Effects of dietary selenium yeast supplementation on the production performance, egg quality, antioxidant and plasma biochemical parameters of laying hens

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A total of 108 healthy Hy-Line Brown laying hens (162 days old, weighing 1.61 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, each consisting of three replicates with nine hens per treatment. After a 10-day adaptation period, a 60-day trial was conducted. Dietary SY supplementation did not influence growth performance (P > 0.05) but improved egg quality, as evidenced by increased eggshell thickness, egg weight, albumen height, and Haugh units (linear effects, P < 0.05). SY increased the selenium content in eggs and plasma in a dose-dependent manner (linear trends, P < 0.05). Hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities (total antioxidant capacity, T-AOC; superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px) were significantly increased by SY (P < 0.05), with both linear and quadratic trends observed for T-AOC and SOD (P < 0.05). Conversely, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the yolk decreased linearly and quadratically (P 0.05), the IgG level increased quadratically (P < 0.05) with increasing SY dose. SY supplementation also modulated immune marker levels: immunoglobulin M (IgM), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly altered (P < 0.05), and the levels of IL-6 tended to increase linearly (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary SY improved egg quality, increased hepatic antioxidant capacity, and regulated immune marker levels in laying hens, with the 0.9 mg/kg SY dose demonstrating optimal efficacy. These findings support the potential of SY as a nutritional strategy to increase hen health and egg quality. Biological sciences/Zoology/Animal physiology Biological sciences/Zoology/Animal behaviour Antioxidant capacity Egg quality Immune ability Laying hens Selenium yeast Introduction Selenium (Se), an essential trace element for animals and humans 1 , has been extensively studied since the 1990s, when selenium yeast (SY) emerged as a promising feed additive 2 . Se can be obtained from both food sources and dietary supplements. Compared with inorganic forms, this organic Se source has superior bioavailability, reduced toxicity 3 , and enhanced antioxidant and immunoregulatory effects in animals 4 . These advantages have driven substantial research interest in SY applications. The physiological role of Se, supplementation strategies, and the impacts of Se supplementation on production performance/egg quality have become hot topics in poultry research 5 . This element serves as a critical cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), a key enzyme in free radical scavenging and oxidative stress mitigation 6 , 7 . Notably, both sodium selenite (SS) and selenium-enriched yeast (SeY) supplementation increase glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) levels, thereby directly modulating GSH-Px activity 8 . In addition to its antioxidant functions, Se modulates immune cell activation, enhances disease resistance, and increases growth/egg production while reducing morbidity 9 . Previous studies have demonstrated that Se regulates blood immunological parameters in poultry 10 , particularly through immunoglobulin upregulation and production inhibition 11 . Additionally, Se is involved in fundamental biological processes, including DNA synthesis, thyroid hormone metabolism, and reproductive processes 12 . Studies on dietary supplementation revealed elevated Se deposition in the mammary and yolk tissues of layers fed a diet supplemented with Se compared with control layers, with SY supplementation significantly improving eggshell strength and increasing Haugh units 13 . SY-fed layers have a higher egg mass output, lower oxidative stress, and greater general health 14 . Overall, Se regulates animal productivity through multiple mechanisms, including immunomodulation, antioxidant activity, thyroid regulation, and nucleic acid metabolism. This investigation aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of SY supplementation on production performance, egg quality, and antioxidant Plasma biochemical parameters. The findings provide both theoretical foundations and practical insights for developing selenium-enriched egg products and advancing poultry industry practices. Results Production Performance and Egg Quality Parameters Dietary SY supplementation had no significant (P > 0.05) influence on laying hen performance metrics (Table 1). Analysis of egg quality characteristics revealed nonsignificant effects (P > 0.05) on the egg shape index and yolk colour at both the 30-day and 60-day sampling intervals (Table 2). Notably, the yolk colour demonstrated significant linear (P < 0.05) and quadratic (P < 0.05) decreases with increasing SY dose. A dose-dependent linear increase (P 0.05) on Day 30 despite detectable linear tendencies (P < 0.05). In contrast, eggshell strength decreased linearly (P < 0.05) on Day 30. Positive linear correlations were observed between SY supplementation and egg weight (P < 0.05) and albumen height (P < 0.05) on Day 30. The changes in Haugh units showed distinct temporal patterns, with a linear increase (P < 0.05) on Day 30 and a quadratic increase (P < 0.05) on Day 60. These collective outcomes suggest SY that supplementation potentially optimises egg freshness and structural quality, with maximal efficacy attained with the 0.9SY treatment. Selenium Enrichment Profiles Se content increased in the eggs in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001), exhibiting a strong linear relationship (Table 3). The 0.9SY treatment yielded the highest Se level at 0.977 mg/kg, surpassing the lowest level observed in the 0SY treatment. The plasma Se levels mirrored those in the eggs, which significantly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing SY dose and reached peak concentrations in the 0.9SY treatment. The calculated per-egg Se deposition confirmed 0.9SY as the optimal treatment for Se enrichment. Remarkably, these findings underscore the efficacy of SY in increasing the Se content of eggs, which complies with the Chinese standard (GH/T1135-2017) for selenium-enriched eggs (0.15 to 0.50 mg/kg) at supplementation levels of 0.3 mg/kg, 0.6 mg/kg, and 0.9 mg/kg SY. Overall, these results indicate that dietary supplementation with varying levels of SY influenced both egg and plasma Se contents, with the 0.9SY treatment demonstrating maximal efficacy. Antioxidant Parameters in the Liver SY supplementation in the diet had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver (Table 4). Notably, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the liver displayed dose-responsive modulation (P < 0.05), with both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities demonstrating significant linear (P < 0.05) and quadratic (P < 0.05) increases across an SY concentration gradient. Overall, these results suggest that Se supplementation may improve the antioxidant capacity of the liver in laying hens, with 0.9SY treatment being the most effective treatment. Plasma Antioxidant Parameters The plasma MDA concentrations remained unaffected (P > 0.05) by the dietary interventions (Table 5). Dose-dependent increases in plasma T-AOC (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), SOD (linear, P < 0.05), and GSH-Px (linear, P < 0.05) activities were recorded. These findings indicate that all the Se supplements increased the antioxidant parameters in the plasma of laying hens and that 0.9SY treatment was the most effective treatment. Yolk Antioxidant Parameters Neither yolk T-AOC nor SOD activity showed treatment effects (P > 0.05) at either sampling interval (Table 6), Intriguingly, 0.9SY-fed hens consistently presented the highest enzymatic activity. While yolk MDA levels remained stable (P > 0.05) on Day 30, significant linear (P < 0.05) and quadratic (P < 0.05) reductions were observed between Day 30 and Day 60. These results suggest that SY supplementation may have a time-dependent effect on the antioxidant status of egg yolks, with a more significant (P < 0.05) effect on the MDA content observed in the later part of the experiment. Immunological Profiling SY supplementation selectively modulated plasma immune parameters in a dose-responsive manner. The plasma immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels decreased progressively with SY treatment (linear, P < 0.001; quadratic, P < 0.05) (Table 7). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were linearly decreased (P < 0.05). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were significantly linearly increased (P 0.05). Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were transiently elevated in 0.3SY treatment (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. These findings highlight the ability of SY to regulate humoral immunity and inflammatory mediator levels. Discussion Various factors influence laying performance, including the rearing environment, diet, and diseases. The breed and body weight of laying hens interactively affect physiological digestive indices during peak laying periods 5 , 15 . Therefore, effective regulation of body weight during this period can significantly improve production performance. In this study, the body weights of the laying hens were well controlled, with minimal fluctuations. Under the experimental conditions, the addition of different levels of SY did not result in significant differences in laying performance, which aligns with the findings of Zhao et al. 16 . Similarly, previous studies have shown that supplementing the basal diet with exogenous inorganic or organic Se does not significantly affect key laying performance indicators 17 . These results suggest that the levels of SY supplementation used in this experiment may have been insufficient to elicit a noticeable effect on laying performance. Further research is needed to determine the optimal level of SY supplementation. Egg quality is determined by several key factors, including the egg index, which is closely associated with fertilisation rates, hatching success, and structural integrity during transport. Eggshell thickness and strength are critical indicators of fracture resistance, and the Haugh unit serves as a well-established measure of egg freshness and albumen quality 18 . The present study demonstrated that dietary SY supplementation significantly enhanced egg quality. Consistent with these findings, Invernizzi et al. 19 reported that adding 0.4 mg/kg SY to the diet led to a significant improvement in egg quality. Similarly, Muhammad et al. 13 observed a notable increase in egg quality in ruffed hens when supplemented with 0.6 mg/kg SY compared with those supplemented with a basal diet. These findings align with our results, which showed that SY supplementation significantly improved egg quality, as reflected by increases in eggshell thickness, egg weight, albumen height, and Haugh units. Moreover, this study revealed that prolonged SY supplementation further improved egg quality, suggesting a potential time-dependent effect. This contrasts with the findings of Meng, et al. 20 , who reported no significant impact—either positive or negative—on egg quality following the administration of various Se supplements for 21, 42, and 56 days. These discrepancies may be attributed to differences in organic Se dosage, the bioavailability of SY over time, or other interacting physiological and environmental factors. Se deficiency is associated with various human diseases, highlighting the necessity of adequate Se intake. Eggs have emerged as important sources of Se 21 . Delezie et al. 22 reported that supplementing broiler diets with SY significantly increased Se concentrations in broiler plasma. Despite differences in experimental subjects and feeding conditions between that study and the present experiment, the findings remained consistent. Xiao et al. 23 reported that selenium-enriched eggs must contain at least 0.3 mg/kg Se. In this study, the Se content in eggs from all the experimental treatments, except for the 0SY treatment, exceeded 0.3 mg/kg, qualifying them as selenium-enriched eggs. