Prevalence and determinants of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at District Hospital in Qarbagh District, Ghazani Province, Afghanistan

Prevalence and determinants of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at District Hospital in Qarbagh District, Ghazani Province, Afghanistan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalence and determinants of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at District Hospital in Qarbagh District, Ghazani Province, Afghanistan Ali Ahmad Ahmadi, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai, Wali Mohammad Wyar, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-565609/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: The burden of anemia among pregnant women is high in developing countries, with an increased risk of maternal mortality and morbidity in these settings. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at District Hospital in Qarabagh District, Ghazani province, Afghanistan. Methods: Pregnant women receiving antenatal care in this cross-sectional study completed a structured questionnaire and Hemoglobin (Hb) measurement from September to December 2020. The study questionnaire collected information on respondents’ socio-demographic, reproductive and dietary characteristics. Descriptive statistics were used to describe anemia prevalence and other baseline characteristics. We employed bivariate and multivariable analyses to identify determinants of anemia. We used SPSS version 21 for statistical analyses. Results: Overall, 45.6% (CI: 41.64%-49.60%) of the respondents were anemic, of which 54.4% cases were mild. Pregnant women who were from households with low income (vs the high income) had higher odds of anemia (AOR=2.24; 95%CI:1.06-4.71). Husbands’ employment was strongly associated with anemia (AOR=2.04; 95%CI:1.04-3.97), as well as women who had a history of complications in last pregnancy (AOR=1.53; 95%CI: 1.02-2.28) and those who had irregular menstruation before this pregnancy had higher odds of anemia (AOR=2.21;1.35-3.64). Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women reflects a severe public health problem in the study area. Pregnant women from a household with low income, whose husbands were self-employed, and those who had a history of complications and irregular menstruation before this pregnancy were at higher risk of anemia. Hence, policymakers and health providers in the study area should take note of the results of this study to reduce the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women. Pregnant women Anemia ANC attendants Determinants and Afghanistan Figures Figure 1 Background Anemia among pregnant women is a major public health problem, with nearly 56 million pregnant women affected worldwide [1]. Anemia remains one of the premiere cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. Recent global figures reflect a clear decline in the prevalence rates of anemia among pregnant women in developed countries over the past 2 decades [2]. However, there has been little progress in the reduction of prevalence rates of anemia among pregnant women in the developing countries [2,3]. Anemia during pregnancy is defined as hemoglobin (Hb) level remaining below 11 g/dL at first and third trimesters and Hb < 10.5 g/dL at the second trimester [1]. According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) figures, the prevalence of anemia as a public health problem is classified as no public health problem when its prevalence is 40%, respectively [1]. The proportion of pregnant women with anemia reflects discrepancies in different parts of the world. Moreover, anemia prevalence is higher, particularly in the developing world [1,2]. Globally, the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women has been reported to be 41.8% [1]. Data assert that pregnant women living in Asia and Africa hold the greatest risk. In Afghanistan, 36.5% of the pregnant women were anemic in 2019 [4]. Moreover, it is considered a moderate public health problem. In pregnant women, major health consequences of severe anemia include low birth weight [5], fetal death [6], preterm delivery [7], maternal mortality [8,9], neonatal death [7,10] and infant mortality [5,7,10]. Perpetual evidence from other developing countries shows that diverse factors such as socio-demographic [3,10-13], reproductive [3,11-14], and dietary characteristics [14-16] of pregnant women can influence anemia status. Identification of factors associated with anemia enables managers and policy makers to formulate evidence-based interventions to reduce anemia among pregnant women and subsequent improvement of maternal and fetal health. The objectives of this study are to describe prevalence of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the Qarabagh District hospital of Ghazani province in Afghanistan and identity determinants of anemia among these populations. Materials And Methods Study setting and period This hospital based cross-sectional study was carried out at Mother and Child Health (MCH) department of Qarbagh District hospital in Ghazani province from September to December 2020. Ghazani is located in the central zone and is considered as a first-grade province in Afghanistan. The province is divided into eighteen districts. Qarbagh district is located 55 km far from Ghazani city with an altitude of 2250 meters from above the sea level and is lodging approximately 161424 people. There are ten health centers including, one district hospital, two Comprehensive Health Centers (CHCs), two primary health centers and five health posts in the district. Study design This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Sample size and sampling procedures The sample size was calculated based on the single population proportion formula [n= Z 2 P (1-P)/(d) 2 ] with the assumption of; 95% confidence interval, 5% margin of error, P=0.5 (to obtain maximum value). Allowing for a 10% non-response rate and design effect of 1.5, a sample size of 640 was adequate. Regarding sampling technique, we employed convenience sampling method to enroll study subjects until the required sample size was attained. Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Pregnant women who attend Antenatal Care (ANC) in the selected District Hospital and those who were permanent residents of the selected district were eligible. Pregnant women who presented with a critical condition and those who were not willing to participate consisted our exclusion criteria. Study variables The dependent variable in this study was anemia status among pregnant women. The outcome variable was binary and it was coded as 1 if women was anemic and 0, if women was not anemic. Based on different literatures, maternal age, educational level, employment status, income, pregnancy intention, history of obstetrics complications, parity, access to health facility, menstrual cycle regularity, nutritional status, gestational age, history of intestinal helminths and malaria parasites were considered as independent variables. Data collection Data were collected in a structured and pre-tested questionnaire by trained health professionals. Before the pilot study, the principal investigators provided a two-day intensive training session. It was focused on sampling methods, interview techniques, Hb measurement procedures, filling out questionnaires, and ethical issues during the study. The recruiters collected data pertinent to subjects’ socio-demographic, reproductive, dietary and other medical characteristics. Information on knowledge related to anemia was also recorded. The principal investigators monitored the data collection. The questionnaires were checked for completion and quality daily. Hemoglobin measurements were performed by portable hemoglobinometer (Sahli, Germany) following a standardized procedure recommended by WHO [1]. Hb values were adjusted for the altitude according to the following formula before the data were analyzed= Hb adjustment = -0.032 x (altitude x 0.0032808) + 0.022 x (altitude x 0.0032808) 2 [1]. Hb level remaining below 11 g/dL at first and third trimesters and Hb < 10.5 g/dL at the second trimester was used to define anemia [1]. Based on the severity, anemia among pregnant women was classified into three categories as per WHO criteria [1]: Mild anemia: 10.0–10.9 g/dL (at first and third trimesters) and 10.0–10.4 g/dL (at second trimester) Moderate anemia: 7.0–9.9 g/dL (regardless of gestational age) Severe anemia: < 7.0 g/dL (regardless of gestational age) Data management and Analysis We investigated 30 possible factors for association with anemia among pregnant women based on extensive literature search and evidence from our data. For descriptive statistics, baseline characteristics were presented using frequency and percentage. We used a binary logistic regression model to assess determinants of anemia. Variables with a p- value of less than 0.25 were considered potential confounders and were adjusted in the multivariable logistic regression model. Finally, multivariable logistics analysis with enter method was carried out to determine independent determinants of anemia among pregnant women. Further, the relationship between gestational age and anemia was determined using ANOVA analyses. The two-tailed p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. We used SPSS version 21 for statistical analysis [16]. Ethical Consideration This study was ethically approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of Kandahar university (Maktob No. 112- dated on 10/5/2020). We obtained the administrative approval from Kandahar public health directorate to conduct this study. In addition, after explaining the purpose of the study, informed written consent was obtained from all study participants. Results 3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants Of 640 study participants, a total of 625 pregnant were included in the analysis, with a response rate (97.6%). The mean ± SD age of pregnant women was 28.8 (5.27). Nearly 85% (531) of respondents were in the age range of 20-35 and 590 (94.6%) had no formal education. Concerning the educational status of the husband, 406 (65%) had no formal education, 12.5% had primary education, 15.2% had secondary education and 7.3% were high school graduates. All study participants worked as housewives. Most (91.2%) of the respondents’ husbands were self-employed. The majority (83.5%) of the study participants were living with families having six or more than six members while 574 (91.8%) and 51 (8.2%) had a monthly income of 150-200 and >200 