Financial capability as a pathway to financial well-being among caregivers of children

Financial capability as a pathway to financial well-being among caregivers of children | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Financial capability as a pathway to financial well-being among caregivers of children Solomon Hadi Achulo, Imani Careese Johnson, Jamal Appiah-Kubi, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7795531/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Caregivers’ financial well-being is vital for ensuring stable, high-quality care for children, but little is known about how financial capability—especially financial literacy and inclusion—supports caregivers. This study examines the associations between financial capability and financial well-being among caregivers, and whether those associations differ by children’s age. Drawing on data from 2,148 U.S. adults (aged 18–74+) in the 2017 National Financial Well-Being Survey who financially support children, we used ordinary least squares regression with cluster-robust standard errors to adjust for geographic clustering. Results show that greater financial capability is significantly associated with higher financial well-being: financial management skills ( β = .42, p < .01) and access to retirement accounts ( β = .09, p < .01) had especially strong effects, and ownership of checking and savings accounts also contributed positively ( β = 2.17 to 2.78). Subgroup analyses suggest these effects vary with children’s developmental stage, indicating that caregivers’ financial strengths and challenges depend on the child age profile. For social work research and practice, these findings point to the value of integrating financial capability into family-support interventions: strengthening financial skills and expanding equitable access to safe financial products may bolster caregivers’ economic security and thereby promote child stability. Caregivers financial well-being financial capability financial literacy financial inclusion 1. Introduction Caregiver, understood more broadly than the legal definition of “parent,” includes biological, foster, and adoptive parents, as well as any individual who lives with and assumes daily caregiving responsibilities for a child—functioning as a parent regardless of legal or biological ties (Better Care Network, 2024). This category may include parents, relatives such as older siblings or grandparents, and non-relatives providing care through formal foster arrangements. 1.2. The state of caregiving Across the U.S., rising costs of essential services such as childcare (Mattingly & Wimer, 2024; Poyatzis & Livingston, 2024) and healthcare (Christopher et al., 2018 ) continue to strain families. Childcare expenses alone impose major financial burdens. Recent estimates indicate that the average family spends about 16% of household income on childcare for one child (Poyatzis & Livingston, 2024). In 2022, the annual cost of full-time care for a single child reached approximately $ 15,600—nearly $ 400 more than the median annual rent that year (Poyatzis & Livingston, 2024). Among low-income families with young children, roughly 35% face significant financial strain from childcare costs, pushing more than 177,000 families into deeper economic hardship annually (Mattingly & Wimer, 2024). Many providers, citing financial pressures, have raised fees by as much as 40% during economic downturns (Salrin et al., 2022 ), further stretching household budgets. Limited access to affordable childcare also contributes to employee absences and job instability among parents (Eggleston et al., 2023), compounding financial stress. Healthcare costs present another layer of economic challenge. While Medicaid serves as a vital safety net for low-income families, barriers such as limited provider networks, administrative hurdles, and coverage gaps discourage or disrupt enrollment (Shen & Orenstein, 2020 ; Humphreys et al., 2024 ). Families relying on private insurance face rising premiums, deductibles, and copayments, creating additional burdens—especially for low-income caregivers and those caring for children with complex medical needs (Walter et al., 2018; Sidra et al., 2024 ; Sparks et al., 2025). These pressures underscore the precarious balance caregivers must maintain between meeting healthcare needs and sustaining household financial stability. Preparedness to assume caregiving roles also influences families’ financial strain. Many individuals become caregivers unexpectedly—often through child welfare involvement—when relatives or family friends step in to prevent placement with non-relatives (Johnson et al., 2024 ). Such caregivers frequently report being financially unprepared to raise an additional child, particularly if they already care for children or are grandparents facing health challenges, unemployment, or fixed incomes (Malthaner et al., 2024 ). Kinship caregivers face added difficulties due to larger household sizes (Wu et al., 2022 ), poverty (Xu et al., 2021 ), limited social support (Denby et al., 2015 ), and ineligibility for public financial assistance due to licensing restrictions (Ansong et al., 2020 ). The financial realities of caregiving have far-reaching implications for both caregivers and children. Among caregivers, financial strain is linked to lower self-efficacy (Gómez et al., 2022 ), higher levels of depression (Saasa et al., 2021 ), and increased relational conflict (Neppl et al., 2016 ). For children, it is associated with heightened risks of anxiety (Rapee, Schniering, & Hudson, 2009 ), hopelessness (Wen et al., 2022 ), social isolation (Low & Mounts, 2022 ), and academic difficulties (Ansong et al., 2019 ), as well as greater behavioral challenges such as noncompliance (Saasa et al., 2021 ). Collectively, these findings highlight the urgent need to understand caregivers’ financial circumstances and to design interventions that strengthen their financial capability, thereby supporting both caregiver well-being and children’s developmental outcomes. 1.3. Need to strengthen caregivers’ financial capability When caregivers’ financial challenges go unmet by adequate support services, the risks of adverse health, educational, and long-term economic outcomes increase for both caregivers and children (Nabunya et al., 2014 ; Kagotho & Ssewamala, 2012 ). In formal caregiving contexts, public agencies often require foster and kinship caregivers to complete licensure training, which not only builds caregiving skills but also grants access to economic supports such as stipends, childcare assistance, and subsidies that reduce financial strain (Gibbs et al., 2022 ). Beyond service-based supports, growing attention has focused on financial capability and asset-building (FCAB) strategies as tools to mitigate household economic stress and promote well-being (Gibbs et al., 2022 ; Okech, 2012 ). Although much of the FCAB literature is correlational, studies consistently link higher financial capability with greater resilience, savings, and positive parenting outcomes, particularly among vulnerable populations (Clancy et al., 2016 ; Huang et al., 2014 ; Kamble et al., 2025 ; Sherraden et al., 2010 ). Evidence from quasi-experimental and experimental studies—such as the SEED for Oklahoma Kids (SEED OK) program—further demonstrates that asset ownership interventions can improve children’s development and household financial security (Sherraden et al., 2010 ). The asset effect framework and the capability approach posit that improved financial literacy and inclusion expand caregivers’ capacity to meet household needs (Saigaran, Karupiah, & Gopal, 2015 ; Sherraden et al., 2022). Yet most research on financial capability and asset building has centered on general populations, including college students, working-age adults, and participants in state-level savings programs (Clancy, Orszag, & Sherraden, 2004 ; Elliott & Beverly, 2011 ; Huang, Sherraden, & Purnell, 2014 ; Huang, Sherraden, Kim, & Clancy, 2014 ), rather than caregivers of children in the U.S. This gap underscores the need to examine these relationships nationally among more diverse and financially vulnerable caregiver groups. Understanding the behavioral and structural factors that shape caregivers’ financial well-being across varied demographic contexts is critical for developing interventions that effectively enhance their economic stability and caregiving capacity. 1.4. Theoretical framing: asset effect framework and capability approach Research on household economic assets often draws on the asset effect framework to examine links between caregivers’ financial capability, asset accumulation, and child well-being (Ssewamala et al., 2009 ; Ansong et al., 2023 ). The framework posits that both material assets (e.g., savings, retirement funds) and intangible assets (e.g., financial knowledge and skills) enhance psychological well-being, reduce economic stress, and promote long-term planning (Sherraden et al., 2010 ). Assets thus serve not only as financial buffers but also as strategic tools enabling caregivers to make forward-looking decisions that strengthen household stability and support children’s development. Within this study, the framework highlights how improving caregivers’ financial literacy and access to financial services can foster economic resilience and overall household functioning. Complementing this view, the capability approach emphasizes expanding individuals’ freedom to make choices that enhance well-being (Sen, 1999 ; Nussbaum, 2011 ). From this perspective, financial capability—comprising financial literacy (knowledge and skills to act in one’s interest) and financial inclusion (access to affordable financial products)—is a foundational capability that broadens caregivers’ financial decision-making freedom (Robeyns, 2005 ; Saigaran, Karupiah, & Gopal, 2015 ). Integrating both frameworks, this study defines financial capability as caregivers’ ability to apply financial knowledge and access appropriate services to improve household functioning and well-being (Sherraden et al., 2022). Consistent with the asset effect theory, greater financial capability is expected to enhance caregivers’ capacity to allocate resources toward children’s needs, strengthening caregiving quality and developmental outcomes (Ssewamala, 2021; Okech, 2012 ; Huang et al., 2014 ; Clancy et al., 2016 ). 1.5. The current study This study drew on a prevailing conceptualization of financial capability comprising two core components: financial literacy and financial inclusion. Financial literacy reflects an individual’s ability to act in their own best financial interest (Lusardi et al., 2017 ), whereas financial inclusion captures the structural opportunities that enable such actions (Sherraden, 2010 , 2013 ). Guided by this framework, the study examined two research questions on the effects of financial capability on caregivers’ financial well-being: (1) To what extent do financial literacy (measured as financial knowledge and skills) and financial inclusion (measured as access to checking, savings, or retirement accounts) predict financial well-being? and (2) Does this relationship differ across caregiver subgroups? Financial capability was operationalized using four variables representing these foundational dimensions of the construct (Sherraden, 2010 , 2013 ). By examining how financial capability shapes caregivers’ financial well-being, this study contributes to understanding how targeted interventions can strengthen caregivers’ economic stability and, in turn, support positive child outcomes. Findings may identify modifiable targets for intervention design and inform economic support strategies within family-serving systems to enhance both caregiver and child well-being. 2. Methods 2.1. Data source This study used data from the National Financial Well-Being Survey (NFWBS), collected by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB, 2017 ). The NFWBS is a cross-sectional, nationally representative web-based survey of adults aged 18 and older across all 50 U.S. states (N = 6,394). For this study, respondents were selected if they (1) financially supported a child in their household (biological, adoptive, or otherwise) or (2) had added a child to the household in the past 12 months. Individuals answering “yes” to “Added a child to the household” (n = 214) or “no” to “I have no kids that I support financially” (n = 2,148) were included. The final analytic sample—referred to as “All Caregivers”—comprised 2,148 individuals, including parents, kinship caregivers, and foster caregivers financially supporting children in their households. The subgroup who had added a child (n = 214) represents a subset of this overall caregiver sample. 