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommend a daily Se intake of 55 to 200 µg for adults 24 . Additionally, Kipp et al. 25 reported that the average daily Se intake is approximately 70 µg for adult males and 60 µg for adult females. In this study, the concentration of Se in the feed was directly proportional to the amount of Se deposited in eggs, demonstrating a significant increase in Se deposition with increasing SY supplementation levels. On the basis of these findings, 0.9 mg/kg SY should be added to the diet of laying hens. For individuals in Se-deficient regions, consuming a single selenium-enriched egg could meet the daily dietary requirements, making it an effective strategy for increasing Se intake. Se is a vital antioxidant that exerts its effects through the formation of antioxidant enzymes such as GSH-Px. However, excessive Se intake may disrupt the antioxidant system 26 . High Se levels can induce oxidative stress, reducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including GSH-Px. Wang, et al. 27 demonstrated that while moderate Se supplementation enhances antioxidant capacity, excessive Se may ultimately reduce it by promoting the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some studies suggest that organic Se, such as SY, is more bioavailable than inorganic Se. However, high doses of organic Se can also induce negative feedback effects on the antioxidant system. For example, Tang, et al. 28 reported that excessive organic Se intake may suppress antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in modulating the antioxidant system, as high levels of oxidative stress can activate a negative feedback mechanism that inhibits antioxidant enzyme activity. Si et al. 29 observed that, despite increased Se levels in the blood, antioxidant enzyme activity decreased with increasing Se doses, likely due to oxidative stress-induced negative feedback. In this study, different dietary SY concentrations had varying effects on liver antioxidant capacity, with the most pronounced increase observed with 0.9 mg/kg SY. These findings suggest that SY exerts potent antioxidant effects on the liver without adverse consequences at this dose. Nevertheless, despite substantial Se uptake and accumulation after 60 days of supplementation, excessive doses or prolonged use of SY may have complex negative effects on the antioxidant system. Further research is needed to elucidate these mechanisms and to better understand the impact of Se supplementation at various doses and in different forms. IgM, IgA, and IgG play essential roles in body fluids, with Se levels influencing their production 30 , 31 . In the present study, plasma IgG levels tended to increase linearly with SY supplementation, suggesting that Se may promote IgG synthesis within a specific range. This finding aligns with those of Huan, et al. 32 and Sun, et al. 33 , who reported that dietary SY supplementation in laying hens enhanced immune function by significantly increasing total serum protein and globulin levels. Additionally, the results of the present study revealed a significant linear and quadratic decrease in plasma IgM levels with increasing SY supplementation. This decline may be associated with the effect of Se on B-cell activation and differentiation. Since IgM is the primary antibody involved in the initial immune response, its variation may reflect the regulatory role of Se in early-stage immune responses. Moreover, Gu et al. 34 reported that supplementing laying hen diets with 0.3% cordyceps powder and 0.1 mg/kg SY significantly increased leukocyte counts and the serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), thereby enhancing immune function. In the present study, Se supplementation modulated the plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6, inhibiting inflammatory responses and maintaining appropriate immune homeostasis. These findings suggest that Se supplementation may influence the immune status of laying hens by regulating the levels of immunoglobulins and cytokines. However, the precise underlying mechanisms likely involve a complex immunomodulatory network. Future research should further investigate the long-term effects of different Se levels on the immune response of laying hens, as well as potential interactions between Se and other nutrients in immune regulation. Conclusion This study revealed that dietary SY supplementation effectively enhanced egg quality, increased antioxidant capacity, and regulated immune mediator levels in laying hens without adversely affecting production performance. Se content in eggs and plasma increased in a dose-dependent manner, reaching levels that met the criteria for selenium-enriched eggs. SY supplementation significantly increased eggshell thickness, albumen height, and Haugh units in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities (T-AOC, SOD, and GSH-Px) were markedly elevated, whereas yolk MDA levels decreased, reflecting increased oxidative stability. Although plasma IgA levels remained unchanged, SY supplementation had a quadratic effect on IgG levels and linearly increased IL-6 levels. On the basis of the comprehensive evaluation of egg quality, the antioxidant response, and immune parameters, the optimal dietary SY supplementation dose was determined to be 0.9 mg/kg. These results provide strong evidence supporting the use of SY as a functional feed additive for improving egg quality, enhancing antioxidant defence, and modulating immune function in laying hens. Materials and Methods Ethics approval and consent to participate This experiment was approved by the Animal Welfare Committee of Guizhou University (Guiyang, China), No. EAE-GZU-2020-E023. The experiment was carried out at the Yinzhan Agri-Cooperative, Kaiyang County, Guizhou Province, China (26°56′30.8″ N, 107°01′19.2 E) in accordance with guidelines and regulations, and the animal experiments complied with the ARRIVE guidelines. Experimental Design and Animal Management A total of 108 healthy Hy-Line Brown laying hens (162 days old, weighing 1.61 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups, with 3 replicates of nine hens per treatment. The laying hens were given a ten-day prefeeding period to acclimate to the experimental diet before the 60-day feeding trial. The control treatment (0SY) group received a basal diet without Se in the premix, while the experimental treatment groups received 0.3 mg/kg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg/kg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg/kg (0.9SY) SY (2400 mg/kg, ANGEL YEAST Co., Ltd, China). Nutrient composition data for diets and the nutritional requirements of the laying hens were obtained from the National Research Council (NRC) 35 . The detailed composition and nutrient concentrations of the basal diet are presented in Table 8. The treated feeds were formulated in pellet form. During the experimental period, the hens were raised in a semiopen forest farming system and were fed twice daily at 08:00 am and 3:00 pm, with water provided ad libitum. Management practices adhered strictly to the guidelines outlined in the Hy-Line International Online Management Guide (Hy-Line International, West Des Moines, IA, USA, 2011) 36 . Sample Collection and Analysis Growth and Production Performance Parameters Individual hen weights were recorded on Days 0 and 60. Daily feed intake, total egg production, and egg weights were measured per replicate. The calculations included: Average daily feed intake (ADFI, g): Feed consumption of laying hens/(feeding period × number of laying hens) Average egg weight (AEW, g): Total egg weight laid/number of eggs laid Egg production rate (%): Total number of eggs laid/number of laying hens × 100% Feed-to-egg ratio (F/E): Feed consumption/weight of eggs laid Laying weight gain: Average weight of laying hens on Day 60/average weight of laying hens on Day 0 Egg Quality Assessment On Days 30 and 60, four eggs per replicate were randomly selected for egg quality analysis. The egg shape index was determined using Vernier callipers (MNT-150, Germany) according to Duman, et al. 37 method. Eggshell strength, albumen height, yolk colour, and Haugh units were measured with an Egg Multi Tester EMT-7300 (Robotmation Co., Japan). Eggshell thickness was quantified post membrane removal using an ESTG-1 gauge (Orka Food Technology, Israel). Egg Yolk, Plasma and Liver Antioxidant Parameter Analys es Egg yolk, plasma, and liver samples were collected to assess antioxidant capacity. On the 30th and 60th days of the experiment, three eggs were randomly selected from each replicate. Egg yolks were separated using a plastic egg separator and transferred into centrifuge tubes using a 1000 µL pipette tip before being stored at -80 °C. The frozen yolks underwent a vacuum freeze-drying process lasting three to four days, after which the freeze-dried yolk powder was transferred into 5 mL freezer tubes and stored at -80 °C until antioxidant index determination. Before analysis, the lyophilised yolk powder was homogenised (0.5 g yolk powder: 4.5 mL saline). On the final day of the experiment, one hen was randomly selected from each replicate, and 5 mL of blood was collected from the wing vein after fasting. The blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes, and the plasma was separated and stored in 2 mL centrifuge tubes at -20 °C. Liver samples were collected, sectioned, and stored in freezer tubes at -80 °C. The plasma samples were directly analysed according to the molar concentrations specified by the assay kits. Liver samples were pretreated by accurately weighing the tissue, adding saline or PBS at a volume four times the tissue weight, and mechanically homogenising the samples in an ice-water bath to ensure adequate cell disruption and antioxidant release. The homogenates were subsequently centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for five minutes at 4 °C, after which the supernatants were collected for analysis. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using commercial assay kits from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China), including a SOD kit (hydroxylamine method, A001-2-2), an MDA kit (thiobarbituric acid, TBA method, A003-1-2), a GSH-Px kit (colorimetric method, A005-1-2), and a T-AOC kit (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, FRAP method, A015-3-1). Plasma Levels of Immune Factors The plasma levels of IgA (RX600493CH), IgM (RX600488CH), IgG (RX600491CH), TNF-α (RX600568CH), and IL-6 (RX600551CH) were measured using double-antibody sandwich ELISA kits (Quanzhou Ruixin Biological, China). The assays were conducted following the manufacturer's instructions, and the absorbance was measured using a microplate reader (BioTek, USA). Standard curve equations were generated using four-parameter logistic curve fitting (4-PL), and sample concentrations were calculated on the basis of optical density (OD) values. Egg and Plasma Selenium Levels On Day 60, three eggs per replicate were randomly selected for Se content analysis using the hydride atomic fluorescence spectrometry method described by Li, et al. 38 . Briefly, samples were digested using an acidic heating process, converting hexavalent Se ( ) to tetravalent Se ( ) in a 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid medium. Subsequently, sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride was used to reduce to hydrogen selenide (H₂Se). A stream of argon gas transported H₂Se into the atomiser, where Se atoms were excited by irradiation from a Se hollow cathode lamp, emitting fluorescence at characteristic wavelengths. The fluorescence intensity was proportional to the Se concentration, which was quantified using a standard curve. Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure in SPSS. Homogeneity of variance was tested using Levene’s test, normality was assessed with the Shapiro–Wilk test, and heteroscedasticity was evaluated with the F-test. Tukey’s test was applied for multiple comparisons when the assumption of equal variance was met; otherwise, Tamhane’s T2 test was used for pairwise comparisons. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were applied in ANOVA to assess the linear and quadratic effects of different SY levels. The results are expressed as the means ± standard errors of the means (SEMs), and differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. The main abbreviations SY Selenium yeast Selenium Se T-AOC Total antioxidant capacity SOD Superoxide dismutase GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase MDA Malondialdehyde IgA Immunoglobulin A IgG Immunoglobulin G IgM Immunoglobulin M TNF-α Tumour necrosis factor-alpha IL-6 Interleukin-6 SS Sodium selenite SeY Selenium-enriched yeast GPx4 Glutathione peroxidase 4 IL-2 Interleukin-2 IFN-γ Interferon-gamma ROS Reactive oxygen species ADFI Average daily feed intake AEW Average egg weight F/E Feed/egg ratio Declarations Acknowledgements This study was completed at the Key Laboratory of Plateau Mountain Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education (Guizhou University, Guiyang, China). Data Availability The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Disclosure Statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Funding The authors are grateful for the support of this experiment provided by the project "Integration and Demonstration of Key Technologies of ecological selenium-rich laying hens in Forest Culture (Guizhou Joint support [2020]1Y046)". Author Contributions Tingting Wang: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft and review & editing. Shengchang Chen: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing. Shengyong Lu: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing. Haixia Li: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft & editing. Mengmeng Ni: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing. 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Heat stress in broilers of liver injury effects of heat stress on oxidative stress and autophagy in liver of broilers. Poultry Science 101 , 102085 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102085 Xueyang, S. I. et al. Effects of Different Supplemental Levels of Yeast Selenium in Flaxseed Diets on Liver Antioxidant Capacity, Yolk Fatty Acid Composition and Egg Selenium Content of Laying Hens. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition 32 , 2138-2147 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2020.05.022 Rao, S. V. R. et al. Effect of Supplementing Organic Selenium on Performance, Carcass Traits, Oxidative Parameters and Immune Responses in Commercial Broiler Chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 26 , 247-252 (2013). https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12299 Parija, S. C. in Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology (ed Subhash Chandra Parija) 211-226 (Springer Nature Singapore, 2023). Huan, X. et al. Effects of Compound Additives with Glucose Oxidase and Selenium Yeast on Performance and Immune Indexes in Broilers. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition 27 , 1236-1242 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.04.030 Sun, X. et al. Dietary supplementation with selenium-enriched earthworm powder improves antioxidative ability and immunity of laying hens. Poultry Science 99 , 5344-5349 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.030 Dongdi, G. U. et al. Effects of Cordyceps Powder Combined with Yeast Selenium on Laying Performance , Egg Quality , Antioxidant and Immune Function in Middle Egg-laying Peak of Laying Hen. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine 48 , 2404-2414 (2021). https://doi.org/10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2021.07.015 Dale, N. National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Poultry - Ninth Revised Edition (1994). The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 3 , 101-101 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/3.1.101 Qiu, K. et al. Application of Selenium Conjugated to Animal Protein in Laying Hens’ Diet for the Production of Selenium-Enriched Eggs. Foods 10 , 1224 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061224 Duman, M., Şekeroğlu, A., Yıldırım, A., Eleroğlu, H. & Camcı, Ö. Relation between egg shape index and egg quality characteristics . Vol. 80 (2016). Li, L. et al. Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Selenium Enriched Yeast on Egg Selenium Content and Egg production of North China Hens. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 51 (2018). https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.1.49.55 Tables Table 1 Effects of different concentrations of selenium yeast in the diet on the performance of laying hens Parameter 1) 0SY 0.3SY 0.6SY 0.9SY SEM P Value 2) A L Q ADFI /[g/(d-egg)] 119.134 119.816 118.165 116.431 2.325 0.757 0.375 0.618 AEW/g 56.180 56.020 55.540 57.450 0.525 0.142 0.193 0.084 F/E 2.810 2.850 2.877 2.887 0.221 0.995 0.801 0.947 Laying rate/% 0.777 0.769 0.756 0.719 0.056 0.888 0.480 0.798 Laying hens to put on weight/g 0.326 0.381 0.356 0.318 0.032 0.512 0.740 0.181 1) In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05). ADFI, average daily feed intake. AEW, average egg weight. F/E, feed/egg ratio. SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean. 2) A: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis. Table 2 Effects of different concentrations of selenium yeast in the diet on the egg quality of laying hens Parameter Time point 0SY 1) 0.3SY 0.6SY 0.9SY SEM P Value 2) A L Q Egg shape index 30 d 1.277 1.283 1.298 1.304 0.018 0.667 0.223 0.981 60 d 1.310 1.276 1.276 1.321 0.016 0.486 0.717 0.053 Eggshell thickness/mm 30 d 0.308 0.315 0.303 0.297 0.006 0.878 0.024 0.177 60 d 0.308 b 0.343 ab 0.354 a 0.362 a 0.010 0.007 <0.001 0.213 Eggshell strength/N 30 d 29.809 a 28.028 ab 25.240 bc 24.063 c 0.829 <0.001 <0.001 0.718 60 d 44.683 42.428 43.764 43.123 0.679 0.129 0.276 0.241 Egg weight/g 30 d 54.353 b 55.207 ab 55.333 ab 57.139 a 0.648 0.030 0.005 0.466 60 d 58.823 59.103 57.582 59.696 1.014 0.516 0.810 0.371 Albumen height/mm 30 d 5.485 b 5.690 b 5.873 b 6.872 a 0.200 <0.001 <0.001 0.053 60 d 6.845 6.979 6.919 7.031 0.239 0.953 0.644 0.963 Yolk colour 30 d 10.582 10.819 10.817 9.802 0.151 0.126 0.001 <0.001 60 d 12.098 11.575 11.673 11.669 0.140 0.140 0.064 0.070 Haugh unit 30 d 74.003 b 74.832 b 77.324 b 82.882 a 1.429 <0.001 <0.001 0.105 60 d 81.533 ab 80.692 ab 74.444 b 83.112 a 2.265 0.05 0.882 0.042 1) In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05). SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean. 2) A: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis. Table 3 Effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of selenium yeast on egg and plasma selenium contents Parameter 1) 0SY 0.3SY 0.6SY 0.9SY SEM P Value 2) A L Q Egg (mg/kg) 0.221 d 0.512 c 0.723 b 0.977 a 0.030 <0.001 <0.001 0.549 Plasma (mg/L) 0.057 b 0.087 ab 0.110 ab 0.160 a 0.020 0.032 0.005 0.626 Se content in one egg (ug/egg) 3 ) 13.161 d 30.078 c 41.741 b 58.682 a 2.081 <0.001 <0.001 0.995 1) In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05). SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean. 2) A: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis. 3) The Se content of each egg was calculated. [Formula: Se content of an egg (µg/egg) = Se content of an egg (mg/kg) × 1000 × Egg weight (g)/1000] Table 4 Effects of dietary selenium yeast supplementation at different concentrations on liver antioxidant parameters Parameter 1) 0SY 0.3SY 0.6SY 0.9SY SEM P Value 2) A L Q T-AOC (μmol/mg prot) 0.138 ab 0.169 a 0.135 b 0.142 ab 0.009 0.038 0.587 0.178 MDA (nmol/mg prot) 0.521 0.552 0.651 0.572 0.037 0.106 0.140 0.150 SOD (U/mg prot) 597.169 a 514.106 b 616.798 a 647.796 a 16.560 <0.001 0.002 0.002 GSH-Px (U/mg prot) 8.290 b 7.430 c 8.619 ab 8.887 a 0.126 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 1) In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05). SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean. T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity. MDA, Malondialdehyde. SOD, superoxide dismutase. GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase. 2) A: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis. Table 5 Effects of dietary selenium yeast supplementation at different concentrations on plasma antioxidant parameters Parameter 1) 0SY 0.3SY 0.6SY 0.9SY SEM P Value 2) A L Q T-AOC (μmol/mg prot) 5.250 b 8.129 a 8.890 a 8.963 a 0.638 0.032 <0.001 0.035 MDA (nmol/mg prot) 6.343 6.452 5.590 5.306 0.632 0.604 0.170 0.758 SOD (U/mg prot) 518.789 c 689.526 b 766.334 b 927.412 a 41.559 0.005 <0.001 0.908 GSH-Px (U/mg prot) 2358.426 c 2722.581 bc 3182.794 ab 3225.807 a 123.055 0.040 <0.001 0.201 1) In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05). SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean. T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity. MDA, Malondialdehyde. SOD, superoxide dismutase. GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase. 2) A: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis. Table 6 Effects of dietary selenium yeast supplementation at different concentrations on egg yolk antioxidant parameters Parameter 1) Times 0SY 0.3SY 0.6SY 0.9SY SEM P Value 2) A L Q T-AOC (μmol/mg prot) 30 d 0.077 0.070 0.088 0.126 0.020 0.276 0.085 0.359 60 d 0.062 0.072 0.073 0.075 0.006 0.395 0.135 0.481 MDA (nmol/mg prot) 30 d 0.637 0.851 0.752 0.634 0.080 0.188 0.759 0.046 60 d 1.961 a 1.971 a 0.907 b 0.659 c 0.043 <0.001 <0.001 0.005 SOD (U/mg prot) 30 d 3.006 2.703 2.433 2.226 0.291 0.274 0.053 0.870 60 d 4.845 5.728 6.613 6.291 0.995 0.616 0.249 0.549 1) In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05). SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean. T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity. MDA, Malondialdehyde. SOD, superoxide dismutase. 