USD, respectively (Table.1). Table.1. Socio-demographic characteristics of pregnant women receiving antenatal care at Qarabagh district Hospital, 2020. Variable Category Frequency (%) Age (in Years) 35 58 (9.8) Educational status Educated 35 (5.4) No formal education 590 (94.6) Husband level of education Primary 78 (12.5) Secondary 95 (15.2) High school graduate 46 (7.3) No formal education 406 (65) Occupation Housewife 625 (100) Husband employment status Self-employed 572 (91.2) Formal employed 53 (8.5) Family size 3-5 101 (16.2) > 6 524 (83.3) Household monthly income (USD) 150-200 574 (91.8) >200 51 (8.2) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3.2 Reproductive and other medical-related characteristics of the study participants Of the total respondents, 305 (48.8%) married before the age of eighteen. Concerning the menstrual cycle, the majority 522 (83.5%), 500 (80%) of study participants had menstruation cycle regular and 5-8 days by duration before this pregnancy, respectively. About one-fifth (19.5%) of the respondents had more than five parities. Among those who had a history of at least one birth, 407 (73.4%) of the study subjects had a birth interval of less than two years, while 72 (12.9%) experienced complications in their last pregnancy. Nearly half (44.5%) of the study participants were at the second trimester. More than half (365, 58%) of the respondents reported that they have not utilized contraceptives in the past. Among ANC attendees, most (391, 62.6%) of the pregnant women were at their first or second visit and two-third (64%) were consuming iron and folic acid supplementations. Of all the participants, 71 (11.4%) of the study participants had history of vaginal bleeding in the current pregnancy. Regarding medical assessment of the study participants, malarial infestation (2.6%), intestinal helminths (10.4%) and history of stress (31.4%) were the predominant medical conditions. Table 2 shows detailed characteristics of the respondent’s reproductive and other medical-relates variables. Table.2. Reproductive and medical characteristics of pregnant women receiving antenatal care Qarabagh district Hospital, 2020. Variable Category Frequency (%) Age at marriage (in years) 18 320 (51.2) Regularity of menstrual cycle Regular 522 (83.5) Irregular 103 (16.5) Mensuration period (in days) 8 51 (8.2) Parity Nullipara 70 (11.0) primipara 203 (32.6) 3-5 211 (33.8) >5 122 (19.5) Type of pregnancy (n=555) Single 101 (16.2) Multiple 524 (83.3) Place of delivery (n=555) Health facility 423 (76.3) Home 132 (23.7) Type of delivery (n=555) Normal 488 (87.9) Assisted/Cesarean 67 (12.7) Birth Interval (n=555) 2 years 148 (26.6) Complications in last pregnancy (n=555) Yes 72 (12.9) No 483 (87.1) Gestational age 1 st trimester 187 (29.9) 2 nd trimester 278 (44.5) 3 rd trimester 160 (25.6) Access to health facility Yes 510 (81.6) No 115 (18.4) Contraceptive use before pregnancy Yes 260 (41.6) No 365 (58.4) Type of contraceptive (n=260) Oral 75 (12) Injectables 97 (15.5) Condoms 63 (10.1) IUD 25 (4.0) Number of ANC visits 1 or 2 391 (62.6) >2 234 (37.5) Iron+ Folic acid Yes 400 (64) No 225 (36) Vaginal bleeding Yes 71 (11.4) No 554 (88.6) History of malaria (last year) Yes 16 (2.6) No 609 (97.4) History of intestinal helminths Yes 65 (10.4) No 560 (89.6) History of stress Yes 196 (31.4) No 429 (68.6) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3.3 Dietary characteristics of the study participants About half (52.3%) of the study participants had a meal frequency of three. Of all the respondents, 228 (36.4%) and 151 (24%) of the pregnant women consumed vegetables and fresh fruits daily, respectively. Moreover, 266 (42.5%) of pregnant women consumed meat once a week. About 61% (389) of study subjects had a habit of drinking green tea after the meal (Table.3). Table.3. Dietary characteristics of pregnant women receiving antenatal care Qarabagh district Hospital, 2020. Variable Category Frequency (%) Meal frequency in a day 2 96 (15.4) 3 327 (52.3) >3 202 (32.3) Meat Once a week 266 (42.5) Twice a week 42 (6.7) Once in two weeks 165 (26.4) Once in a month 152 (24.3) Vegetables Everyday 228 (36.4) Twice a week 116 (18.5) Thrice a week 92 (14.7) Once a week 62 (9.9) Once in two weeks 127 (20.4) Fresh fruits Everyday 151 (24.1) Twice a week 101 (16.1) Thrice a week 87 (13.9) Once a week 70 (11.2) Once in two weeks 117 (18.7) Once a month 99 (15.8) Green tea after meal Yes 389 (62.2) No 236 (37.8) 3.4 Knowledge of study participants on anemia Among study participants, 446 (71.4%) had heard about anemia before. As shown in table.4, health facilities were the primary (73%) source of information. About 80% of the respondent thought anemia was treatable and 48% thought that it is very important to take medications to treat anemia. Also, 20% thought eating nutritious food during pregnancy could treat anemia. Concerning the benefits of anemia treatment, half (48%) of pregnant women thought that anemia is beneficial for the health of both mother and baby. Interestingly, we found that half (53%) of our respondents thought pregnant women need an extra diet (Table.4). Table.4. Knowledge of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care Qarabagh district Hospital, 2020. Variable Category Frequency (%) Heard about anemia Yes 446 (71.4) No 179 (28.6) Source of information (n=446) Health facility 326 (73.1) Media 110 (24.6) Relatives (Friends) 10 (2.3) How to treat anemia in pregnancy? Medication 298 (47.7) Eating nutritious food 147 (23.5) Iron+ folic acid tablets 57 (9.2) Don’t know 123 (19.7) Treatment of anemia is beneficial for? Mother’s health 151 (24.2) Baby health 173 (27.7) Both 301 (48.2) History of pica Yes 301 (48.2) No 324 (51.8) Do pregnant women need extra diet? Yes 336 (53.8) No 289 (46.2) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3.5 Prevalence of anemia Of the 625 study participants, 285 (45.6%, CI: 41.64%-49.60%) were anemic (Figure.1). The mean (± S.D.) hemoglobin level of study participant was 10.76 (± 1.12). Of the anemic pregnant women, 54.4%, 40.7% and 4.9% were mildly, moderately and severely anemic, respectively. 3.5 Determinants of anemia Factors that were significantly associated with anemia among pregnant women in the bivariate analysis included respondent’s age, household monthly income, husband occupation, access to the health facility, regularity of menstruation cycle, iron and folic acid supplementation, drinking green tea after a meal, gestational age, and history of complications in last pregnancy. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.25 were retained in the multivariable logistic regression. The factors that remained significantly associated with anemia in multivariable analysis were household monthly income, husband occupation, regularity of menstrual cycle and history of complications in last pregnancy. Consequently, the likelihood of anemia was higher among pregnant women who were in the household with an income of less than 15000 Afghanis (150-200 USD) [AOR=2.24 (95%CI:1.06-4.71)]. Increased odds of anemia were observed among pregnant women who had complications in their last pregnancy [AOR=1.53 (95%CI: 1.02-2.28)] and those who experienced irregular menstrual cycle before this pregnancy [AOR=2.21 (1.35-3.64)]. Besides, the odds of anemia were higher among pregnant women whose husbands were self-employed [AOR=2.04 (95%CI:1.04-3.97)] (Table.5). Table 5: Determinants of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at Qarabagh District, Hospital, 2020. Independent Variable Categories Anemia status Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) Yes No Age of respondent 20 22 231 14 300 1 2.04 (1.02-4.07) - - Monthly income >15000 10000-15000 16 269 35 305 1 1.93 (1.04-3.56) 1 2.24 (1.06-4.71) Husband Occupation Formal employed Self-employed 16 269 37 303 1 2.05 (1.12-3.77) 1 2.04 (1.04-3.97) Access to health facility Yes No 219 66 291 49 1 1.79 (1.18-2.69) - - Menstruation cycle Regular Irregular 219 66 291 49 1 2.23 (1.44-3.45) 1 2.21 (1.35-3.64) Complication’s history No Yes 221 64 301 39 1 1.99 (1.24-3.22) 1 1.53 (1.02-2.28) Gestational age 3 rd trimester 2 nd trimester 1 st trimester 82 97 106 81 177 82 1 0.54 (0.36 – 0.8) 2.36 (1.61 – 3.44) - - - Green tea after meal Yes No 104 181 160 180 1.55 (1.12-2.13) 1 - - Iron + folic acid supplement Yes No 117 168 108 232 1 1.49 (1.07 – 2.07) - - Discussion Anemia among pregnant women is a serious public health problem worldwide, particularly affecting developing countries. It is associated with an increased risk of maternal and fetal adverse health outcomes [2-10]. This study presents a picture of anemia burden among pregnant women receiving antenatal care in a district hospital where data are scarce and also describes the relationship between socio-demographic, reproductive, and dietary characteristics of respondents with anemia. From this study, we found that 45.6% of pregnant women were anemic with a 95% CI of 41.64% to 49.60%. We additionally found that anemia was significantly associated with household monthly income, husband occupation, regularity of menstrual cycle and history of complications in last pregnancy. The prevalence of anemia (45.6%) in our study was higher than the national prevalence [4], but it was comparable with another study conducted in Afghanistan [18]. The rate of anemia in the present study is in line with those reported in researches from other developing countries such as Pakistan [19], Nepal [20], Bangladesh [21] and Kenya [22], where the prevalence of anemia was found to be in the range of 42%-60%. In contrast, the rate of anemia has been reported to be lower in the developed countries probably due to better health systems and other socio-demographic differences in these settings [2,23]. The study findings showed that more than half (54.4%) of the anemic cases were mild, followed by 40.7% moderate cases of anemia. The majority of the anemic cases, however, were found to be moderate in another study carried out in Helmand province of Afghanistan [18]. In this study, household monthly income was a significant determinant of anemia among pregnant women. Pregnant women from households with an income of less than 15000 Afghanis (150-200 USD) were 2 times more likely to become anemic in comparison with pregnant women from households with an income of more than 15000 Afghanis (>200 USD). This was in agreement with other studies conducted in Ethiopia [24], Bangladesh [21] and India [25], who observed an increase in the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women from households with low socioeconomic status. It is