2.2. Measures 2.2.1. Outcome variable The outcome of interest, financial well-being (FWB), was measured using a 10-item scale developed by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB, 2015). Items employed 5-point response options to capture multiple dimensions of an individual’s financial situation. Participants indicated the extent to which statements such as “I could handle a major unexpected expense,” “I am securing my financial future,” and “I can enjoy life because of the way I’m managing my money” described them (1 = not at all to 5 = completely). Additional items assessed the frequency of statements like “I have money left over at the end of the month” and “My finances control my life” (1 = never to 5 = always). Negatively worded items were reverse coded, and item scores were averaged to form a composite measure, with higher scores indicating greater financial well-being. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.913). 2.2.2. Predictors Financial literacy was conceptualized as comprising two dimensions: financial knowledge and financial skills. Financial knowledge was assessed using the Knoll and Houts 10-item scale, including items such as “Understanding of life insurance,” “ Understanding of credit card minimum payments ,” and “ Understanding of the benefits of diversification .” Responses were aggregated into a summative score (CFPB, 2017 ), ranging from − 2.053 to 1.267, with higher scores indicating greater financial knowledge. Financial skill was measured using the CFPB’s financial skill scale, which includes items such as “ I know how to get myself to follow through on my financial intentions ” and “ I am able to make good financial decisions that are new to me .” Scores ranged from 5 to 85, with higher values reflecting stronger financial skills (CFPB, 2017 ). Financial inclusion was assessed through access to mainstream financial services. Participants reported whether they had (a) a checking or savings account at a bank or credit union and (b) a retirement savings account. Responses were coded dichotomously as no (0) and yes (1) (CFPB, 2017 ; Anvari-Clark & Ansong, 2022 ). 2.2.3. Control variables Several demographic characteristics previously linked to financial well-being were included as covariates: age (Collins & Urban, 2021 ), gender (Chang, 2010 ), race/ethnicity (Asante-Muhammad et al., 2017), household income (Netemeyer et al., 2018 ), household size (McLaughlin et al., 2020 ), education (Furnham & Cheng, 2017 ), and employment status (Mahdzan et al., 2023 ). Age was treated as an ordinal variable (e.g., 18–24, 25–34, …), with the oldest groups (62 and above) combined into a single category to ensure adequate cell sizes. Gender was coded as male (0) and female (1). Race/ethnicity was categorized as White non-Hispanic (1), Black non-Hispanic (2), Other non-Hispanic (3), and Hispanic (4). Household income was dichotomized based on the U.S. median income of $ 75,000: below median (0) and above median (1) (U.S. Census Bureau, 2023). Household size was classified into three categories—small (fewer than three members = 0), average (three members = 1), and large (more than three members = 2)—based on national averages (U.S. Census Bureau, 2023). 2.3. Data analysis Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression with cluster-robust standard errors was used to examine the research questions while adjusting for potential confounders (Schober & Vetter, 2021 ). Analyses were first conducted with the full caregiver sample ( n = 2,148) and then replicated across four subsamples: (a) those who added a child to their household ( n = 214), (b) caregivers of children younger than 7 years ( n = 715), (c) children ages 7–13 years ( n = 708), and (d) children ages 13–17 years ( n = 681). All models controlled for the same sociodemographic variables and applied cluster-robust standard errors to account for nesting within the nine U.S. census divisions. Moderation analyses involving race/ethnicity, gender, and age with the four financial capability variables were excluded due to minimal contribution to model fit. Analyses were conducted in Stata version 18.0. 3. Results 3.1. Descriptive results Table 1 summarizes the demographic and financial characteristics of the full caregiver sample ( N = 2,148) and four subsamples. Caregivers reported moderate financial well-being ( M = 51.95–53.66, SD = 12.90–13.60) and financial skill ( M = 49.79–52.04, SD = 12.51–12.82). Access to checking or savings accounts was high (82%–86%), while retirement account access was moderate (44%–51%). Most caregivers (≥ 70%) were employed, and 53% reported household incomes above the national median. Age was concentrated in the 35–54 range; females accounted for 48%. The sample was predominantly White non-Hispanic (67%), followed by Hispanic (18%), Black non-Hispanic (11%), and other racial/ethnic groups (4%). Educational attainment varied, with 53% having at least a high school diploma, and nearly half (49%) lived in larger households. Subgroup comparisons highlighted variation in age, race/ethnicity, and income across caregiving contexts, reflecting diverse financial circumstances. Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of caregiver subgroups in the study Full sample: All caregivers ( N = 2148) Subsample 1: Added additional child ( N = 214) Subsample 2: Supports children < 7 ( N = 715) Subsample 3: Supports children 7–13 ( N = 708) Subsample 4: Supports children 13–17 ( N = 681) Variable n (%) / M ( SD ) n (%) / M ( SD ) n (%) / M ( SD ) n (%) / M ( SD ) n (%) / M ( SD ) Financial well-being 53.66(13.49) 51.99(12.90) 52.32(13.34) 51.95(13.05) 52.36(13.60) Financial knowledge 2.93(0.81) 2.78(0.81) 2.82(0.82) 2.81(0.80) 2.87(0.81) Financial skill 50.61(12.55) 52.04(12.51) 51.431(12.78) 49.788(12.58) 49.86(12.82) Checking/savings account No 303(14) 33(15) 99(14) 106(15) 119(18) Yes 1,845(86) 181(85) 616(86) 602(85) 562(82) Retirement savings account No 1,057(49) 118(56) 354(50) 359(51) 345(51) Yes 1,079(51) 93(44) 356(50) 344(49) 330(49) Age 18–24 44(2) 21(10) 30(4) 10(1) 7(1) 25–34 449(22) 107(51) 369(52) 175(25) 53(8) 35–44 533(26) 36(17) 234(33) 295(42) 248(36) 45–54 592(28) 23(11) 58(8) 180(26) 283(42) 55–61 236(11) 12(6) 11(1.5) 27(4) 63(9) 62 above 238(11) 9(4) 11(1.5) 19(3) 25(4) Gender Female 1,035(48) 103(48) 340(48) 355(50) 314(46) Male 1,113(52) 111(52) 375(52) 353(50) 367(54) Race/ethnicity White, Non-Hispanic 1,434(67) 31(15) 473(66) 446(63) 405(59) Black, Non-Hispanic 244(11) 42(20) 71(10) 91(13) 87(13) Other, Non-Hispanic 93(4) 130(61) 27(4) 21(3) 27(4) Hispanic Education attainment 377(18) 11(5) 144(20) 150(21) 162(24) Below high school 160 (7%) 14 (7%) 54 (8%) 72 (10%) 76 (11%) High school/GED/Associate 1,128 (53%) 104 (49%) 335 (47%) 371 (52%) 358 (53%) Bachelors/Graduate Degree 860 (40%) 96 (45%) 326 (46%) 265 (37%) 247 (36%) Employment status Unemployed 654 (30%) 62 (29%) 184 (26%) 186 (26%) 186 (27%) Employed 1,494 (70%) 152 (71%) 531 (74%) 522 (74%) 495 (73%) Household income Below national median 1,01(47) 118(55) 385(54.0) 21(52) 319(47) Above national median 1,134(53) 96(45) 330(46.0) 339(48) 362(53) Household size Small household (below 3) 536(25) 45(21) 86(12.0) 88(12) 79(12) Average household (i.e., 3) 569(26) 59(28) 185(26.0) 110(16) 142(21) Large household (above 3) 1,043(49) 110(51) 444(62.0) 510(72) 460(68) 3.2. Bivariate correlations among substantive variables of interest Table 2 presents bivariate correlations among key variables. Financial well-being was positively associated with financial knowledge ( r = .31), financial skill ( r = .50), checking or savings account ownership ( r = .19), and retirement account ownership ( r = .26), all p < .05. Financial skill showed the strongest correlation, underscoring its central role in supporting positive outcomes. Within financial capability, financial knowledge and financial skill were moderately correlated ( r = .20). Education ( r = .29) and household income ( r = .36) also correlated positively with financial well-being, whereas race/ethnicity was negatively associated ( r = –.10), highlighting persistent disparities. These results align with prior evidence on the combined importance of financial literacy and inclusion for financial well-being (Sherraden et al., 2015 ; Lusardi & Streeter, 2023 ). Table 2 Bivariate correlations among substantive variables of interest (2,148) Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Financial well-being Financial knowledge 0.31* Financial skill 0.50* 0.20* Checking/savings account 0.19* 0.28* 0.13* Retirement savings account 0.26* 0.29* 0.21* 0.19* Covariates Age 0.17* 0.23* 0.00 0.09* 0.02 Gender 0.10* 0.28* 0.09* 0.07* 0.13* 0.07* Race/ethnicity -0.10* -0.31* -0.11* -0.17* -0.20* -0.09* -0.05* Education 0.29* 0.46* 0.21* 0.24* 0.32* 0.06* 0.17* -0.23* Employment 0.04 0.14* 0.05* 0.10* 0.31* -0.14* 0.21* -0.02 0.22* Household income 0.36* 0.42* 0.19* 0.19* 0.36* 0.17* 0.13* -0.22* 0.49* 0.20* Household size -0.05* -0.05* -0.03 -0.03 -0.04 -0.16* 0.01 0.09* -0.04 0.01 -0.00 Notes: * p < .05. 3.3. Multivariate regression results Overall, the models fit the data well, explaining 30.41% to 42.10% of the variance in financial well-being (Table 3 ). In the primary model (M1), including all caregivers who financially supported children, financial capability variables were consistently and significantly associated with financial well-being, F (24, 2055) = 53.03, p < .01, R ² = .37. Results also indicated heterogeneity in the financial capability–financial well-being relationship across caregiver subgroups. 3.3.1. Financial literacy Financial knowledge was significantly associated with financial well-being in three models: all caregivers ( b = 1.36, RSE = 0.39, p < .01), caregivers of children under seven ( b = 1.98, RSE = 0.63, p < .01), and caregivers of children aged 13–17 ( b = 1.57, RSE = 0.78, p < .05). It was not significant for caregivers who added a child ( b = 2.20, RSE = 1.40, p = .12) or those of children aged 7–13 ( b = 0.21, RSE = 0.60, p = .72). Financial skill , by contrast, was a consistent predictor across all five models at the 1% significance level, with coefficients ranging from b = 0.23, RSE = 0.08 to b = 0.48, RSE = 0.04, highlighting its central role in supporting caregivers’ financial outcomes. 3.3.2. Financial inclusion Ownership of a checking or savings account significantly predicted financial well-being in three models: all caregivers ( b = 2.17, RSE = 0.77, p < .01), caregivers who added a child ( b = 6.45, RSE = 2.49, p < .05), and caregivers of children under seven ( b = 2.78, RSE = 1.36, p < .05). It was not significant for caregivers of children aged 7–13 ( b = 0.93, RSE = 1.21, p = .44) or 13–17 ( b = 1.53, RSE = 1.36, p = .26). For retirement savings accounts , significant associations were found for all caregivers ( b = 2.31, RSE = 0.55, p < .01), caregivers of children under seven ( b = 3.54, RSE = 1.01, p < .01), and caregivers of children aged 7–13 ( b = 2.09, RSE = 0.93, p < .05). Relationships were non-significant for caregivers who added a child ( b = 3.11, RSE = 1.59, p = .05) and those of children aged 13–17 ( b = 1.95, RSE = 1.01, p = .05). Detailed results are shown in Table 3 . Table 3 OLS Results: association between financial capability and caregivers’ financial well-being Caregiver subgroup M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 All caregivers Added additional child Supports children < 7 Supports children 7–13 Supports children 13–17 ( N = 2,080) ( N = 204) ( N = 707) ( N = 701) ( N = 673) Variable b (RSE) b (RSE) b (RSE) b (RSE) b (RSE) Financial Literacy Financial knowledge 1.10(0.40)*** 2.16(1.43) 1.27(0.66)* -0.03(0.60) 1.33(0.81) Financial skill 0.45(0.02)*** 0.24(0.07)*** 0.40(0.04)*** 0.47(0.04)*** 0.43(0.04)*** Financial Inclusion 1 Checking/savings account 2.19(0.78)*** 6.61(2.43)*** 2.52(1.41)* 0.88(1.23) 1.46(1.37) Retirement account 2.23(0.55)*** 2.61(1.76) 2.87(1.05)*** 1.76(0.93)* 1.72(1.00)* Covariates Age 2 25–34 0.82(2.13) -2.45(2.33) -2.17(2.57) -3.41(4.18) 1.76(6.30) 35–44 2.33(2.13) -1.26(2.67) -2.11(2.60) 1.33(4.18) 5.15(6.12) 45–54 1.57(2.15) -9.56(3.80)** -2.87(2.86) 2.04(4.20) 4.33(6.13) 55–61 2.64(2.22) -9.46(3.01)*** -7.44(4.85) -1.74(4.61) 4.10(6.27) 62 above 7.00(2.24)*** 4.58(5.74) 3.86(4.51) 8.37(4.66)* 12.48(6.47)* Male 3 -0.31(0.51) -0.13(1.84) -0.28(0.96) -0.68(0.84) -0.46(0.95) Race/Ethnicity 4 Black, Non-Hispanic -1.46(0.86)* 1.83(2.72) -0.66(1.65) -0.90(1.46) -1.20(1.63) Other, Non-Hispanic -0.03(1.05) -0.68(2.66) 0.23(1.71) -0.09(1.96) -0.12(2.21) Hispanic 1.82(0.72)** -0.16(2.29) 2.43(1.20)** 3.01(1.13)*** 2.71(1.29)** Educational attainment High school/GED/Associate -0.70(1.10) -4.71(3.35) -0.86(1.74) -0.24(1.44) 0.02(1.79) Bachelors/Graduate Degree 1.01(1.22) -4.19(3.75) 3.01(1.99) 1.37(1.67) 1.79(2.00) Employment status Employed -0.31(0.59) 2.03(2.18) 0.42(1.07) 0.52(1.00) 0.37(1.10) High income 5 5.45(0.58)*** 6.28(1.69)*** 4.91(0.98)*** 4.63(1.03)*** 3.75(1.13)*** Household Size 6 Small 1.23(0.68)* 8.39(1.98)*** 2.05(1.43) -1.05(1.47) 1.03(1.66) Large -0.12(0.58) 7.38(1.93)*** -0.74(0.96) -0.20(1.04) 0.81(1.26) Census Divisions West–North Central 0.91(1.30) -10.28(5.53)* 0.41(2.17) 6.47(3.39)* 2.00(2.91) East-South Central 1.43(1.17) -7.79(4.65)* 1.06(1.90) 3.92(3.37) 1.89(2.64) Pacific 2.34(1.19)** -5.22(4.61) 1.80(1.90) 5.89(3.37)* 4.09(2.64) Other Divisions 7 NS a NS NS NS NS Intercept 18.22(2.93)*** 28.37(7.57)*** 22.25(4.03)*** 19.80(5.90)*** 14.43(7.26)** Notes: Reference groups: 1 No account, 2 18-24 years, 3 Female, 4 White, 5 below median 75,000, 6 average household with 3 members, 7 Other census divisions are Mid-Atlantic, East-North Central, South Atlantic, East-South Central, West-South Central, and Mountain. a Non-significant. *** p < .01, ** p < .05, * p < .1, two-tailed, Robust standard errors in parentheses. 