2) A: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis. Table 7 Effects of dietary selenium yeast supplementation at different concentrations on plasma immune factor levels Immune Factor 0.0SY 1) 0.3SY 0.6SY 0.9SY SEM P Value 2) A L Q IgA (ug/mL) 8.081 8.507 8.565 8.620 0.699 0.945 0.598 0.793 IgG (ug/mL) 236.773 386.062 387.386 383.380 40.17 0.072 0.040 0.093 IgM (ug/mL) 51.769 a 36.049 b 21.26 c 16.659 c 2.077 <0.001 <0.001 0.012 TNF-a (pg/mL) 16.174 ab 22.368 a 7.916 b 10.433 ab 4.242 < 0.001 0.111 0.669 IL-6 (pg/mL) 17.735 a 13.871 ab 5.758 ab 3.644 b 3.896 < 0.001 0.007 0.824 1) In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05). SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), and 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean. 2) A: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis. Table 8 Ingredients and nutrient levels of basal diet (air dry basis, %) Items 1) 0SY 1) 0.3SY 0.6SY 0.9SY Ingredients - - - - Corn 52.30 52.30 52.30 52.30 Wheat 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 Soybean meal 19.80 19.80 19.80 19.80 Fermentation material 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Limestone 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 CaHPO4 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 DDGS 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Premix 2) 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Dietary Se content/(mg/kg) 3) 0.14 0.52 1.04 1.22 Nutrient - - - - ME/(MJ/kg) 10.90 10.90 10.90 10.90 CP 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 Ca 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.70 Effective phosphorus 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 Total phosphorus 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 Lysine 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 Methionine 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 Cystine 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 Fat 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 1) In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05). ADFI, average daily feed intake. AEW, average egg weight. F/E, feed/egg ratio. SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. DDGS, Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles. ME, metabolizable energy. CP, crude protein. Ca, Calcium. 2) The premix provides the following per kilogram diet: vitamin A, 12500 IU; vitamin D3, 425 KIU; vitamin E, 150 mg; vitamin K3, 3 mg; vitamin B1, 1 mg; vitamin B2, 8.6 mg; vitamin B6, 8 mg; vitamin B12, 5 mg; niacin, 33 mg; folic acid, 6 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 50 mg; biotin, 2 mg; Cu, 8 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Zn, 66 mg; Mn, 65 mg; I, 1mg. 3) The dietary Se content and nutrient levels were measured, and this study focused on Se content. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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20:23:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5656504/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5656504/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31644-4","type":"published","date":"2025-12-22T15:58:28+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99172499,"identity":"b8917303-a0ab-4496-b0f5-b5a75edf4c1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 16:10:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1339783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5656504/v1/2fa28c86-3b6e-4f0c-a76e-a260ea39bd05.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effects of dietary selenium yeast supplementation on the production performance, egg quality, antioxidant and plasma biochemical parameters of laying hens","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSelenium (Se), an essential trace element for animals and humans\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, has been extensively studied since the 1990s, when selenium yeast (SY) emerged as a promising feed additive\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Se can be obtained from both food sources and dietary supplements. Compared with inorganic forms, this organic Se source has superior bioavailability, reduced toxicity\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and enhanced antioxidant and immunoregulatory effects in animals\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These advantages have driven substantial research interest in SY applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe physiological role of Se, supplementation strategies, and the impacts of Se supplementation on production performance/egg quality have become hot topics in poultry research\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This element serves as a critical cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), a key enzyme in free radical scavenging and oxidative stress mitigation\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Notably, both sodium selenite (SS) and selenium-enriched yeast (SeY) supplementation increase glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) levels, thereby directly modulating GSH-Px activity\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to its antioxidant functions, Se modulates immune cell activation, enhances disease resistance, and increases growth/egg production while reducing morbidity\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Previous studies have demonstrated that Se regulates blood immunological parameters in poultry\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, particularly through immunoglobulin upregulation and production inhibition\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, Se is involved in fundamental biological processes, including DNA synthesis, thyroid hormone metabolism, and reproductive processes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Studies on dietary supplementation revealed elevated Se deposition in the mammary and yolk tissues of layers fed a diet supplemented with Se compared with control layers, with SY supplementation significantly improving eggshell strength and increasing Haugh units\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. SY-fed layers have a higher egg mass output, lower oxidative stress, and greater general health\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Overall, Se regulates animal productivity through multiple mechanisms, including immunomodulation, antioxidant activity, thyroid regulation, and nucleic acid metabolism. This investigation aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of SY supplementation on production performance, egg quality, and antioxidant Plasma biochemical parameters. The findings provide both theoretical foundations and practical insights for developing selenium-enriched egg products and advancing poultry industry practices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003eProduction Performance and Egg Quality Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDietary SY supplementation\u0026nbsp;had\u0026nbsp;no significant (P \u0026gt; 0.05) influence on laying hen performance metrics (Table 1). Analysis of egg quality characteristics revealed nonsignificant effects (P \u0026gt; 0.05) on the egg shape index and yolk colour at both the 30-day and 60-day sampling intervals (Table 2). Notably, the yolk colour demonstrated significant linear (P \u0026lt; 0.05) and quadratic (P \u0026lt; 0.05) decreases with increasing SY dose. A dose-dependent linear increase (P \u0026lt; 0.05) in eggshell thickness emerged by Day 60, although this parameter remained unchanged (P \u0026gt; 0.05) on Day 30 despite detectable linear tendencies (P \u0026lt; 0.05). In contrast, eggshell strength decreased linearly (P \u0026lt; 0.05) on Day 30. Positive linear correlations were observed between SY supplementation and egg weight (P \u0026lt; 0.05) and albumen height (P \u0026lt; 0.05) on Day 30. The changes in Haugh units showed distinct temporal patterns, with a linear increase (P \u0026lt; 0.05) on Day 30 and a quadratic increase (P \u0026lt; 0.05) on Day 60. These collective outcomes suggest SY that supplementation potentially optimises egg freshness and structural quality, with maximal efficacy attained with the 0.9SY treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSelenium Enrichment Profiles\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSe content increased\u0026nbsp;in the eggs in a dose-dependent manner (P \u0026lt; 0.001), exhibiting a strong linear relationship (Table 3). The 0.9SY treatment yielded the highest Se level at 0.977 mg/kg, surpassing the lowest level observed in the 0SY treatment. The plasma Se levels mirrored those in the eggs, which significantly increased (P \u0026lt; 0.05) with increasing SY dose and reached peak concentrations in the 0.9SY treatment. The calculated per-egg Se deposition confirmed 0.9SY as the optimal treatment for Se enrichment. Remarkably, these findings underscore the efficacy of SY in increasing the Se content of eggs, which complies with the Chinese standard (GH/T1135-2017) for selenium-enriched eggs (0.15 to 0.50 mg/kg) at supplementation levels of 0.3 mg/kg, 0.6 mg/kg, and 0.9 mg/kg SY. Overall, these results indicate that dietary supplementation with varying levels of SY influenced both egg and plasma Se contents, with the 0.9SY treatment demonstrating maximal efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAntioxidant\u0026nbsp;Parameters in the\u0026nbsp;Liver\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSY supplementation in the diet\u0026nbsp;had\u0026nbsp;no significant (P\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt; 0.05)\u0026nbsp;effect\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver (Table 4). Notably, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the liver displayed dose-responsive modulation (P \u0026lt; 0.05), with both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities demonstrating significant linear (P \u0026lt; 0.05) and quadratic (P \u0026lt; 0.05)\u0026nbsp;increases\u0026nbsp;across\u0026nbsp;an\u0026nbsp;SY\u0026nbsp;concentration gradient. Overall, these results suggest that Se supplementation may improve\u0026nbsp;the antioxidant capacity of the liver in laying hens, with\u0026nbsp;0.9SY treatment being\u0026nbsp;the most\u0026nbsp;effective\u0026nbsp;treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"_Toc105099912\"\u003ePlasma Antioxidant Parameters\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe plasma MDA concentrations remained unaffected (P \u0026gt; 0.05) by\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;dietary interventions (Table 5). Dose-dependent\u0026nbsp;increases in\u0026nbsp;plasma T-AOC (linear and quadratic, P \u0026lt; 0.05), SOD (linear, P \u0026lt; 0.05), and GSH-Px (linear, P \u0026lt; 0.05) activities\u0026nbsp;were recorded. These findings indicate\u0026nbsp;that all\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;Se\u0026nbsp;supplements increased\u0026nbsp;the antioxidant\u0026nbsp;parameters in the\u0026nbsp;plasma\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;laying hens\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;that\u0026nbsp;0.9SY treatment was\u0026nbsp;the most\u0026nbsp;effective\u0026nbsp;treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"_Toc105099914\"\u003eYolk Antioxidant Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeither yolk T-AOC nor SOD activity showed treatment effects (P \u0026gt; 0.05) at either sampling interval (Table 6), Intriguingly, 0.9SY-fed hens consistently presented the highest enzymatic activity. While yolk MDA levels remained stable (P \u0026gt; 0.05) on Day 30, significant linear (P \u0026lt; 0.05) and quadratic (P \u0026lt; 0.05) reductions were observed between Day 30 and Day 60. These results suggest that SY supplementation may have a time-dependent effect on the antioxidant status of egg yolks, with a more significant (P\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05) effect on the MDA content observed in the later part of the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eImmunological Profiling\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSY supplementation selectively modulated plasma immune parameters in a dose-responsive manner. The plasma immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels decreased progressively with SY treatment (linear, P \u0026lt; 0.001; quadratic, P \u0026lt; 0.05) (Table 7). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were linearly decreased (P \u0026lt; 0.05). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were significantly linearly increased (P \u0026lt; 0.05) despite nonsignificant intergroup differences (P \u0026gt; 0.05). Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u0026alpha;) levels were transiently elevated in 0.3SY treatment (P \u0026lt; 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. These findings highlight the ability of SY to regulate humoral immunity and inflammatory mediator levels.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eVarious factors influence laying performance, including the rearing environment, diet, and diseases. The breed and body weight of laying hens interactively affect physiological digestive indices during peak laying periods\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, effective regulation of body weight during this period can significantly improve production performance. In this study, the body weights of the laying hens were well controlled, with minimal fluctuations. Under the experimental conditions, the addition of different levels of SY did not result in significant differences in laying performance, which aligns with the findings of Zhao et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, previous studies have shown that supplementing the basal diet with exogenous inorganic or organic Se does not significantly affect key laying performance indicators\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These results suggest that the levels of SY supplementation used in this experiment may have been insufficient to elicit a noticeable effect on laying performance. Further research is needed to determine the optimal level of SY supplementation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgg quality is determined by several key factors, including the egg index, which is closely associated with fertilisation rates, hatching success, and structural integrity during transport. Eggshell thickness and strength are critical indicators of fracture resistance, and the Haugh unit serves as a well-established measure of egg freshness and albumen quality\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The present study demonstrated that dietary SY supplementation significantly enhanced egg quality. Consistent with these findings, Invernizzi et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that adding 0.4 mg/kg SY to the diet led to a significant improvement in egg quality. Similarly, Muhammad et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e observed a notable increase in egg quality in ruffed hens when supplemented with 0.6 mg/kg SY compared with those supplemented with a basal diet. These findings align with our results, which showed that SY supplementation significantly improved egg quality, as reflected by increases in eggshell thickness, egg weight, albumen height, and Haugh units. Moreover, this study revealed that prolonged SY supplementation further improved egg quality, suggesting a potential time-dependent effect. This contrasts with the findings of Meng, et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who reported no significant impact\u0026mdash;either positive or negative\u0026mdash;on egg quality following the administration of various Se supplements for 21, 42, and 56 days. These discrepancies may be attributed to differences in organic Se dosage, the bioavailability of SY over time, or other interacting physiological and environmental factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSe deficiency is associated with various human diseases, highlighting the necessity of adequate Se intake. Eggs have emerged as important sources of Se\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Delezie et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that supplementing broiler diets with SY significantly increased Se concentrations in broiler plasma. Despite differences in experimental subjects and feeding conditions between that study and the present experiment, the findings remained consistent. Xiao et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that selenium-enriched eggs must contain at least 0.3 mg/kg Se. In this study, the Se content in eggs from all the experimental treatments, except for the 0SY treatment, exceeded 0.3 mg/kg, qualifying them as selenium-enriched eggs. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommend a daily Se intake of 55 to 200 \u0026micro;g for adults\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, Kipp et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that the average daily Se intake is approximately 70 \u0026micro;g for adult males and 60 \u0026micro;g for adult females. In this study, the concentration of Se in the feed was directly proportional to the amount of Se deposited in eggs, demonstrating a significant increase in Se deposition with increasing SY supplementation levels. On the basis of these findings, 0.9 mg/kg SY should be added to the diet of laying hens. For individuals in Se-deficient regions, consuming a single selenium-enriched egg could meet the daily dietary requirements, making it an effective strategy for increasing Se intake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSe is a vital antioxidant that exerts its effects through the formation of antioxidant enzymes such as GSH-Px. However, excessive Se intake may disrupt the antioxidant system\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. High Se levels can induce oxidative stress, reducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including GSH-Px. Wang, et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e demonstrated that while moderate Se supplementation enhances antioxidant capacity, excessive Se may ultimately reduce it by promoting the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some studies suggest that organic Se, such as SY, is more bioavailable than inorganic Se. However, high doses of organic Se can also induce negative feedback effects on the antioxidant system. For example, Tang, et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that excessive organic Se intake may suppress antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in modulating the antioxidant system, as high levels of oxidative stress can activate a negative feedback mechanism that inhibits antioxidant enzyme activity. Si et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e observed that, despite increased Se levels in the blood, antioxidant enzyme activity decreased with increasing Se doses, likely due to oxidative stress-induced negative feedback. In this study, different dietary SY concentrations had varying effects on liver antioxidant capacity, with the most pronounced increase observed with 0.9 mg/kg SY. These findings suggest that SY exerts potent antioxidant effects on the liver without adverse consequences at this dose. Nevertheless, despite substantial Se uptake and accumulation after 60 days of supplementation, excessive doses or prolonged use of SY may have complex negative effects on the antioxidant system. Further research is needed to elucidate these mechanisms and to better understand the impact of Se supplementation at various doses and in different forms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgM, IgA, and IgG play essential roles in body fluids, with Se levels influencing their production\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In the present study, plasma IgG levels tended to increase linearly with SY supplementation, suggesting that Se may promote IgG synthesis within a specific range. This finding aligns with those of Huan, et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and Sun, et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who reported that dietary SY supplementation in laying hens enhanced immune function by significantly increasing total serum protein and globulin levels. Additionally, the results of the present study revealed a significant linear and quadratic decrease in plasma IgM levels with increasing SY supplementation. This decline may be associated with the effect of Se on B-cell activation and differentiation. Since IgM is the primary antibody involved in the initial immune response, its variation may reflect the regulatory role of Se in early-stage immune responses. Moreover, Gu et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that supplementing laying hen diets with 0.3% cordyceps powder and 0.1 mg/kg SY significantly increased leukocyte counts and the serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), thereby enhancing immune function. In the present study, Se supplementation modulated the plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6, inhibiting inflammatory responses and maintaining appropriate immune homeostasis. These findings suggest that Se supplementation may influence the immune status of laying hens by regulating the levels of immunoglobulins and cytokines. However, the precise underlying mechanisms likely involve a complex immunomodulatory network. Future research should further investigate the long-term effects of different Se levels on the immune response of laying hens, as well as potential interactions between Se and other nutrients in immune regulation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that dietary SY supplementation effectively enhanced egg quality, increased antioxidant capacity, and regulated immune mediator levels in laying hens without adversely affecting production performance. Se content in eggs and plasma increased in a dose-dependent manner, reaching levels that met the criteria for selenium-enriched eggs. SY supplementation significantly increased eggshell thickness, albumen height, and Haugh units in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities (T-AOC, SOD, and GSH-Px) were markedly elevated, whereas yolk MDA levels decreased, reflecting increased oxidative stability. Although plasma IgA levels remained unchanged, SY supplementation had a quadratic effect on IgG levels and linearly increased IL-6 levels. On the basis of the comprehensive evaluation of egg quality, the antioxidant response, and immune parameters, the optimal dietary SY supplementation dose was determined to be 0.9 mg/kg. These results provide strong evidence supporting the use of SY as a functional feed additive for improving egg quality, enhancing antioxidant defence, and modulating immune function in laying hens.