersonal trust\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.32***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4.097)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial trust\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.014***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.170)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial network\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.737***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2.003)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial capital index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.887**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.000***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.160**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.669***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.835)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.267)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.565)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.841)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12.92***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.791***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.421\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.870***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.480***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.914***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.431***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4.814)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.458)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.660)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.113)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.708)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.761)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.138)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObservations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37,906\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37,540\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39,618\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37,006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36,995\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37,006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37,054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR-squared\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12.535\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5989\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7680\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7816\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0724\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5573\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderidentification test (Anderson canon. corr. LM statistic): Chi-sq(2) P-val =\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSargan statistic (overidentification test of all instruments): Chi-sq(1) P-val =\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9148\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5489\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2616\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4914\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6607\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndogeneity test of endogenous regressors: Chi-sq(1) P-val =\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0076\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0345\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eLike previous literature the association between SC and SWB differs depending on measure of SC. Other literature found a positive association between interpersonal and social networks(2,3,8,9,32,34\u0026ndash;37,41,42,45,65,66,68\u0026ndash;70) whilst others found a negative association between social trust and SWB (27).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmongst the participants there is higher interpersonal trust compared to social trust. The participants tend to trust people whom they are familiar with unlike strangers. This is due to previous intergroup conflicts leading to low levels of trust toward non-group members (10). High levels of trust may limit emotional anxiety, stress and feelings of hopelessness and powerlessness, thus, increasing SWB (9). Low levels of trust may decrease SWB. Thus, the positive association between SWB and interpersonal trust is associated with former reasoning whilst the negative association between SWB and generalised trust is linked to the latter explanation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeing part of a social network limits loneliness, sadness, ensures more confidence, pleasantness, social support which can improve one\u0026rsquo;s SWB (2,5,9,34,36,37,41). \u003cem\u003eStokvels\u003c/em\u003e are not just saving clubs but are also a source of what (9) refers to as social resource to deal with daily stressors since member offer each other emotional support. They also offer social interaction amongst its members. In line with the \u0026rsquo;need to belong theory\u0026rsquo; which states that people have an inborn longing for interaction of which if they are deprived of such may lead \u0026ldquo;to temporary higher stress and thus temporary lower well-being but also to long lasting negative effects on well-being\u0026rdquo; (9). Being part of a \u003cem\u003estokvel\u003c/em\u003e limits such deprivation, hence, the positive association.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe positive association between SWB and interpersonal trust may be because of a positive outlook on life leading one to trust more (44) and be involved in social groups (3,42). The association between SWB and social trust can be explained as follows - people interact, they may experience positive or negative experiences which may increase or decrease their level of trust (10,26,33,53). Past intergroup conflicts may have led to negative experiences resulting in less generalised trust. Those who are cognisant of their happiness may choose to have less trust towards strangers due to past negative experience. Thus, to increase their happiness they may choose to trust strangers less to limit the disappointment which comes with trust being eroded. The negative externalities of social capital may be more pronounced than the positive externalities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter controlling for endogeneity interpersonal trust continues to be positively associated with SWB. Genaralised trusts and social network\u0026rsquo;s sign changes from negative to positive and positive to negative association respectively. Own radio and instrument of social capital index was common in interpersonal and generalised trust which are positively associated with SWB, hence, the positive assosication between social capital index and SWB. Religion was one of the instruments of social networks of which social networks had a negative association with SWB, thus, the negative association between social capital index and SWB when religion is the common instrument. It is evident that effects of SC on SWB depend on measure of SC and controlling for endogeneity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere is an interrelationship between social capital and subjective well-being. There is a bi-directional association between subjective well-being and social capital, and it differs across measures of social capital. There is evidence of endogeneity which the paper attempted to solve by estimating an instrument variable regression. Thus, it is important to use different measures of social capital to study the relationship between social capital and subjective well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings may resonate with South African citizens since SWB and SC are important human facets. The findings may also be beneficial to policymakers who are mandated with improving South Africa\u0026rsquo;s economic development because SWB and SC are important tools of economic development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study has some limitations. Its failure to measure social capital using all elements meaning some of the element(s) which may affect SWB differently are not capture. The inability to find an appropriate measure of social norms is this study\u0026rsquo;s main limitation like most previous studies. This limitation may serve as future research prospect where social norms data based on what social norms are truly are may be collected for future testing. Thus, depending on data availability future studies should use all elements to measure social capital.