4. Discussion 4.1. Financial literacy and inclusion advance caregiver well-being This study examined how the subdomains of financial capability— financial literacy and financial inclusion —relate to caregivers’ financial well-being and whether these associations vary across caregiver subgroups and child characteristics. Consistent with prior research (Sherraden et al., 2015 ; Kamble et al., 2024 ), findings indicate that financial capability plays a significant role in shaping economic well-being among caregivers, a population central to children’s development yet often underrepresented in financial capability research. Notably, financial skills and access to a retirement savings account were the strongest predictors, highlighting the importance of integrating individual ability (financial literacy) with structural opportunity (financial inclusion) to address complex social challenges (Birkenmaier et al., 2022 ; Mutumba et al., 2022 ). This study adds specificity by showing how each subdomain of financial capability differentially shapes economic well-being in caregiving contexts. Among the variables examined, financial skills and retirement savings had the largest impact on caregivers’ financial well-being. Conceptually, this aligns with prior work: caregivers who can make informed financial decisions and navigate complex financial landscapes—beyond merely knowing about products or services—report higher perceived financial well-being (Lee et al., 2020 ; Sherraden, 2010 ). Similarly, access to future economic security through retirement savings positions caregivers more favorably than those without such opportunities. The relevance of financial inclusion for caregiver and children’s well-being (Rutherford et al., 2020 ) underscores its importance for social work practice and intervention design. Tailoring programs to caregivers’ needs, particularly in relation to children’s developmental stages, may enhance impact and strengthen economic outcomes for families. 4.2. Financial literacy benefits caregivers with older children most Subgroup analyses indicated that financial knowledge was positively associated with well-being only among caregivers of children under 7 and adolescents aged 13–17, periods corresponding to higher caregiving costs (Ansel, 2016; Stanczyk, 2019 ; Fingerman et al., 2009 ). For children aged 7–13, lower direct costs—partly due to access to public education—may attenuate this relationship (Del Boca et al., 2020). Financial skill was the most consistent predictor across all subgroups, reinforcing literature on its central role in improving economic outcomes (Lone & Bhat, 2024 ; Lusardi & Streeter, 2023 ; Koomson et al., 2023 ; Philippas & Avdoulas, 2021 ). These findings highlight developmentally sensitive points where financial education may provide the greatest benefit for caregivers. 4.3. Financial inclusion may be most meaningful during future rainy days Access to checking or savings accounts was not significantly linked to financial well-being among caregivers of older children, likely reflecting high childrearing costs—estimated at ~ $ 13,000 per year per child in the U.S. (Lino et al., 2017 ). By contrast, retirement savings access was positively associated with well-being among caregivers of younger children, indicating that future-oriented financial inclusion can be protective when immediate caregiving demands are lower. These findings underscore the policy need to promote long-term savings for caregivers, particularly in informal or low-wage sectors, to strengthen both caregiver financial security and children’s environments. 4.4. Implications for policy and practice This study advances the Social Work field of building financial capability and assets—a Grand Challenge given that nearly 50% of U.S. households experience financial insecurity (Grand Challenges for Social Work, 2024). By disaggregating financial literacy and financial inclusion and examining subgroup differences by child age, it identifies nuanced pathways through which financial capability shapes well-being, highlighting the value of developmentally tailored, multi-pronged interventions aligned with social work’s commitment to equity, prevention, and family well-being. Future research should explore causal mechanisms and policy levers that promote inclusive financial systems for caregiving households. Across models, higher household income consistently predicted greater financial well-being, emphasizing its central role beyond financial capability (Riitsalu & Murakas, 2019 ). Being Hispanic was associated with higher financial well-being in several subgroups (Clark et al., 2021 ), and older age (≥ 62) was positively related to well-being overall and among caregivers of adolescents (Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, 2018 ), suggesting cumulative economic advantages or differential resource access across the life course. Several limitations merit consideration. First, financial well-being was self-reported; although the CFPB scale is validated (CFPB, 2017 ), responses may reflect social desirability or recall bias (Althubaiti, 2016 ). Second, the cross-sectional design precludes causal inferences regarding financial capability and caregiver outcomes. Despite these limitations, the nationally representative sample enhances generalizability. Examining subgroups by children’s age revealed patterns reflecting the unique experiences of different caregivers, highlighting the intersection of caregiving and child developmental stages in ways not previously explored. 5. Conclusion This study examined how financial capability contributes to caregivers’ financial well-being, with attention to subgroups defined by children’s age. Identifying heterogeneity in these relationships can guide the design of targeted support programs. Although caregiving is often rewarding, it can impose financial strain, highlighting the need for multifaceted interventions addressing socioeconomic factors, financial socialization, education, and financial capability. Both the opportunity and ability to act in one’s financial interest are critical for improving well-being. Heterogeneity in the associations between financial knowledge, checking or savings accounts, retirement savings accounts, and financial well-being points to potential intervention targets across caregivers of different-aged children. Findings suggest that integrating both access to financial resources and the skills to use them effectively can enhance caregivers’ financial outcomes. Observed patterns indicate distinct caregiver subgroups, emphasizing the need for future research on variation in financial well-being by child characteristics. Such insights can inform social work practice by supporting tailored interventions for caregivers of specific child age groups (e.g., under seven and 13–17 years), ultimately promoting both caregiver and child well-being. Declarations Author Contribution S.H.A. and D.A. conceptualized the manuscript, S.H.A., D.A., and I.C.J. wrote the main manuscript text. J.A.K. and E.O.A. reviewed the first draft manuscript. 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Journal of Child Health Care, 23 (2), 213-231. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367493518785778 Wen, D., Goh, E. C. L., & Hsu, C. (2022). Hope in low-income families—A study of family hardiness in Singapore. Family Relations, 71 (2), 513–525. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12581 Winokur, M. A., Holtan, A., & Batchelder, K. E. (2018). Systematic review of kinship care effects on safety, permanency, and well-being outcomes. Research on Social Work Practice , 28 (1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731515620843 Wu, Q., Mendoza, N., Denby, R. W., Klein-Cox, A., & Haran, H. (2022). Kinship caregivers’ age and its relationship with stress and strain: risk or protective factor? Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research , 13 (2), 281–303. https://doi.org/10.1086/715213 Xu, Y., Bright, C. L., Barth, R. P., & Ahn, H. (2021). Poverty and economic pressure, financial assistance, and children’s behavioral health in kinship care. Child Maltreatment , 26 (1), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520926568 Zhang, L., Simmel, C., & Nepomnyaschy, L. (2022). Income inequality and child maltreatment rates in US counties, 2009–2018. Child Abuse & Neglect , 130 , 105328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105328 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7795531","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":538503566,"identity":"b6ff2e12-b86d-4fa8-bf89-4698f48a3c2a","order_by":0,"name":"Solomon Hadi Achulo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAApElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHgaGBww2cDaRWhIY0kjXcpgELfztZ49JJFScT9zOfoDxwds2IrRInMlLk0g4cztxZ08Cs+FcYrQw3OAxk0hsu5244QYDmzQvMVrkIVrOgbSw/yZKiwFEywGwLcxEaTE8k2NskXAm2XjDmcRmyTnniNAid/yM4Y0PFXayG44fPvjhTRkRWpAAYwNp6kfBKBgFo2AU4AYAZYI2BDG4WIsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Solomon","middleName":"Hadi","lastName":"Achulo","suffix":""},{"id":538503567,"identity":"c1fafd45-2eda-4c29-8947-dbd5c30c75ee","order_by":1,"name":"Imani Careese Johnson","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Imani","middleName":"Careese","lastName":"Johnson","suffix":""},{"id":538503568,"identity":"0a619218-3cd9-417f-a981-9b1b7b84bca8","order_by":2,"name":"Jamal 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07:57:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1446274,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7795531/v1/33d23dad-c067-4f8a-b42b-0e0892076373.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Financial capability as a pathway to financial well-being among caregivers of children","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCaregiver, understood more broadly than the legal definition of \u0026ldquo;parent,\u0026rdquo; includes biological, foster, and adoptive parents, as well as any individual who lives with and assumes daily caregiving responsibilities for a child\u0026mdash;functioning as a parent regardless of legal or biological ties (Better Care Network, 2024). This category may include parents, relatives such as older siblings or grandparents, and non-relatives providing care through formal foster arrangements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.2. The state of caregiving\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcross the U.S., rising costs of essential services such as childcare (Mattingly \u0026amp; Wimer, 2024; Poyatzis \u0026amp; Livingston, 2024) and healthcare (Christopher et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) continue to strain families. Childcare expenses alone impose major financial burdens. Recent estimates indicate that the average family spends about 16% of household income on childcare for one child (Poyatzis \u0026amp; Livingston, 2024). In 2022, the annual cost of full-time care for a single child reached approximately \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e15,600\u0026mdash;nearly \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e400 more than the median annual rent that year (Poyatzis \u0026amp; Livingston, 2024). Among low-income families with young children, roughly 35% face significant financial strain from childcare costs, pushing more than 177,000 families into deeper economic hardship annually (Mattingly \u0026amp; Wimer, 2024). Many providers, citing financial pressures, have raised fees by as much as 40% during economic downturns (Salrin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), further stretching household budgets. Limited access to affordable childcare also contributes to employee absences and job instability among parents (Eggleston