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis experiment was approved by the Animal Welfare Committee of Guizhou University (Guiyang, China), No. EAE-GZU-2020-E023. The experiment was carried out at the Yinzhan Agri-Cooperative, Kaiyang County, Guizhou Province, China (26\u0026deg;56\u0026prime;30.8\u0026Prime; N, 107\u0026deg;01\u0026prime;19.2 E) in accordance with guidelines and regulations, and the animal experiments complied with the ARRIVE guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eExperimental Design and Animal Management\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 108 healthy Hy-Line Brown laying hens (162 days old, weighing 1.61 \u0026plusmn; 0.05 kg) were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups, with 3 replicates of nine hens per treatment. The laying hens were given a ten-day prefeeding period to acclimate to the experimental diet before the 60-day feeding trial. The control treatment (0SY) group received a basal diet without Se in the premix, while the experimental treatment groups received 0.3 mg/kg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg/kg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg/kg (0.9SY) SY (2400 mg/kg, ANGEL YEAST Co., Ltd, China). Nutrient composition data for diets and the nutritional requirements of the laying hens were obtained from the National Research Council (NRC)\u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e. The detailed composition and nutrient concentrations of the basal diet are presented in Table 8. The treated feeds were formulated in pellet form. During the experimental period, the hens were raised in a semiopen forest farming system and were fed twice daily at 08:00 am and 3:00 pm, with water provided ad libitum. Management practices adhered strictly to the guidelines outlined in the Hy-Line International Online Management Guide (Hy-Line International, West Des Moines, IA, USA, 2011)\u003csup\u003e36\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSample Collection and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth and Production Performance Parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividual hen weights were recorded on Days 0 and 60. Daily feed intake, total egg production, and egg weights were measured per replicate. The calculations included:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage daily feed intake (ADFI, g): \u003c/strong\u003eFeed consumption of laying hens/(feeding period \u0026times; number of laying hens)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage egg weight (AEW, g): \u003c/strong\u003eTotal egg weight laid/number of eggs laid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEgg production rate (%):\u003c/strong\u003e Total number of eggs laid/number of laying hens \u0026times; 100%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeed-to-egg ratio (F/E): \u003c/strong\u003eFeed consumption/weight of eggs laid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLaying weight gain:\u003c/strong\u003e Average weight of laying hens on Day 60/average weight of laying hens on Day 0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEgg Quality Assessment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn Days 30 and 60, four eggs per replicate were randomly selected for egg quality analysis. The egg shape index was determined using Vernier callipers (MNT-150, Germany) according to Duman, et al.\u003csup\u003e37\u003c/sup\u003e method. Eggshell strength, albumen height, yolk colour, and Haugh units were measured with an Egg Multi Tester EMT-7300 (Robotmation Co., Japan). Eggshell thickness was quantified post membrane removal using an ESTG-1 gauge (Orka Food Technology, Israel).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEgg Yolk, Plasma and Liver Antioxidant \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter Analys\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ees\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEgg yolk, plasma, and liver samples were collected to assess antioxidant capacity. On the 30th and 60th days of the experiment, three eggs were randomly selected from each replicate. Egg yolks were separated using a plastic egg separator and transferred into centrifuge tubes using a 1000 \u0026micro;L pipette tip before being stored at -80 \u0026deg;C. The frozen yolks underwent a vacuum freeze-drying process lasting three to four days, after which the freeze-dried yolk powder was transferred into 5 mL freezer tubes and stored at -80 \u0026deg;C until antioxidant index determination. Before analysis, the lyophilised yolk powder was homogenised (0.5 g yolk powder: 4.5 mL saline). On the final day of the experiment, one hen was randomly selected from each replicate, and 5 mL of blood was collected from the wing vein after fasting. The blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes, and the plasma was separated and stored in 2 mL centrifuge tubes at -20 \u0026deg;C. Liver samples were collected, sectioned, and stored in freezer tubes at -80 \u0026deg;C. The plasma samples were directly analysed according to the molar concentrations specified by the assay kits. Liver samples were pretreated by accurately weighing the tissue, adding saline or PBS at a volume four times the tissue weight, and mechanically homogenising the samples in an ice-water bath to ensure adequate cell disruption and antioxidant release. The homogenates were subsequently centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for five minutes at 4 \u0026deg;C, after which the supernatants were collected for analysis. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using commercial assay kits from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China), including a SOD kit (hydroxylamine method, A001-2-2), an MDA kit (thiobarbituric acid, TBA method, A003-1-2), a GSH-Px kit (colorimetric method, A005-1-2), and a T-AOC kit (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, FRAP method, A015-3-1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlasma \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevels of Immune Factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe plasma levels of IgA (RX600493CH), IgM (RX600488CH), IgG (RX600491CH), TNF-\u0026alpha; (RX600568CH), and IL-6 (RX600551CH) were measured using double-antibody sandwich ELISA kits (Quanzhou Ruixin Biological, China). The assays were conducted following the manufacturer\u0026apos;s instructions, and the absorbance was measured using a microplate reader (BioTek, USA). Standard curve equations were generated using four-parameter logistic curve fitting (4-PL), and sample concentrations were calculated on the basis of optical density (OD) values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEgg and \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlasma \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelenium \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevels\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn Day 60, three eggs per replicate were randomly selected for Se content analysis using the hydride atomic fluorescence spectrometry method described by Li, et al.\u003csup\u003e38\u003c/sup\u003e. Briefly, samples were digested using an acidic heating process, converting hexavalent Se ( ) to tetravalent Se ( ) in a 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid medium. Subsequently, sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride was used to reduce to hydrogen selenide (H₂Se). A stream of argon gas transported H₂Se into the atomiser, where Se atoms were excited by irradiation from a Se hollow cathode lamp, emitting fluorescence at characteristic wavelengths. The fluorescence intensity was proportional to the Se concentration, which was quantified using a standard curve.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses were performed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure in SPSS. Homogeneity of variance was tested using Levene\u0026rsquo;s test, normality was assessed with the Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test, and heteroscedasticity was evaluated with the F-test. Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test was applied for multiple comparisons when the assumption of equal variance was met; otherwise, Tamhane\u0026rsquo;s T2 test was used for pairwise comparisons. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were applied in ANOVA to assess the linear and quadratic effects of different SY levels. The results are expressed as the means \u0026plusmn; standard errors of the means (SEMs), and differences were considered significant at P \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"The main abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eSY\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Selenium yeast\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelenium\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Se\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT-AOC\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Total antioxidant capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSOD\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Superoxide dismutase\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGSH-Px\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Glutathione peroxidase\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMDA\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Malondialdehyde\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIgA\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Immunoglobulin A\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIgG\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Immunoglobulin G\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIgM\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Immunoglobulin M\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTNF-α Tumour necrosis factor-alpha\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIL-6\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Interleukin-6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSS\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Sodium selenite\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeY\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Selenium-enriched yeast\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGPx4\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Glutathione peroxidase 4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIL-2\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Interleukin-2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIFN-γ\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Interferon-gamma\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eROS\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Reactive oxygen species\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eADFI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Average daily feed intake\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAEW\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Average egg weight\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/E \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Feed/egg ratio\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was completed at the Key Laboratory of Plateau Mountain Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education (Guizhou University, Guiyang, China).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Availability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisclosure Statement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful for the support of this experiment provided by the project \u0026quot;Integration and Demonstration of Key Technologies of ecological selenium-rich laying hens in Forest Culture (Guizhou Joint support [2020]1Y046)\u0026quot;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTingting Wang: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft and review \u0026amp; editing. Shengchang Chen: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Shengyong Lu: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Project administration, Resources, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Haixia Li: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft \u0026amp; editing. Mengmeng Ni: Conceptualization, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Jun Hao: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Wei Cheng: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing \u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing. Jingshang Li: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization. Yunce Cai: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization. Jiaxiu An: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization. Long Qin: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePetrović, M. Selenium: widespread yet scarce, essential yet toxic. \u003cem\u003eChemTexts\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e, 11 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-021-00137-y\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCouncil, N. R. \u003cem\u003eSelenium in Nutrition,: Revised Edition\u003c/em\u003e. (The National Academies Press, 1983).