argued that low income hinders households from buying good food both in terms of quality and quantity. From this study, it was observed that the odds of getting anemic among pregnant women whose husbands were self-employed were 2 times greater than the odds of pregnant women whose husbands were formally employed. This finding is compatible with other studies conducted in other low-income countries such as Ethiopia [26], Uganda [27] and Nepal [20]. It is believed that household monthly income and employment status are probably interrelated since most individuals with lower wages will seek to purchase food that is of low quality and as well as not enough in quantity. The prevalence of anemia was significantly higher among women who had irregular menstruation cycles (poly-menorrhea) than those who had regular menstruation cycles before this pregnancy [AOR=2.21 (1.35-3.64)]. This study was consistent with studies conducted in Ethiopia [28] and Turkey [29]. This may be rationalized by the fact that excessive blood loss depletes iron stores in the body which subsequently leads to anemia. As our fourth important finding, and compatible with studies conducted in Iran [30], Trindad and Tobago [31], and Ethiopia [33], the history of complications in last pregnancy was highly associated with anemia, e.g., pregnant women with a history of complications in their last pregnancy were 1.5 times more likely to be anemic than those who had no complications in their last pregnancy. It is possible that complications in last pregnancy such as heavy blood loss, history of abortion, history of miscarriage may contribute to anemia in pregnancy [3,5,7]. Hence, pregnant women with history of complications in their last pregnancy should be identified and treated at the earliest to avoid anemia. Strengths and Limitations This is the first study to investigate an important public health issue in an area where there is scarcity of information. However, the findings of this study should be considered in light of its limitations. First, important factors of relevance to anemia such as nutritional status and dietary characteristics of pregnant women were not deeply investigated. Hence, further investigation is warranted to determine the relationship of nutritional status and dietary characteristics of pregnant women with anemia in the study area. Secondly, our data were collected only in the hospital. Therefore, its generalizability is limited in terms of not representing the community. Finally, the cross-sectional nature of the study limits the temporal relationship between the variables. Conclusion In this hospital-based study, we found that nearly half (45.6%) of our subjects were anemic. The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women reflects a severe public health problem in the study area. Factors determining anemia among pregnant women such as household monthly income, husband employment, history of complications and irregular menstruation hold the key to address the issue of higher prevalence of anemia and intern improve maternal and fetal health. Declarations Data availability The primary data used to support the findings of this study are available with the corresponding author upon request. Conflict of interest The authors have no conflict of interest. Authors’ contribution Conceptualization and design: AAA, MHS, WMW, AWA. Analysis: AAA, HS, MHS. Writing- original draft: MHS. Writing- review & editing: AAA, WMW, MHS, HS, AWW. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgment We express our gratitude to the administrative bodies of the Qarabagh district hospital. Our special thanks go to the data collectors and respondents of this study whose contribution made this study possible. 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Bulletin of the World Health Organization [Internet]. WHO Press; 2008 Jun 1;2008(6):480–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.06.036673 Lebso M, Anato A, Loha E. Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women in Southern Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study. Clarke SL, editor. PLOS ONE [Internet]. Public Library of Science (PLoS); 2017 Dec 11;12(12):e0188783. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188783 Bansal R, Bedi M, Kaur J, Kaur K, Shergill HK, Khaira HK, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. Adesh University Journal of Medical Sciences & Research [Internet]. Scientific Scholar; 2020 Jul 23;2:42–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/aujmsr_8_2020 Samuel S, Darebo T, Desta DT, Mulugeta A. Socio‐economic and dietary diversity characteristics are associated with anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care services in public health centers of Kembata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Food Science & Nutrition [Internet]. Wiley; 2020 Mar 6;8(4):1978–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1485 Mahamoud NK, Mwambi B, Oyet C, Segujja F, Webbo F, Okiria JC, et al. Prevalence of Anemia and Its Associated Socio-Demographic Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending an Antenatal Care Clinic at Kisugu Health Center IV, Makindye Division, Kampala, Uganda. Journal of Blood Medicine [Internet]. Informa UK Limited; 2020 Jan;Volume 11:13–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jbm.s231262 Weldekidan F, Kote M, Girma M, Boti N, Gultie T. Determinants of Anemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Public Health Facilities at Durame Town: Unmatched Case Control Study. Anemia [Internet]. Hindawi Limited; 2018 Sep 24;2018:1–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8938307 Saydam, B. K., Genc, R. E., Sarac, F., & Turfan, E. C. Prevalence of anemia and related factors among women in Turkey. Pakistan journal of medical sciences;2017, 33(2), 433–438. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.332.11771 Berhe B, Mardu F, Legese H, Gebrewahd A, Gebremariam G, Tesfay K, et al. Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women in Adigrat General Hospital, Tigrai, northern Ethiopia, 2018. BMC Research Notes [Internet]. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 2019 May 31;12(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4347-4 Uche-Nwachi EO, Odekunle A, Jacinto S, Burnett M, Clapperton M, David Y, Durga S, Greene K, Jarvis J, Nixon C, Seereeram R. Anaemia in pregnancy: associations with parity, abortions and child spacing in primary healthcare clinic attendees in Trinidad and Tobago. African health sciences. 2010 Mar;10(1):66. Mardani M, Rezapour S, Ahmadipour S, Mohsenzadeh A, Khalkhali Rad AH, Roosta S, et al. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among pregnant women in Khorramabad (Iran) 2010–2014. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine [Internet]. Informa UK Limited; 2016 May 26;30(7):826–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1187126 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-565609","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":29950039,"identity":"4a46ad6e-a01e-4762-a396-98aeb94928a1","order_by":0,"name":"Ali Ahmad Ahmadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kandahar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali","middleName":"Ahmad","lastName":"Ahmadi","suffix":""},{"id":29950040,"identity":"a0da2495-4833-4d7a-9c73-c3b3edb16d50","order_by":1,"name":"Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwSTsRlISPDwg9gJBYS1SMC0yEg2gLQYEKWFgRnEsDE4gGY7OjBnP/vwwccddXX8s5ubDX/UWPAYn1+d+OGBAYM8v9gBrFose9KNDWeeOSwhcedgc4LEMQkesxtvN0sAHWY4c3YCdocdSGOT5m07IMFwI7H5gAEbSMvZDSAtCQa3cWg5/wykpU5CHqQl4Z8Ej/GMs5t/4NVyA2wLs4QBUEvCwTYJHgP+3m34bbnxjNlwZtthyY1ALYaNfRI8Ejd4t1kkGEjg9sv5NMYHH9vq+OVupD+W/PGtzp6//+zmmz8qbOT5pbFrwQIkwColiFUOAvwHSFE9CkbBKBgFIwAAAIuCXfGGQ9sjAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Kandahar University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Haroon","lastName":"Stanikzai","suffix":""},{"id":29950041,"identity":"0217367a-57ce-47fd-b601-a0eddee655ce","order_by":2,"name":"Wali Mohammad Wyar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kandahar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wali","middleName":"Mohammad","lastName":"Wyar","suffix":""},{"id":29950042,"identity":"2dc7c50e-c540-428b-8fc3-7bbec617228b","order_by":3,"name":"Hadia Sayam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Malaly Institute of Higher Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hadia","middleName":"","lastName":"Sayam","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-05-27 04:14:01","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-565609/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-565609/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":21527927,"identity":"a3acabc6-365a-43e1-9700-f70047e3a99d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-16 18:22:21","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39725,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at Qarabagh district Hospital, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"f1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-565609/v1/077c035072d4307fbbf64acd.jpg"},{"id":21527928,"identity":"431cff97-be1f-4f96-82a7-c4c70e1dadae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-16 18:22:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":432413,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-565609/v1/b24ef076-fb9c-444d-a487-f343b0e4da00.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Prevalence and determinants of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at District Hospital in Qarbagh District, Ghazani Province, Afghanistan","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAnemia among pregnant women is a major public health problem, with nearly 56 million pregnant women affected worldwide [1]. Anemia remains one of the premiere cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. Recent global figures reflect a clear decline in the prevalence rates of anemia among pregnant women in developed countries over the past 2 decades [2]. However, there has been little progress in the reduction of prevalence rates of anemia among pregnant women in the developing countries [2,3].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnemia during pregnancy is defined as hemoglobin (Hb) level remaining below 11 g/dL at first and third trimesters and Hb \u0026lt; 10.5 g/dL at the second trimester [1]. According to the World Health Organization\u0026rsquo;s (WHO) figures, the prevalence of anemia as a public health problem is classified as no public health problem when its prevalence is \u0026lt;5% in the general population. It is classified as a mild, moderate and severe public health problem when its prevalence is 5-19.9%, 20-39.9% and \u0026gt;40%, respectively [1].