et al., 2023), compounding financial stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare costs present another layer of economic challenge. While Medicaid serves as a vital safety net for low-income families, barriers such as limited provider networks, administrative hurdles, and coverage gaps discourage or disrupt enrollment (Shen \u0026amp; Orenstein, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Humphreys et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Families relying on private insurance face rising premiums, deductibles, and copayments, creating additional burdens\u0026mdash;especially for low-income caregivers and those caring for children with complex medical needs (Walter et al., 2018; Sidra et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Sparks et al., 2025). These pressures underscore the precarious balance caregivers must maintain between meeting healthcare needs and sustaining household financial stability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreparedness to assume caregiving roles also influences families\u0026rsquo; financial strain. Many individuals become caregivers unexpectedly\u0026mdash;often through child welfare involvement\u0026mdash;when relatives or family friends step in to prevent placement with non-relatives (Johnson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Such caregivers frequently report being financially unprepared to raise an additional child, particularly if they already care for children or are grandparents facing health challenges, unemployment, or fixed incomes (Malthaner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Kinship caregivers face added difficulties due to larger household sizes (Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), poverty (Xu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), limited social support (Denby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), and ineligibility for public financial assistance due to licensing restrictions (Ansong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe financial realities of caregiving have far-reaching implications for both caregivers and children. Among caregivers, financial strain is linked to lower self-efficacy (G\u0026oacute;mez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), higher levels of depression (Saasa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and increased relational conflict (Neppl et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). For children, it is associated with heightened risks of anxiety (Rapee, Schniering, \u0026amp; Hudson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), hopelessness (Wen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), social isolation (Low \u0026amp; Mounts, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and academic difficulties (Ansong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), as well as greater behavioral challenges such as noncompliance (Saasa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Collectively, these findings highlight the urgent need to understand caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial circumstances and to design interventions that strengthen their financial capability, thereby supporting both caregiver well-being and children\u0026rsquo;s developmental outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.3. Need to strengthen caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial capability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial challenges go unmet by adequate support services, the risks of adverse health, educational, and long-term economic outcomes increase for both caregivers and children (Nabunya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kagotho \u0026amp; Ssewamala, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In formal caregiving contexts, public agencies often require foster and kinship caregivers to complete licensure training, which not only builds caregiving skills but also grants access to economic supports such as stipends, childcare assistance, and subsidies that reduce financial strain (Gibbs et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeyond service-based supports, growing attention has focused on financial capability and asset-building (FCAB) strategies as tools to mitigate household economic stress and promote well-being (Gibbs et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Okech, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Although much of the FCAB literature is correlational, studies consistently link higher financial capability with greater resilience, savings, and positive parenting outcomes, particularly among vulnerable populations (Clancy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Huang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kamble et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Sherraden et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Evidence from quasi-experimental and experimental studies\u0026mdash;such as the SEED for Oklahoma Kids (SEED OK) program\u0026mdash;further demonstrates that asset ownership interventions can improve children\u0026rsquo;s development and household financial security (Sherraden et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe asset effect framework and the capability approach posit that improved financial literacy and inclusion expand caregivers\u0026rsquo; capacity to meet household needs (Saigaran, Karupiah, \u0026amp; Gopal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sherraden et al., 2022). Yet most research on financial capability and asset building has centered on general populations, including college students, working-age adults, and participants in state-level savings programs (Clancy, Orszag, \u0026amp; Sherraden, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Elliott \u0026amp; Beverly, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Huang, Sherraden, \u0026amp; Purnell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Huang, Sherraden, Kim, \u0026amp; Clancy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), rather than caregivers of children in the U.S. This gap underscores the need to examine these relationships nationally among more diverse and financially vulnerable caregiver groups. Understanding the behavioral and structural factors that shape caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial well-being across varied demographic contexts is critical for developing interventions that effectively enhance their economic stability and caregiving capacity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.4. Theoretical framing: asset effect framework and capability approach\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch on household economic assets often draws on the asset effect framework to examine links between caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial capability, asset accumulation, and child well-being (Ssewamala et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Ansong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The framework posits that both material assets (e.g., savings, retirement funds) and intangible assets (e.g., financial knowledge and skills) enhance psychological well-being, reduce economic stress, and promote long-term planning (Sherraden et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Assets thus serve not only as financial buffers but also as strategic tools enabling caregivers to make forward-looking decisions that strengthen household stability and support children\u0026rsquo;s development. Within this study, the framework highlights how improving caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial literacy and access to financial services can foster economic resilience and overall household functioning.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplementing this view, the capability approach emphasizes expanding individuals\u0026rsquo; freedom to make choices that enhance well-being (Sen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Nussbaum, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). From this perspective, financial capability\u0026mdash;comprising financial literacy (knowledge and skills to act in one\u0026rsquo;s interest) and financial inclusion (access to affordable financial products)\u0026mdash;is a foundational capability that broadens caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial decision-making freedom (Robeyns, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Saigaran, Karupiah, \u0026amp; Gopal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Integrating both frameworks, this study defines financial capability as caregivers\u0026rsquo; ability to apply financial knowledge and access appropriate services to improve household functioning and well-being (Sherraden et al., 2022). Consistent with the asset effect theory, greater financial capability is expected to enhance caregivers\u0026rsquo; capacity to allocate resources toward children\u0026rsquo;s needs, strengthening caregiving quality and developmental outcomes (Ssewamala, 2021; Okech, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Huang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Clancy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.5. The current study\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study drew on a prevailing conceptualization of financial capability comprising two core components: financial literacy and financial inclusion. Financial literacy reflects an individual\u0026rsquo;s ability to act in their own best financial interest (Lusardi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), whereas financial inclusion captures the structural opportunities that enable such actions (Sherraden, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Guided by this framework, the study examined two research questions on the effects of financial capability on caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial well-being: (1) To what extent do financial literacy (measured as financial knowledge and skills) and financial inclusion (measured as access to checking, savings, or retirement accounts) predict financial well-being? and (2) Does this relationship differ across caregiver subgroups?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial capability was operationalized using four variables representing these foundational dimensions of the construct (Sherraden, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). By examining how financial capability shapes caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial well-being, this study contributes to understanding how targeted interventions can strengthen caregivers\u0026rsquo; economic stability and, in turn, support positive child outcomes. Findings may identify modifiable targets for intervention design and inform economic support strategies within family-serving systems to enhance both caregiver and child well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Data source\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study used data from the National Financial Well-Being Survey (NFWBS), collected by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The NFWBS is a cross-sectional, nationally representative web-based survey of adults aged 18 and older across all 50 U.S. states (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6,394). For this study, respondents were selected if they (1) financially supported a child in their household (biological, adoptive, or otherwise) or (2) had added a child to the household in the past 12 months. Individuals answering \u0026ldquo;yes\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;Added a child to the household\u0026rdquo; (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;214) or \u0026ldquo;no\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;I have no kids that I support financially\u0026rdquo; (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2,148) were included.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe final analytic sample\u0026mdash;referred to as \u0026ldquo;All Caregivers\u0026rdquo;\u0026mdash;comprised 2,148 individuals, including parents, kinship caregivers, and foster caregivers financially supporting children in their households. The subgroup who had added a child (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;214) represents a subset of this overall caregiver sample.