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuhammad, A. I., Mohamed, D. A. A., Chwen, L. 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National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Poultry - Ninth Revised Edition (1994). \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Applied Poultry Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e, 101-101 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/3.1.101\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQiu, K.\u003cem\u003e et al.\u003c/em\u003e Application of Selenium Conjugated to Animal Protein in Laying Hens\u0026rsquo; Diet for the Production of Selenium-Enriched Eggs. \u003cem\u003eFoods\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e, 1224 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061224\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuman, M., Şekeroğlu, A., Yıldırım, A., Eleroğlu, H. \u0026amp; Camcı, \u0026Ouml;. \u003cem\u003eRelation between egg shape index and egg quality characteristics\u003c/em\u003e. Vol. 80 (2016).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi, L.\u003cem\u003e et al.\u003c/em\u003e Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Selenium Enriched Yeast on Egg Selenium Content and Egg production of North China Hens. \u003cem\u003ePakistan Journal of Zoology\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e51\u003c/strong\u003e (2018). https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.1.49.55\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEffects of different\u0026nbsp;concentrations\u0026nbsp;of selenium yeast in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;diet on the performance of laying hens\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.3SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.9SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;Value\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/[g/(d-egg)]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119.816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.618\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAEW/g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.525\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF/E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.877\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.947\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLaying rate/%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.769\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLaying hens to put on weight/g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.326\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.740\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P \u0026lt; 0.05). ADFI, average daily feed intake. AEW, average egg weight. F/E, feed/egg ratio. SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eA: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2\u0026nbsp;Effects of different\u0026nbsp;concentrations\u0026nbsp;of selenium yeast in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;diet on\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;egg quality\u0026nbsp;of laying hens\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime point\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0SY \u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.3SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.9SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP Value\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgg shape index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.321\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.486\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEggshell thickness/mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.308\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.308\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.343\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.354\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.362\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEggshell strength/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.809\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.028\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.240\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;bc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.063\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.718\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.428\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.764\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.679\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgg weight/g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.353\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.207\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.333\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.139\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.823\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.696\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.371\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlbumen height/mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.485\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.690\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.873\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.872\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.919\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.953\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYolk colour\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.802\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.575\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.673\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaugh unit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.003\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.832\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.324\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.882\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.533\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.692\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.444\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.112\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P \u0026lt; 0.05). SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2)\u003c/sup\u003e A: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 Effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of selenium yeast on egg and plasma selenium contents\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.3SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.9SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP Value\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgg (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.221\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.512\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.723\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.977\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.110 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.160\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.626\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSe content in one egg (ug/egg)\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.161\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.078\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.741\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.682\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P \u0026lt; 0.05). SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2)\u003c/sup\u003e A: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e3)\u003c/sup\u003e The Se content of each egg was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Formula: Se content of an egg (\u0026micro;g/egg) = Se content of an egg (mg/kg) \u0026times; 1000 \u0026times; Egg weight (g)/1000]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;4\u0026nbsp;Effects of dietary selenium yeast supplementation at different concentrations on liver antioxidant parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.3SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.9SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP Value\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT-AOC (\u0026mu;mol/mg prot)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.138\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.587\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMDA (nmol/mg prot)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.521\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.552\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.651\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOD (U/mg prot)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e597.169\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514.106\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e616.798\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e647.796\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.560\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGSH-Px (U/mg prot)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.290\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.430\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.619\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.887\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P \u0026lt; 0.05). SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean. T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity. MDA, Malondialdehyde. SOD, superoxide dismutase. GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2)\u003c/sup\u003e A: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 Effects of dietary selenium yeast supplementation\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;different concentrations on plasma antioxidant parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.3SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.9SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP Value\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT-AOC (\u0026mu;mol/mg prot)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.250\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.129\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.890\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.963\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.638\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMDA (nmol/mg prot)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.343\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.452\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.306\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.632\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.758\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOD (U/mg prot)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e518.789\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e689.526\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e766.334\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e927.412\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.908\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGSH-Px (U/mg prot)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2358.426\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2722.581\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;bc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3182.794\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3225.807\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P \u0026lt; 0.05). SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean. T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity. MDA, Malondialdehyde. SOD, superoxide