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proportion of pregnant women with anemia reflects discrepancies in different parts of the world. Moreover, anemia prevalence is higher, particularly in the developing world [1,2]. Globally, the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women has been reported to be 41.8% [1]. Data assert that pregnant women living in Asia and Africa hold the greatest risk. In Afghanistan, 36.5% of the pregnant women were anemic in 2019 [4]. \u0026nbsp;Moreover, it is considered a moderate public health problem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn pregnant women, major health consequences of severe anemia include low birth weight [5], fetal death [6], preterm delivery [7], maternal mortality [8,9], neonatal death [7,10] and infant mortality [5,7,10]. Perpetual evidence from other developing countries shows that diverse factors such as socio-demographic [3,10-13], reproductive [3,11-14], and dietary characteristics [14-16] of pregnant women can influence anemia status. Identification of factors associated with anemia enables managers and policy makers to formulate evidence-based interventions to reduce anemia among pregnant women and subsequent improvement of maternal and fetal health.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe objectives of this study are to describe prevalence of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the Qarabagh District hospital of Ghazani province in Afghanistan and identity determinants of anemia among these populations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy setting and period\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis hospital based cross-sectional study was carried out at Mother and Child Health (MCH) department of Qarbagh District hospital in Ghazani province from September to December 2020. Ghazani is located in the central zone and is considered as a first-grade province in Afghanistan. The province is divided into eighteen districts. Qarbagh district is located 55 km far from Ghazani city with an altitude of 2250 meters from above the sea level and is lodging approximately\u0026nbsp;161424\u0026nbsp;people. There are ten health centers including, one district hospital, two Comprehensive Health Centers (CHCs), two primary health centers and five health posts in the district.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was a hospital-based cross-sectional study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size and sampling procedures\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated based on the single population proportion formula\u0026nbsp;[n= Z\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eP (1-P)/(d)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u0026nbsp;with the assumption of; 95% confidence interval, 5% margin of error, \u003cem\u003eP=0.5\u003c/em\u003e (to obtain maximum value). Allowing for a 10% non-response rate and design effect of 1.5, a sample size of 640 was adequate.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding sampling technique, we employed convenience sampling method to enroll study subjects until the required sample size was attained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePregnant women who attend Antenatal Care (ANC) in the selected District Hospital and those who were permanent residents of the selected district were eligible.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePregnant women who presented with a critical condition and those who were not willing to participate consisted our exclusion criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable in this study was anemia status among pregnant women. The outcome variable was binary and it was coded as 1 if women was anemic and 0, if women was not anemic. Based on different literatures, maternal age, educational level, employment status, income, pregnancy intention, history of obstetrics complications, parity, access to health facility, menstrual cycle regularity, nutritional status, gestational age, history of intestinal helminths and malaria parasites were considered as independent variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData collection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected in a structured and pre-tested questionnaire by trained health professionals. Before the pilot study, the principal investigators provided a two-day intensive training session. It was focused on sampling methods, interview techniques, Hb measurement procedures, filling out questionnaires, and ethical issues during the study. The recruiters collected data pertinent to subjects\u0026rsquo; socio-demographic, reproductive, dietary and other medical characteristics. Information on knowledge related to anemia was also recorded. The principal investigators monitored the data collection. The questionnaires were checked for completion and quality daily.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHemoglobin measurements were performed by portable hemoglobinometer (Sahli, Germany) following a standardized procedure recommended by WHO [1]. Hb values were adjusted for the altitude according to the following formula before the data were analyzed= Hb adjustment = -0.032 x (altitude x 0.0032808) + 0.022 x (altitude x 0.0032808)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e[1].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHb\u0026nbsp;level remaining below 11 g/dL at first and third trimesters and Hb \u0026lt; 10.5 g/dL at the second trimester was used to define anemia [1].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the severity, anemia among pregnant women was classified into three categories as per WHO criteria [1]:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMild anemia: 10.0\u0026ndash;10.9\u0026nbsp;g/dL (at first and third trimesters) and 10.0\u0026ndash;10.4\u0026nbsp;g/dL (at second trimester)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eModerate anemia: 7.0\u0026ndash;9.9\u0026nbsp;g/dL (regardless of gestational age)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSevere anemia: \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.0\u0026nbsp;g/dL (regardless of gestational age)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData management and Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe investigated 30 possible factors for association with anemia among pregnant women based on extensive literature search and evidence from our data. For descriptive statistics, baseline characteristics were presented using frequency and percentage. We used a binary logistic regression model to assess determinants of anemia. Variables with \u003cem\u003ea p-\u003c/em\u003evalue of less than 0.25 were considered potential confounders and were adjusted in the multivariable logistic regression model. Finally, multivariable logistics analysis with enter method was carried out to determine independent determinants of anemia among pregnant women. Further, the relationship between gestational age and anemia was determined using ANOVA analyses. The two-tailed p-values of \u0026lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. We used SPSS version 21 for statistical analysis [16].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Consideration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was ethically approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of Kandahar university (Maktob No. 112- dated on 10/5/2020). We obtained the administrative approval from Kandahar public health directorate to conduct this study. In addition, after explaining the purpose of the study, informed written consent was obtained from all study participants. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf 640 study participants, a total of 625 pregnant were included in the analysis, with a response rate (97.6%). The mean \u0026plusmn; SD age of pregnant women was 28.8 (5.27). Nearly 85% (531) of respondents were in the age range of 20-35 and 590 (94.6%) had no formal education. Concerning the educational status of the husband, 406 (65%) had no formal education, 12.5% had primary education, 15.2% had secondary education and 7.3% were high school graduates. All study participants worked as housewives. Most (91.2%) of the respondents\u0026rsquo; husbands were self-employed. The majority (83.5%) of the study participants were living with families having six or more than six members while 574 (91.8%) and 51 (8.2%) had a monthly income of 150-200 and \u0026gt;200 USD, respectively (Table.1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable.1. Socio-demographic characteristics of pregnant women receiving antenatal care at Qarabagh district Hospital, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Category \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Frequency (%)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge (in Years)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt; 20\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;36 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;20-35\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;531 (85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;35\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;58 (9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEducational status \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Educated\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;35 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No formal education\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;590 (94.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHusband level of education\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Primary\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;78 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Secondary\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;95 (15.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;High school graduate\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;46 (7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No formal education\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;406 (65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccupation \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Housewife\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;625 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHusband employment status\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Self-employed\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;572 (91.