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Measures\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.1. Outcome variable\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe outcome of interest, financial well-being (FWB), was measured using a 10-item scale developed by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB, 2015). Items employed 5-point response options to capture multiple dimensions of an individual\u0026rsquo;s financial situation. Participants indicated the extent to which statements such as \u0026ldquo;I could handle a major unexpected expense,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;I am securing my financial future,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;I can enjoy life because of the way I\u0026rsquo;m managing my money\u0026rdquo; described them (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;not at all to 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;completely). Additional items assessed the frequency of statements like \u0026ldquo;I have money left over at the end of the month\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;My finances control my life\u0026rdquo; (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;never to 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;always). Negatively worded items were reverse coded, and item scores were averaged to form a composite measure, with higher scores indicating greater financial well-being. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.913).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.2. Predictors\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFinancial literacy\u003c/em\u003e was conceptualized as comprising two dimensions: financial knowledge and financial skills. \u003cem\u003eFinancial knowledge\u003c/em\u003e was assessed using the Knoll and Houts 10-item scale, including items such as \u0026ldquo;Understanding of life insurance,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eUnderstanding of credit card minimum payments\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eUnderstanding of the benefits of diversification\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; Responses were aggregated into a summative score (CFPB, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), ranging from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2.053 to 1.267, with higher scores indicating greater financial knowledge. \u003cem\u003eFinancial skill\u003c/em\u003e was measured using the CFPB\u0026rsquo;s financial skill scale, which includes items such as \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eI know how to get myself to follow through on my financial intentions\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eI am able to make good financial decisions that are new to me\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; Scores ranged from 5 to 85, with higher values reflecting stronger financial skills (CFPB, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eFinancial inclusion\u003c/em\u003e was assessed through access to mainstream financial services. Participants reported whether they had (a) a checking or savings account at a bank or credit union and (b) a retirement savings account. Responses were coded dichotomously as no (0) and yes (1) (CFPB, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Anvari-Clark \u0026amp; Ansong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.3. Control variables\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral demographic characteristics previously linked to financial well-being were included as covariates: age (Collins \u0026amp; Urban, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), gender (Chang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), race/ethnicity (Asante-Muhammad et al., 2017), household income (Netemeyer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), household size (McLaughlin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), education (Furnham \u0026amp; Cheng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), and employment status (Mahdzan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eAge\u003c/em\u003e was treated as an ordinal variable (e.g., 18\u0026ndash;24, 25\u0026ndash;34, \u0026hellip;), with the oldest groups (62 and above) combined into a single category to ensure adequate cell sizes. \u003cem\u003eGender\u003c/em\u003e was coded as male (0) and female (1). \u003cem\u003eRace/ethnicity\u003c/em\u003e was categorized as White non-Hispanic (1), Black non-Hispanic (2), Other non-Hispanic (3), and Hispanic (4). \u003cem\u003eHousehold income\u003c/em\u003e was dichotomized based on the U.S. median income of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e75,000: below median (0) and above median (1) (U.S. Census Bureau, 2023). \u003cem\u003eHousehold size\u003c/em\u003e was classified into three categories\u0026mdash;small (fewer than three members\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0), average (three members\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1), and large (more than three members\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2)\u0026mdash;based on national averages (U.S. Census Bureau, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrdinary least squares (OLS) regression with cluster-robust standard errors was used to examine the research questions while adjusting for potential confounders (Schober \u0026amp; Vetter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Analyses were first conducted with the full caregiver sample (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2,148) and then replicated across four subsamples: (a) those who added a child to their household (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;214), (b) caregivers of children younger than 7 years (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;715), (c) children ages 7\u0026ndash;13 years (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;708), and (d) children ages 13\u0026ndash;17 years (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;681). All models controlled for the same sociodemographic variables and applied cluster-robust standard errors to account for nesting within the nine U.S. census divisions. Moderation analyses involving race/ethnicity, gender, and age with the four financial capability variables were excluded due to minimal contribution to model fit. Analyses were conducted in Stata version 18.0.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Descriptive results\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the demographic and financial characteristics of the full caregiver sample (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2,148) and four subsamples. Caregivers reported moderate financial well-being (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;51.95\u0026ndash;53.66, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.90\u0026ndash;13.60) and financial skill (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49.79\u0026ndash;52.04, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.51\u0026ndash;12.82). Access to checking or savings accounts was high (82%\u0026ndash;86%), while retirement account access was moderate (44%\u0026ndash;51%). Most caregivers (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;70%) were employed, and 53% reported household incomes above the national median. Age was concentrated in the 35\u0026ndash;54 range; females accounted for 48%. The sample was predominantly White non-Hispanic (67%), followed by Hispanic (18%), Black non-Hispanic (11%), and other racial/ethnic groups (4%). Educational attainment varied, with 53% having at least a high school diploma, and nearly half (49%) lived in larger households. Subgroup comparisons highlighted variation in age, race/ethnicity, and income across caregiving contexts, reflecting diverse financial circumstances.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptive characteristics of caregiver subgroups in the study\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull sample:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll caregivers\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2148)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubsample 1:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdded additional child\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;214)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubsample 2:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupports children\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;715)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubsample 3:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupports children\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;708)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubsample 4: Supports children 13\u0026ndash;17\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;681)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVariable\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(%) /\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(%) /\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(%) /\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(%) /\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(%) /\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial well-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.66(13.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.99(12.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.32(13.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.95(13.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.36(13.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.93(0.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.78(0.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.82(0.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.81(0.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.87(0.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial skill\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.61(12.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.04(12.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.431(12.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.788(12.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.86(12.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChecking/savings account\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e303(14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33(15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99(14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106(15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119(18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,845(86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181(85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e616(86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e602(85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e562(82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetirement savings account\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,057(49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118(56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e354(50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e359(51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e345(51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,079(51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93(44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e356(50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e344(49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e330(49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44(2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21(10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30(4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10(1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7(1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e449(22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107(51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e369(52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175(25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53(8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e533(26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36(17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e234(33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e295(42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e248(36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e592(28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23(11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58(8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180(26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e283(42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e236(11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12(6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63(9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62 