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eInstrument Variable\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNational Income Dynamics Study\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIDs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePrinciple Components Analysis\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePCA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSocial Capital\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSouth Africa\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSouthern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSALDRU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSubjective Well\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ebeing\u0026ndash;SWB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Statement and Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQM participated in all aspects of the preparations of this manuscript including conceptualization of the study and conducted the data analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data analysed in this study is available from the SALDRU https://www.nids.uct.ac.za \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declarations:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors details:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eQaqambile Mathentamo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLecturer: University of Fort Hare, Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFaculty of Management and Commerce\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAddress: 50 Church Street, East London, 5200, South Africa.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmail address: [email protected]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe author declares that he does not have any conflict of interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [Mathentamo, Q], upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdedeji, A., Olonisakin, T. T., Buchcik, J., \u0026amp; Idemudia, E. S. (2023). Socioeconomic status and social capital as predictors of happiness: evidence and gender differences. \u003cem\u003eHumanities and Social Sciences Communications\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;8. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01606-0\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlexander, K., \u0026amp; Xezwi, B. (2021, September 30). We can do it! Mass vaccination can be achieved through empowered community leadership. \u003cem\u003eDaily Maverick\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-09-30-we-can-do-it-mass-vaccination-can-be-achieved-through-empowered-community-leadership/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmirzai, F. R., \u0026amp; S\u0026ouml;nmez, A. (2022). 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Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. \u003cem\u003eThe World Bank Research Observer\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e(2), 225\u0026ndash;249. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorld Happiness. (2025). \u003cem\u003eWorld Happiness Report\u003c/em\u003e. World Happiness.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYin, X. C., \u0026amp; Liu, H. (2020). Social capital and subjective well-being of rural women in China. \u003cem\u003eAsia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e30\u003c/em\u003e(1), 15\u0026ndash;31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185385.2019.1689843\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, K., Pei, J., Wang, S., Rokpelnis, K., \u0026amp; Yu, X. (2022). Life Satisfaction in China, 2010\u0026ndash;2018: Trends and Unique Determinants. \u003cem\u003eApplied Research in Quality of Life\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e17\u003c/em\u003e(4), 2311\u0026ndash;2348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-021-10031-x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Subjective wellbeing, social capital, life satisfaction, happiness, trust, social networks","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8257781/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8257781/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubjective wellbeing (SWB) and social capital (SC) are important economic concepts which may positively affect economic agents and influence economic development. Yet, South Africa ranks low in world rankings when it comes to SWB and SC, ranking at 99 and 80 out of 147 countries in the world, respectively. There is vast literature in developed and homogenous developing countries aiming to study the effects of social capital on SWB and the literature stance is that social capital leads to positive SWB. There is also evidence of SWB leading to positive SC and reverse causality. Few studies attempted to control for reverse causality and deal with the endogeneity problem. The study contributes to existing literature by exploring the effects of SC on SWB in a heterogenous developing country where findings may differ from previous homogenous developed and developing countries and by controlling for reverse causality using an instrumental variable approach. Hence, the study aimed to control for reverse causality by using an instrumental variable approach to investigate the interrelationship between SWB and SC in South Africa – a heterogenous developing country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study used data from the National Income Dynamic Study (NIDS) a South African panel survey that has the most common determinants of SWB including SC. The study estimates association between SWB and SC using ordered probit models and an instrument variable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a bi-directional relationship between SC and SWB. Using an IV approach the study found that SC is positive and negatively associated with SWB depending on measure of SC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSWB and SC are important facets of economic development; this study may contribute into South Africa’s realisation of its main economic development objectives and increasing its knowledge base of SWB and SC literature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJEL Classification:\u003c/strong\u003e I31 General Welfare, Well-Being\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Examining the interrelationship between subjective well-being and social capital","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-05 10:55:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8257781/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4cc9651d-1b0b-4fe9-b933-c553a4b9ce93","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-19T19:39:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-05 10:55:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8257781","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8257781","identity":"rs-8257781","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}