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Formal employed\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;53 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily size \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;3-5\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;101 (16.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/u\u003e 6\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;524 (83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHousehold monthly income (USD)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;150-200 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;574 (91.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026gt;200\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;51 (8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e_____________________________________________________________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Reproductive and other medical-related characteristics of the study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the total respondents, 305 (48.8%) married before the age of eighteen. Concerning the menstrual cycle, the majority 522 (83.5%), 500 (80%) of study participants had menstruation cycle regular and 5-8 days by duration before this pregnancy, respectively. About one-fifth (19.5%) of the respondents had more than five parities. Among those who had a history of at least one birth, 407 (73.4%) of the study subjects had a birth interval of less than two years, while 72 (12.9%) experienced complications in their last pregnancy. Nearly half (44.5%) of the study participants were at the second trimester. More than half (365, 58%) of the respondents reported that they have not utilized contraceptives in the past. Among ANC attendees, most (391, 62.6%) of the pregnant women were at their first or second visit and two-third (64%) were consuming iron and folic acid supplementations. Of all the participants, 71 (11.4%) of the study participants had history of vaginal bleeding in the current pregnancy. Regarding medical assessment of the study participants, malarial infestation (2.6%), intestinal helminths (10.4%) and history of stress (31.4%) were the predominant medical conditions. Table 2 shows detailed characteristics of the respondent\u0026rsquo;s reproductive and other medical-relates variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable.2. Reproductive and medical characteristics of pregnant women receiving antenatal care Qarabagh district Hospital, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Category \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Frequency (%)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge at marriage (in years)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026lt; 18\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;305 (48.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/u\u003e18\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;320 (51.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegularity of menstrual cycle \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Regular\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;522 (83.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Irregular\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;103 (16.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMensuration period (in days)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026lt; 5\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;74 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;500 (80.0)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;8\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;51 (8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParity\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Nullipara\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;70 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;primipara\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;203 (32.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;3-5\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;211 (33.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026gt;5\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;122 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType of pregnancy (n=555) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Single\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;101 (16.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Multiple\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;524 (83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlace of delivery (n=555)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Health facility\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;423 (76.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Home\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;132 (23.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType of delivery (n=555)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Normal\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;488 (87.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Assisted/Cesarean\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;67 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBirth Interval (n=555)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026lt; 2 years\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;407 (73.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/u\u003e2 years\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;148 (26.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComplications in last pregnancy (n=555) Yes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;72 (12.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;483 (87.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGestational age \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e trimester\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;187 (29.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e trimester\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;278 (44.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e trimester \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;160 (25.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccess to health facility\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;510 (81.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;115 (18.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContraceptive use before pregnancy\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;260 (41.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;365 (58.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType of contraceptive (n=260)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Oral\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;75 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Injectables \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;97 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Condoms\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;63 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;IUD\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;25 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of ANC visits \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1 or 2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;391 (62.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026gt;2\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;234 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIron+ Folic acid \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;400 (64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;225 (36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVaginal bleeding \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;71 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;554 (88.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistory of malaria (last year)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;16 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;609 (97.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistory of intestinal helminths\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;65 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;560 (89.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistory of stress\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;196 (31.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;429 (68.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e_____________________________________________________________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Dietary characteristics of the study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbout half (52.3%) of the study participants had a meal frequency of three. Of all the respondents, 228 (36.4%) and 151 (24%) of the pregnant women consumed vegetables and fresh fruits daily, respectively. Moreover, 266 (42.5%) of pregnant women consumed meat once a week. About 61% (389) of study subjects had a habit of drinking green tea after the meal (Table.3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable.3. Dietary characteristics of pregnant women receiving antenatal care Qarabagh district Hospital, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Category \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Frequency (%)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeal frequency in a day\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;2\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;96 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;3\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;327 (52.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;3\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;202 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeat\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Once a week\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;266 (42.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Twice a week\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;42 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Once in two weeks\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;165 (26.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Once in a month\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;152 (24.