above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238(11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9(4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19(3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25(4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,035(48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103(48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e340(48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e355(50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e314(46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,113(52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111(52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e375(52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e353(50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e367(54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRace/ethnicity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite, Non-Hispanic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,434(67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31(15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e473(66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e446(63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e405(59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack, Non-Hispanic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e244(11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42(20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71(10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91(13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87(13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther, Non-Hispanic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93(4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130(61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21(3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHispanic Education attainment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e377(18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e144(20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150(21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162(24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelow high school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160 (7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh school/GED/Associate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,128 (53%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104 (49%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e335 (47%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e371 (52%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e358 (53%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBachelors/Graduate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e860 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96 (45%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e326 (46%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e265 (37%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e247 (36%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmployment status\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e654 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62 (29%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186 (27%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,494 (70%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152 (71%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e531 (74%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e522 (74%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e495 (73%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHousehold income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelow national median\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,01(47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118(55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e385(54.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21(52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e319(47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbove national median\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,134(53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96(45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e330(46.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e339(48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e362(53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHousehold size\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmall household (below 3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e536(25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45(21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86(12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88(12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79(12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage household (i.e., 3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e569(26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59(28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e185(26.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110(16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142(21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLarge household (above 3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,043(49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110(51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e444(62.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e510(72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e460(68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Bivariate correlations among substantive variables of interest\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents bivariate correlations among key variables. \u003cem\u003eFinancial well-being\u003c/em\u003e was positively associated with \u003cem\u003efinancial knowledge\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.31), \u003cem\u003efinancial skill\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.50), checking or savings account ownership (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.19), and retirement account ownership (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.26), all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05. \u003cem\u003eFinancial skill\u003c/em\u003e showed the strongest correlation, underscoring its central role in supporting positive outcomes. Within financial capability, \u003cem\u003efinancial knowledge\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003efinancial skill\u003c/em\u003e were moderately correlated (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.20). Education (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.29) and household income (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.36) also correlated positively with financial well-being, whereas race/ethnicity was negatively associated (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = \u0026ndash;.10), highlighting persistent disparities. These results align with prior evidence on the combined importance of financial literacy and inclusion for financial well-being (Sherraden et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Lusardi \u0026amp; Streeter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBivariate correlations among substantive variables of interest (2,148)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewell-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eknowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial skill\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChecking/savings\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eaccount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetirement savings\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eaccount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCovariates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRace/ethnicity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.10*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.31*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.11*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.17*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.20*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.09*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.23*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmployment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.14*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHousehold income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.22*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHousehold size\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.16*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003eNotes: *\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Multivariate regression results\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, the models fit the data well, explaining 30.41% to 42.10% of the variance in financial well-being (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In the primary model (M1), including all caregivers who financially supported children, financial capability variables were consistently and significantly associated with financial well-being, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(24, 2055)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53.03, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = .37. Results also indicated heterogeneity in the financial capability\u0026ndash;financial well-being relationship across caregiver subgroups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3.1. Financial literacy\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFinancial knowledge\u003c/em\u003e was significantly associated with financial well-being in three models: all caregivers (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.36, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.39, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), caregivers of children under seven (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.98, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.63, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), and caregivers of children aged 13\u0026ndash;17 (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.57, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.78, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05). It was not significant for caregivers who added a child (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.20, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.40, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.12) or those of children aged 7\u0026ndash;13 (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.21, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.60, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.72). \u003cem\u003eFinancial skill\u003c/em\u003e, by contrast, was a consistent predictor across all five models at the 1% significance level, with coefficients ranging from \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.23, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08 to \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.48, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04, highlighting its central role in supporting caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3.2. Financial inclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOwnership of a checking or savings account\u003c/em\u003e significantly predicted financial well-being in three models: all caregivers (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.17, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.77, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), caregivers who added a child (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.45, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.49, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05), and caregivers of children under seven (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.78, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.36, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05). It was not significant for caregivers of children aged 7\u0026ndash;13 (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.93, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.21, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.44) or 13\u0026ndash;17 (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.53, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.36, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.26). For \u003cem\u003eretirement savings accounts\u003c/em\u003e, significant associations were found for all caregivers (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.31, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.55, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), caregivers