dismutase. GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2)\u003c/sup\u003e A: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6 Effects of dietary selenium yeast supplementation\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;different concentrations on egg yolk antioxidant\u0026nbsp;parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;1)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTimes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.3SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.9SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Value\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT-AOC (\u0026mu;mol/mg prot)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.359\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMDA (nmol/mg prot)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.752\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.634\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.961\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.971\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.907\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.659\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOD (U/mg prot)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.703\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.616\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P \u0026lt; 0.05). SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean. T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity. MDA, Malondialdehyde. SOD, superoxide dismutase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2)\u003c/sup\u003e A: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 7 Effects of dietary selenium yeast supplementation\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;different concentrations on plasma immune factor levels\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmune Factor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0SY\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.3SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.9SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Value\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIgA (ug/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.620\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.699\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.793\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIgG (ug/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236.773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e387.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e383.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIgM (ug/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.769\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.049\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.26\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.659\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTNF-a (pg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.174\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.368\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.916\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.433\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL-6 (pg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.735\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.871\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.758\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.644\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.896\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P \u0026lt; 0.05). SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment (0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), and 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. SEM: standard error of the mean.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eA: ANOVA, the results of one-way ANOVA; L: linear, the results of linear regression analysis; Q: quadratic, the results of quadratic regression analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 8 Ingredients and nutrient levels of basal diet (air dry basis, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0SY\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.3SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.9SY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWheat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFermentation material\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLimestone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaHPO4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDDGS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePremix\u003csup\u003e2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDietary Se content/(mg/kg)\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;3)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNutrient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME/(MJ/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffective phosphorus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal phosphorus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLysine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCystine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1)\u003c/sup\u003e In the table, values with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (P\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt; 0.05). ADFI, average daily feed intake. AEW, average egg weight. F/E, feed/egg ratio. SY was added to a basic diet (without Se in the premix). The control treatment\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(0SY) group received 0 mg of SY, whereas the treatment groups received 0.3 mg (0.3SY), 0.6 mg (0.6SY), or 0.9 mg (0.9SY) of SY per kilogram of diet. DDGS, Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles. ME, metabolizable energy. CP, crude protein. Ca, Calcium.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2)\u003c/sup\u003eThe premix provides the following per kilogram diet: vitamin A, 12500 IU; vitamin D3, 425 KIU; vitamin E, 150 mg; vitamin K3, 3 mg; vitamin B1, 1 mg; vitamin B2, 8.6 mg; vitamin B6, 8 mg; vitamin B12, 5 mg; niacin, 33 mg; folic acid, 6 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 50 mg; biotin, 2 mg; Cu, 8 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Zn, 66 mg; Mn, 65 mg; I, 1mg.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e3)\u003c/sup\u003e The dietary Se content and nutrient levels were measured, and this study focused on Se content.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Antioxidant capacity, Egg quality, Immune ability, Laying hens, Selenium yeast","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5656504/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5656504/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the effects of dietary selenium yeast (SY) supplementation on the production performance, egg quality, antioxidant and plasma biochemical parameters of laying hens were investigated. A total of 108 healthy Hy-Line Brown laying hens (162 days old, weighing 1.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 kg) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, each consisting of three replicates with nine hens per treatment. After a 10-day adaptation period, a 60-day trial was conducted. Dietary SY supplementation did not influence growth performance (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) but improved egg quality, as evidenced by increased eggshell thickness, egg weight, albumen height, and Haugh units (linear effects, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). SY increased the selenium content in eggs and plasma in a dose-dependent manner (linear trends, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities (total antioxidant capacity, T-AOC; superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px) were significantly increased by SY (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with both linear and quadratic trends observed for T-AOC and SOD (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Conversely, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the yolk decreased linearly and quadratically (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Although the plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels remained unaffected (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), the IgG level increased quadratically (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) with increasing SY dose. SY supplementation also modulated immune marker levels: immunoglobulin M (IgM), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly altered (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and the levels of IL-6 tended to increase linearly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In conclusion, dietary SY improved egg quality, increased hepatic antioxidant capacity, and regulated immune marker levels in laying hens, with the 0.9 mg/kg SY dose demonstrating optimal efficacy. These findings support the potential of SY as a nutritional strategy to increase hen health and egg quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of dietary selenium yeast supplementation on the production performance, egg quality, antioxidant and plasma biochemical parameters of laying hens","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-09 08:58:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5656504/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-03T04:41:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-31T20:23:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"240116938239994464973433246591472014836","date":"2025-10-11T06:18:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-27T18:56:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"134316210678680962941649598043153289789","date":"2025-09-10T13:57:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"218194289045952970026374664219762777923","date":"2025-07-31T10:36:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"317732392169896209574230759865047245441","date":"2025-06-15T10:39:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-10T10:07:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-10T09:17:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"183032863733554776990719301150812948917","date":"2025-04-10T15:32:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-05T06:05:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"288363583001081269780925157717919169702","date":"2025-04-05T05:56:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-05T01:30:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-03T05:47:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-03-27T19:46:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"51f7a41b-842b-46b7-9861-0cfc624b2162","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":46717413,"name":"Biological sciences/Zoology/Animal physiology"},{"id":46717414,"name":"Biological sciences/Zoology/Animal behaviour"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-29T16:06:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5656504","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31644-4","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-22 15:58:28","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 22nd, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-09 08:58:11","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-31644-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31644-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5656504","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5656504","identity":"rs-5656504","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}