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVegetables\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Everyday\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;228 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Twice a week \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;116 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Thrice a week\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;92 (14.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Once a week \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;62 (9.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Once in two weeks\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;127 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFresh fruits\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Everyday\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;151 (24.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Twice a week \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;101 (16.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Thrice a week\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;87 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Once a week \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;70 (11.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Once in two weeks\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;117 (18.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Once a month\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;99 (15.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreen tea after meal \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;389 (62.2)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;236 (37.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4 Knowledge of study participants on anemia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong study participants, 446 (71.4%) had heard about anemia before. As shown in table.4, health facilities were the primary (73%) source of information. About 80% of the respondent thought anemia was treatable and 48% thought that it is very important to take medications to treat anemia. Also, 20% thought eating nutritious food during pregnancy could treat anemia. Concerning the benefits of anemia treatment, half (48%) of pregnant women thought that anemia is beneficial for the health of both mother and baby. Interestingly, we found that half (53%) of our respondents thought pregnant women need an extra diet (Table.4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable.4. Knowledge of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care Qarabagh district Hospital, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Category \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Frequency (%)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeard about anemia \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;446 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;179 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSource of information (n=446)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Health facility\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;326 (73.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Media\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;110 (24.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Relatives (Friends)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;10 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHow to treat anemia in pregnancy?\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Medication \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;298 (47.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Eating nutritious food \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;147 (23.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Iron+ folic acid tablets\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;57 (9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Don\u0026rsquo;t know \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;123 (19.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment of anemia is beneficial for? \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Mother\u0026rsquo;s health\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;151 (24.2)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Baby health\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;173 (27.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Both\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;301 (48.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistory of pica\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;301 (48.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;324 (51.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo pregnant women need extra diet?\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;336 (53.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;289 (46.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e_____________________________________________________________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5 Prevalence of anemia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 625 study participants, 285 (45.6%, CI: 41.64%-49.60%) were anemic (Figure.1). The mean (\u0026plusmn; S.D.) hemoglobin level of study participant was 10.76 (\u0026plusmn; 1.12). Of the anemic pregnant women, 54.4%, 40.7% and 4.9% were mildly, moderately and severely anemic, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5 Determinants of anemia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFactors that were significantly associated with anemia among pregnant women in the bivariate analysis included respondent\u0026rsquo;s age, household monthly income, husband occupation, access to the health facility, regularity of menstruation cycle, iron and folic acid supplementation, drinking green tea after a meal, gestational age, and history of complications in last pregnancy. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.25 were retained in the multivariable logistic regression. The factors that remained significantly associated with anemia in multivariable analysis were household monthly income, husband occupation, regularity of menstrual cycle and history of complications in last pregnancy. Consequently, the likelihood of anemia was higher among pregnant women who were in the household with an income of less than 15000 Afghanis (150-200 USD) [AOR=2.24 (95%CI:1.06-4.71)]. Increased odds of anemia were observed among pregnant women who had complications in their last pregnancy [AOR=1.53 (95%CI: 1.02-2.28)] and those who experienced irregular menstrual cycle before this pregnancy [AOR=2.21 (1.35-3.64)]. Besides, the odds of anemia were higher among pregnant women whose husbands were self-employed [AOR=2.04 (95%CI:1.04-3.97)] (Table.5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDeterminants of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at Qarabagh District, Hospital, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"666\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.117117117117118%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndependent Variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"22.52252252252252%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20.72072072072072%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnemia status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"18.91891891891892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrude Odds Ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20.72072072072072%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdjusted Odds Ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"45.65217391304348%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"54.34782608695652%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.117117117117118%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge of respondent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.52252252252252%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 20\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/u\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.45945945945946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.26126126126126%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.91891891891892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.04 (1.02-4.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.72072072072072%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.117117117117118%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonthly income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.52252252252252%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;15000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10000-15000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.45945945945946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.26126126126126%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.91891891891892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93 (1.04-3.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.72072072072072%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.24 (1.06-4.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.117117117117118%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHusband Occupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.52252252252252%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFormal employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.45945945945946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.26126126126126%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.91891891891892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05 (1.12-3.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.72072072072072%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.04 (1.04-3.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.117117117117118%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccess to health facility\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.52252252252252%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.45945945945946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.26126126126126%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.91891891891892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79 (1.18-2.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.72072072072072%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.117117117117118%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMenstruation cycle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.52252252252252%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegular\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.45945945945946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.26126126126126%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.91891891891892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23 (1.44-3.