of children under seven (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.54, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.01, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), and caregivers of children aged 7\u0026ndash;13 (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.09, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.93, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05). Relationships were non-significant for caregivers who added a child (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.11, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.59, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.05) and those of children aged 13\u0026ndash;17 (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.95, RSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.01, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.05). Detailed results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOLS Results: association between financial capability and caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial well-being\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaregiver subgroup\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll caregivers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdded additional child\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupports children\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupports children 7\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupports children 13\u0026ndash;17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2,080)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;204)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;707)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;701)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;673)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e(RSE)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e(RSE)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e(RSE)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e(RSE)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e(RSE)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinancial Literacy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10(0.40)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.16(1.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.27(0.66)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.03(0.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33(0.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial skill\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45(0.02)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24(0.07)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40(0.04)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47(0.04)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43(0.04)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinancial Inclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChecking/savings account\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.19(0.78)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.61(2.43)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.52(1.41)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88(1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46(1.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetirement account\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.23(0.55)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.61(1.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.87(1.05)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76(0.93)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.72(1.00)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCovariates\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82(2.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.45(2.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.17(2.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.41(4.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76(6.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33(2.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.26(2.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.11(2.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33(4.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.15(6.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57(2.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-9.56(3.80)**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.87(2.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04(4.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.33(6.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.64(2.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-9.46(3.01)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-7.44(4.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.74(4.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.10(6.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62 above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00(2.24)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.58(5.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.86(4.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.37(4.66)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.48(6.47)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.31(0.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.13(1.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.28(0.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.68(0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.46(0.95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRace/Ethnicity\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack, Non-Hispanic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.46(0.86)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83(2.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.66(1.65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.90(1.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.20(1.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther, Non-Hispanic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.03(1.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.68(2.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23(1.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.09(1.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.12(2.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHispanic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.82(0.72)**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.16(2.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.43(1.20)**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.01(1.13)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.71(1.29)**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducational attainment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh school/GED/Associate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.70(1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.71(3.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.86(1.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.24(1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02(1.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBachelors/Graduate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01(1.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.19(3.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.01(1.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37(1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79(2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmployment status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.31(0.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.03(2.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42(1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52(1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37(1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh income\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.45(0.58)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.28(1.69)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.91(0.98)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.63(1.03)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.75(1.13)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHousehold Size\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.23(0.68)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.39(1.98)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.05(1.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.05(1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03(1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLarge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.12(0.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.38(1.93)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.74(0.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.20(1.04)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81(1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCensus Divisions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWest\u0026ndash;North Central\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91(1.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-10.28(5.53)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41(2.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.47(3.39)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00(2.91)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEast-South Central\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.43(1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-7.79(4.65)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06(1.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.92(3.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89(2.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePacific\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.34(1.19)**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.22(4.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80(1.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.89(3.37)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.09(2.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther Divisions\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.22(2.93)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.37(7.57)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.25(4.03)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.80(5.90)***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.43(7.26)**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNotes: Reference groups: \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eNo account, \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e18-24 years, \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eFemale, \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eWhite, \u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003ebelow median 75,000, \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e average household with 3 members, \u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003eOther census divisions are Mid-Atlantic, East-North Central, South Atlantic, East-South Central, West-South Central, and Mountain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Non-significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01, ** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, * \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.1, two-tailed, Robust standard errors in parentheses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1. Financial literacy and inclusion advance caregiver well-being\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study examined how the subdomains of financial capability\u0026mdash;\u003cem\u003efinancial literacy\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003efinancial inclusion\u003c/em\u003e\u0026mdash;relate to caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial well-being and whether these associations vary across caregiver subgroups and child characteristics. Consistent with prior research (Sherraden et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Kamble et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), findings indicate that financial capability plays a significant role in shaping economic well-being among caregivers, a population central to children\u0026rsquo;s development yet often underrepresented in financial capability research. Notably, financial skills and access to a retirement savings account were the strongest predictors, highlighting the importance of integrating individual ability (financial literacy) with structural opportunity (financial inclusion) to address complex social challenges (Birkenmaier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Mutumba et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study adds specificity by showing how each subdomain of financial capability differentially shapes economic well-being in caregiving contexts. Among the variables examined, financial skills and retirement savings had the largest impact on caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial well-being. Conceptually, this aligns with prior work: caregivers who can make informed financial decisions and navigate complex financial landscapes\u0026mdash;beyond merely knowing about products or services\u0026mdash;report higher perceived financial well-being (Lee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Sherraden, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, access to future economic security through retirement savings positions caregivers more favorably than those without such opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe relevance of financial inclusion for caregiver and children\u0026rsquo;s well-being (Rutherford et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) underscores its importance for social work practice and intervention design. Tailoring programs to caregivers\u0026rsquo; needs, particularly in relation to children\u0026rsquo;s developmental stages, may enhance impact and strengthen economic outcomes for families.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2. Financial literacy benefits caregivers with older children most\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubgroup analyses indicated that financial knowledge was positively associated with well-being only among caregivers of children under 7 and adolescents aged 13\u0026ndash;17, periods corresponding to higher caregiving costs (Ansel, 2016; Stanczyk, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Fingerman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). For children aged 7\u0026ndash;13, lower direct costs\u0026mdash;partly due to access to public education\u0026mdash;may attenuate this relationship (Del Boca et al., 2020). Financial skill was the most consistent predictor across all subgroups, reinforcing literature on its central role in improving economic outcomes (Lone \u0026amp; Bhat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Lusardi \u0026amp; Streeter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Koomson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Philippas \u0026amp; Avdoulas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These findings highlight developmentally sensitive points where financial education may provide the greatest benefit for caregivers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3. Financial inclusion may be most meaningful during future rainy days\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccess to checking or savings accounts was not significantly linked to financial well-being among caregivers of older children, likely reflecting high childrearing costs\u0026mdash;estimated at ~\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e13,000 per year per child in the U.S. (Lino et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). By contrast, retirement savings access was positively associated with well-being among caregivers of younger children, indicating that future-oriented financial inclusion can be protective when immediate caregiving demands are lower. These findings underscore the policy need to promote long-term savings for caregivers, particularly in informal or low-wage sectors, to strengthen both caregiver financial security and children\u0026rsquo;s environments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.4. Implications for policy and practice\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study advances the Social Work field of building financial capability and assets\u0026mdash;a Grand Challenge given that nearly 50% of U.S. households experience financial insecurity (Grand Challenges for Social Work, 2024). By disaggregating financial literacy and financial inclusion and examining subgroup differences by child age, it identifies nuanced pathways through which financial capability shapes well-being, highlighting the value of developmentally tailored, multi-pronged interventions aligned with social work\u0026rsquo;s commitment to equity, prevention, and family well-being. Future research should explore causal mechanisms and policy levers that promote inclusive financial systems for caregiving households.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcross models, higher household income consistently predicted greater financial well-being, emphasizing its central role beyond financial capability (Riitsalu \u0026amp; Murakas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Being Hispanic was associated with higher financial well-being in several subgroups (Clark et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and older age (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;62) was positively related to well-being overall and among caregivers of adolescents (Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), suggesting cumulative economic advantages or differential resource access across the life course.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral limitations merit consideration. First, financial well-being was self-reported; although the CFPB scale is validated (CFPB, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), responses may reflect social desirability or recall bias (Althubaiti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Second, the cross-sectional design precludes causal inferences regarding financial capability and caregiver outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite these limitations, the nationally representative sample enhances generalizability. Examining subgroups by children\u0026rsquo;s age revealed patterns reflecting the unique experiences of different caregivers, highlighting the intersection of caregiving and child developmental stages in ways not previously explored.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined how financial capability contributes to caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial well-being, with attention to subgroups defined by children\u0026rsquo;s age. Identifying heterogeneity in these relationships can guide the design of targeted support programs. Although caregiving is often rewarding, it can impose financial strain, highlighting the need for multifaceted interventions addressing socioeconomic factors, financial socialization, education, and financial capability. Both the opportunity and ability to act in one\u0026rsquo;s financial interest are critical for improving well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeterogeneity in the associations between financial knowledge, checking or savings accounts, retirement savings accounts, and financial well-being points to potential intervention targets across caregivers of different-aged children. Findings suggest that integrating both access to financial resources and the skills to use them effectively can enhance caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial outcomes. Observed patterns indicate distinct caregiver subgroups, emphasizing the need for future research on variation in financial well-being by child characteristics. Such insights can inform social work practice by supporting tailored interventions for caregivers of specific child age groups (e.g., under seven and 13\u0026ndash;17 years), ultimately promoting both caregiver and child well-being.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.H.A. and D.A. conceptualized the manuscript, S.H.A., D.A., and I.C.J. wrote the main manuscript text. J.A.K. and E.O.A. reviewed the first draft manuscript. S.H.A., and D.A.. prepared Tables 1 \u0026ndash; 3; and all authors reviewed the full manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data used in this study are publicly available on the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's website via: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/financial-well-being-survey-data/\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhn, H., DePanfilis, D., Frick, K., \u0026amp; Barth, R. P. (2018). Estimating minimum adequate foster care costs for children in the United States. \u003cem\u003eChildren and Youth Services Review\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e84\u003c/em\u003e, 55\u0026ndash;67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.10.045 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlthubaiti, A. (2016). 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The importance of financial literacy and its impact on financial wellbeing. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Financial Literacy and Wellbeing\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/flw.2023.8 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLusardi, A., \u0026amp; Streeter, J. L. (2023). Financial literacy and financial well-being: Evidence from the US. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Financial Literacy and Wellbeing\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(2), 169\u0026ndash;198. https://doi.org/10.1017/flw.2023.13\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLusardi, A., Michaud, P. C., \u0026amp; Mitchell, O. S. (2017). Optimal financial knowledge and wealth inequality. \u003cem\u003eJournal of political Economy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e125\u003c/em\u003e(2), 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3386/w18669 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaguire-Jack, K., Lanier, P., Johnson-Motoyama, M., Welch, H., \u0026amp; Dineen, M. (2015). 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Income inequality and child maltreatment rates in US counties, 2009\u0026ndash;2018. \u003cem\u003eChild Abuse \u0026amp; Neglect\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e130\u003c/em\u003e, 105328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105328\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Caregivers, financial well-being, financial capability, financial literacy, financial inclusion","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7795531/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7795531/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCaregivers\u0026rsquo; financial well-being is vital for ensuring stable, high-quality care for children, but little is known about how financial capability\u0026mdash;especially financial literacy and inclusion\u0026mdash;supports caregivers. This study examines the associations between financial capability and financial well-being among caregivers, and whether those associations differ by children\u0026rsquo;s age. Drawing on data from 2,148 U.S. adults (aged 18\u0026ndash;74+) in the 2017 National Financial Well-Being Survey who financially support children, we used ordinary least squares regression with cluster-robust standard errors to adjust for geographic clustering. Results show that greater financial capability is significantly associated with higher financial well-being: financial management skills (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.42, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01) and access to retirement accounts (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.09, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01) had especially strong effects, and ownership of checking and savings accounts also contributed positively (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.17 to 2.78). Subgroup analyses suggest these effects vary with children\u0026rsquo;s developmental stage, indicating that caregivers\u0026rsquo; financial strengths and challenges depend on the child age profile. For social work research and practice, these findings point to the value of integrating financial capability into family-support interventions: strengthening financial skills and expanding equitable access to safe financial products may bolster caregivers\u0026rsquo; economic security and thereby promote child stability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Financial capability as a pathway to financial well-being among caregivers of children","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-03 09:35:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7795531/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ca79e823-c32a-4a67-a3de-43f1e2522f17","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-11T07:56:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-03 09:35:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7795531","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7795531","identity":"rs-7795531","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}