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.72072072072072%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.21 (1.35-3.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.117117117117118%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComplication\u0026rsquo;s history\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.52252252252252%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.45945945945946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.26126126126126%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.91891891891892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99 (1.24-3.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.72072072072072%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53 (1.02-2.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.117117117117118%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.52252252252252%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e trimester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e trimester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e trimester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.45945945945946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.26126126126126%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.91891891891892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54 (0.36 \u0026ndash; 0.8)\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;2.36 (1.61 \u0026ndash; 3.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.72072072072072%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.117117117117118%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreen tea after meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.52252252252252%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.45945945945946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.26126126126126%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.91891891891892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55 (1.12-2.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.72072072072072%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.117117117117118%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIron + folic acid supplement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.52252252252252%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.45945945945946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.26126126126126%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.91891891891892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49 (1.07 \u0026ndash; 2.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.72072072072072%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAnemia among pregnant women is a serious public health problem worldwide, particularly affecting developing countries. It is associated with an increased risk of maternal and fetal adverse health outcomes [2-10]. This study presents a picture of anemia burden among pregnant women receiving antenatal care in a district hospital where data are scarce and also describes the relationship between socio-demographic, reproductive, and dietary characteristics of respondents with anemia. \u0026nbsp;From this study, we found that 45.6% of pregnant women were anemic with a 95% CI of 41.64% to 49.60%. We additionally found that anemia was significantly associated with household monthly income, husband occupation, regularity of menstrual cycle and history of complications in last pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of anemia (45.6%) in our study was higher than the national prevalence [4], but it was comparable with another study conducted in Afghanistan [18]. The rate of anemia in the present study is in line with those reported in researches from other developing countries such as Pakistan [19], Nepal [20], Bangladesh [21] and Kenya [22], where the prevalence of anemia was found to be in the range of 42%-60%. In contrast, the rate of anemia has been reported to be lower in the developed countries probably due to better health systems and other socio-demographic differences in these settings [2,23].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study findings showed that more than half (54.4%) of the anemic cases were mild, followed by 40.7% moderate cases of anemia. The majority of the anemic cases, however, were found to be moderate in another study carried out in Helmand province of Afghanistan [18].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, household monthly income was a significant determinant of anemia among pregnant women. Pregnant women from households with an income of less than 15000 Afghanis (150-200 USD) were 2 times more likely to become anemic in comparison with pregnant women from households with an income of more than 15000 Afghanis (\u0026gt;200 USD). This was in agreement with other studies conducted in Ethiopia [24], Bangladesh [21] and India [25], who observed an increase in the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women from households with low socioeconomic status. It is argued that low income hinders households from buying good food both in terms of quality and quantity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom this study, it was observed that the odds of getting anemic among pregnant women whose husbands were self-employed were 2 times greater than the odds of pregnant women whose husbands were formally employed. This finding is compatible with other studies conducted in other low-income countries such as Ethiopia [26], Uganda [27] and Nepal [20]. It is believed that household monthly income and employment status are probably interrelated since most individuals with lower wages will seek to purchase food that is of low quality and as well as not enough in quantity. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of anemia was significantly higher among women who had irregular menstruation cycles (poly-menorrhea) than those who had regular menstruation cycles before this pregnancy [AOR=2.21 (1.35-3.64)]. This study was consistent with studies conducted in Ethiopia [28] and Turkey [29]. This may be rationalized by the fact that excessive blood loss depletes iron stores in the body which subsequently leads to anemia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs our fourth important finding, and compatible with studies conducted in Iran [30], Trindad and Tobago [31], and Ethiopia [33], the history of complications in last pregnancy was highly associated with anemia, e.g., pregnant women with a history of complications in their last pregnancy were 1.5 times more likely to be anemic than those who had no complications in their last pregnancy. It is possible that complications in last pregnancy such as heavy blood loss, history of abortion, history of miscarriage may contribute to anemia in pregnancy [3,5,7]. Hence, pregnant women with history of complications in their last pregnancy should be identified and treated at the earliest to avoid anemia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eStrengths and Limitations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is the first study to investigate an important public health issue in an area where there is scarcity of information. However, the findings of this study should be considered in light of its limitations. First, important factors of relevance to anemia such as nutritional status and dietary characteristics of pregnant women were not deeply investigated. Hence, further investigation is warranted to determine the relationship of nutritional status and dietary characteristics of pregnant women with anemia in the study area. Secondly, our data were collected only in the hospital. Therefore, its generalizability is limited in terms of not representing the community. Finally, the cross-sectional nature of the study limits the temporal relationship between the variables.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this hospital-based study, we found that nearly half (45.6%) of our subjects were anemic. The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women reflects a severe public health problem in the study area. Factors determining anemia among pregnant women such as household monthly income, husband employment, history of complications and irregular menstruation hold the key to address the issue of higher prevalence of anemia and intern improve maternal and fetal health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary data used to support the findings of this study are available with the corresponding author upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contribution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization and design: AAA, MHS, WMW, AWA. Analysis: AAA, HS, MHS. Writing- original draft: MHS. Writing- review \u0026amp; editing: AAA, WMW, MHS, HS, AWW. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe express our gratitude to the administrative bodies of the Qarabagh district hospital. Our special thanks go to the data collectors and respondents of this study whose contribution made this study possible.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding and sponsorship\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no funding or sponsoring organization in this research. All costs of the project were covered by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMcLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, Wojdyla D, de Benoist B. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993\u0026ndash;2005. Public Health Nutrition [Internet]. Cambridge University Press (CUP); 2008 May 23;12(04):444. 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Wiley; 2019 Apr 22; Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14092\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14092\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository/World Health Statistics (\u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.1?lang=en\"\u003eapps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.1?lang=en\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eB\u0026aacute;nhidy F, \u0026Aacute;cs N, Puh\u0026oacute; EH, Czeizel AE. Iron deficiency anemia: Pregnancy outcomes with or without iron supplementation. Nutrition [Internet]. Elsevier BV; 2011 Jan;27(1):65\u0026ndash;72. Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.12.005\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.12.005\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRamachandran P, Kalaivani K. Time trends in prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy. Indian Journal of Medical Research [Internet]. Medknow; 2018;147(3):268. Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1730_16\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1730_16\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLevy A, Fraser D, Katz M, Mazor M, Sheiner E. Maternal anemia during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for low birthweight and preterm delivery. European Journal of Obstetrics \u0026amp; Gynecology and Reproductive Biology [Internet]. Elsevier BV; 2005 Oct;122(2):182\u0026ndash;6. Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.02.015\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.02.015\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShulman CE, Graham WJ, Jilo H, Lowe BS, New L, Obiero J, et al. Malaria is an important cause of anaemia in primigravidae: evidence from a district hospital in coastal Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene [Internet]. 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Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239320\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239320\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDesta M, Kassie B, Chanie H, Mulugeta H, Yirga T, Temesgen H, et al. Adherence of iron and folic acid supplementation and determinants among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Health [Internet]. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 2019 Dec;16(1). Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0848-9\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0848-9\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTulu BD, Atomssa EM, Mengist HM. Determinants of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Horo Guduru Wollega Zone, West Ethiopia: Unmatched case-control study. Glover-Amengor M, editor. PLOS ONE [Internet]. Public Library of Science (PLoS); 2019 Oct 31;14(10):e0224514. 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Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213982\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213982\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInternational Business Machines Corporation, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0, IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA, 2012.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnwary Z, Stanikzai MH, Wyar WM, Wasiq AW, Farooqi K. Anemia among Women Who Visit Bost Hospital for Delivery in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. Canatan D, editor. Anemia [Internet]. Hindawi Limited; 2021 Jan 5;2021:1\u0026ndash;6. Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9358464\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9358464\u003c/a\u003e \u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUllah A, Sohaib M, Saeed F, Iqbal S. Prevalence of anemia and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Lahore, Pakistan. Women \u0026amp; Health [Internet]. Informa UK Limited; 2018 Nov 21;59(6):660\u0026ndash;71. 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Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.06.036673\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.06.036673\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLebso M, Anato A, Loha E. Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women in Southern Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study. Clarke SL, editor. PLOS ONE [Internet]. Public Library of Science (PLoS); 2017 Dec 11;12(12):e0188783. Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188783\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188783\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBansal R, Bedi M, Kaur J, Kaur K, Shergill HK, Khaira HK, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. Adesh University Journal of Medical Sciences \u0026amp; Research [Internet]. Scientific Scholar; 2020 Jul 23;2:42\u0026ndash;8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/aujmsr_8_2020\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSamuel S, Darebo T, Desta DT, Mulugeta A. Socio‐economic and dietary diversity characteristics are associated with anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care services in public health centers of Kembata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Food Science \u0026amp; Nutrition [Internet]. Wiley; 2020 Mar 6;8(4):1978\u0026ndash;86. Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1485\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1485\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMahamoud NK, Mwambi B, Oyet C, Segujja F, Webbo F, Okiria JC, et al. \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;Prevalence of Anemia and Its Associated Socio-Demographic Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending an Antenatal Care Clinic at Kisugu Health Center IV, Makindye Division, Kampala, Uganda\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;. Journal of Blood Medicine [Internet]. Informa UK Limited; 2020 Jan;Volume 11:13\u0026ndash;8. Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jbm.s231262\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jbm.s231262\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWeldekidan F, Kote M, Girma M, Boti N, Gultie T. Determinants of Anemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Public Health Facilities at Durame Town: Unmatched Case Control Study. Anemia [Internet]. Hindawi Limited; 2018 Sep 24;2018:1\u0026ndash;8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8938307\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSaydam, B. K., Genc, R. E., Sarac, F., \u0026amp; Turfan, E. C. Prevalence of anemia and related factors among women in Turkey.\u0026nbsp;Pakistan journal of medical sciences;2017,\u0026nbsp;33(2), 433\u0026ndash;438. Available from:\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.332.11771\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.332.11771\u003c/a\u003e \u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBerhe B, Mardu F, Legese H, Gebrewahd A, Gebremariam G, Tesfay K, et al. Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women in Adigrat General Hospital, Tigrai, northern Ethiopia, 2018. BMC Research Notes [Internet]. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 2019 May 31;12(1). Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4347-4\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4347-4\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUche-Nwachi EO, Odekunle A, Jacinto S, Burnett M, Clapperton M, David Y, Durga S, Greene K, Jarvis J, Nixon C, Seereeram R. Anaemia in pregnancy: associations with parity, abortions and child spacing in primary healthcare clinic attendees in Trinidad and Tobago. African health sciences. 2010 Mar;10(1):66.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMardani M, Rezapour S, Ahmadipour S, Mohsenzadeh A, Khalkhali Rad AH, Roosta S, et al. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among pregnant women in Khorramabad (Iran) 2010\u0026ndash;2014. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal \u0026amp; Neonatal Medicine [Internet]. Informa UK Limited; 2016 May 26;30(7):826\u0026ndash;9. Available from: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1187126\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1187126\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Pregnant women, Anemia, ANC attendants, Determinants, and Afghanistan","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-565609/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-565609/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eThe burden of anemia among pregnant women is high in developing countries, with an increased risk of maternal mortality and morbidity in these settings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives: \u003c/strong\u003eThe study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at District Hospital in Qarabagh District, Ghazani province, Afghanistan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003ePregnant women receiving antenatal care in this cross-sectional study completed a structured questionnaire and Hemoglobin (Hb) measurement from September to December 2020. The study questionnaire collected information on respondents’ socio-demographic, reproductive and dietary characteristics. Descriptive statistics were used to describe anemia prevalence and other baseline characteristics. We employed bivariate and multivariable analyses to identify determinants of anemia. We used SPSS version 21 for statistical analyses. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults: Overall, 45.6% (CI: 41.64%-49.60%) of the respondents were anemic, of which 54.4% cases were mild. Pregnant women who were from households with low income (vs the high income) had higher odds of anemia (AOR=2.24; 95%CI:1.06-4.71). Husbands’ employment was strongly associated with anemia (AOR=2.04; 95%CI:1.04-3.97), as well as women who had a history of complications in last pregnancy (AOR=1.53; 95%CI: 1.02-2.28) and those who had irregular menstruation before this pregnancy had higher odds of anemia (AOR=2.21;1.35-3.64).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eThe prevalence of anemia among pregnant women reflects a severe public health problem in the study area. Pregnant women from a household with low income, whose husbands were self-employed, and those who had a history of complications and irregular menstruation before this pregnancy were at higher risk of anemia. Hence, policymakers and health providers in the study area should take note of the results of this study to reduce the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence and determinants of anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at District Hospital in Qarbagh District, Ghazani Province, Afghanistan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-05-16 18:22:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-565609/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1fcdda3d-fd71-4839-b728-6f70214a4ada","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 16th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-05-16T18:22:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-05-16 18:22:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-565609","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-565609","identity":"rs-565609","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"GqpaHPwrfC8PjnIFayRh5","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}