The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans

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Abogazalah" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background This study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm effect of coconut and frankincense oils. Methods Different types of coconut (organic refined, cocos nucifera, organic virgin, and organic extra virgin) and frankincense (frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil and uplifting frankincense pure essential) oils were investigated. Serial dilutions (1:3, 1:6, 1:12, 1:24, 1:48, 1:96, and 1:192) were created from each oil and incubated with an overnight culture of S. mutans. The total growth and biofilms absorbance were measured at 595 and 490 nm, respectively. One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for data analysis. Results The greatest biofilm inhibition was observed in the uplifting frankincense pure essential oil at 1:3 dilution (0.67±0.12), which was significantly lower (p<0.01) than the control (1.51 ± 0.07). In addition, organic refined (0.96±0.13), organic virgin (1.21±0.28), and organic extra virgin (1.07±0.17) were associated with less biofilms compared to the control, but without a statistical significance. Frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil and cocos nucifera coconut oil did not show biofilm inhibition. Conclusions Organic refined, organic virgin, and extra virgin coconut oils, and uplifting frankincense essential oil, effectively reduced S. mutans levels in vitro, with the highest amount of biofilm reduction associated with uplifting frankincense essential oil. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.168621.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Nada Alghamdi 1 , Lama Alshamrani 1 , Safa Alboryah 1 , [...] Jomana Fayez Alsenan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2040-4024 2 , Turki Alshehri https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7575-1587 3 , Naif N. Abogazalah 4 , Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6678-7940 5 Nada Alghamdi 1 , Lama Alshamrani 1 , [...] Safa Alboryah 1 , Jomana Fayez Alsenan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2040-4024 2 , Turki Alshehri https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7575-1587 3 , Naif N. Abogazalah 4 , Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6678-7940 5 PUBLISHED 01 Sep 2025 Author details Author details 1 College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates 3 Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia 5 Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia Nada Alghamdi Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software Lama Alshamrani Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software Safa Alboryah Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software Jomana Fayez Alsenan Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Turki Alshehri Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Naif N. Abogazalah Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Pathogens gateway. Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm effect of coconut and frankincense oils. Methods Different types of coconut (organic refined, cocos nucifera, organic virgin, and organic extra virgin) and frankincense (frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil and uplifting frankincense pure essential) oils were investigated. Serial dilutions (1:3, 1:6, 1:12, 1:24, 1:48, 1:96, and 1:192) were created from each oil and incubated with an overnight culture of S. mutans. The total growth and biofilms absorbance were measured at 595 and 490 nm, respectively. One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for data analysis. Results The greatest biofilm inhibition was observed in the uplifting frankincense pure essential oil at 1:3 dilution (0.67±0.12), which was significantly lower ( p <0.01) than the control (1.51 ± 0.07). In addition, organic refined (0.96±0.13), organic virgin (1.21±0.28), and organic extra virgin (1.07±0.17) were associated with less biofilms compared to the control, but without a statistical significance. Frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil and cocos nucifera coconut oil did not show biofilm inhibition. Conclusions Organic refined, organic virgin, and extra virgin coconut oils, and uplifting frankincense essential oil, effectively reduced S. mutans levels in vitro , with the highest amount of biofilm reduction associated with uplifting frankincense essential oil. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Essential oils; biofilm; caries; gingivitis; mouthrinse. Corresponding Author(s) Jomana Fayez Alsenan ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Jomana Fayez Alsenan Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Alghamdi N et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Alghamdi N, Alshamrani L, Alboryah S et al. The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.168621.1 ) First published: 01 Sep 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.168621.1 ) Latest published: 01 Sep 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.168621.1 ) 1. Introduction Dental caries is a disease influenced by multiple factors. Elements such as diet, the shape and structure of teeth, the oral environment, and the presence of certain microorganisms all contribute to the development of dental caries. 1 , 2 Among such microorganisms, Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ) is a facultative anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium known for its strong association with dental caries due to its high virulence. 3 Its ability to adhere to tooth enamel, produce acidic byproducts, store glycogen, and generate extracellular polysaccharides contributes significantly to its role in tooth decay. 4 Several methods have been investigated to prevent dental caries by targeting the formation of cariogenic biofilms through the application of antimicrobial agents. 5 Mechanical tooth cleaning is the most widely accepted and dependable approach for maintaining oral hygiene. In addition to mechanical tooth cleaning, research has concentrated on chemotherapeutic agents aimed at reducing or preventing dental caries. 6 , 7 With the growing concern regarding the emergence of pathogens with antimicrobial resistance in dentistry and medicine, several investigations have explored the capabilities of natural products in preventing biofilm-triggered diseases. 8 , 9 Oil pulling is a traditional oral hygiene practice, with coconut oil ( cocos nucifera ) being one of the most frequently used oils for this method. 10 Oil pulling, traditionally referred to as ‘Kavalagraha’ or ‘Kavala Gandoosha’ in the ancient Ayurvedic text Charaka Samhita , is a practice that involves swishing natural oils in the mouth. This technique is believed to help eliminate harmful bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms from the teeth, gums, throat, and oral cavity. 11 Coconut oil is rich in medium-chain saturated fatty acids, which compared to long-chain fatty acids, are more readily absorbed and metabolized by the body. This is due to their smaller size, greater solubility, and enhanced resistance to oxidation. 10 , 12 Coconut oil is composed of about 92% saturated fats, with lauric acid making up nearly half of that content. Lauric acid is known for its antibacterial and antifungal properties. 10 , 13 Research has demonstrated that coconut oil exhibits strong antimicrobial effects against various microorganisms. 14 Studies evidenced that coconut oil is also effective against S. mutans and C. albicans in an in vitro oral biofilm model. 14 , 15 Frankincense oil, derived from Boswellia species, is another pulling oil that has shown a long-standing historical and medicinal significance, notably in traditional medicine, due to its aromatic properties and therapeutic potential. 16 Its active component, boswellic acids like acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), plays a significant role in supporting oral and dental health by exhibiting antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. 17 Research shows that frankincense, especially from Boswellia serrata, effectively inhibits key oral pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Enterococcus faecalis , which are involved in periodontitis. 17 Coconut oil and frankincense oil pulling has been reported to help reduce plaque-related gingivitis and bad breath. 18 However, there is limited scientific evidence regarding their impact on S. mutans , the bacteria primarily involved in the onset and development of dental caries. Besides, with the presence of different forms of these two oils, investigate the most anticariogenic form worths to be investigated. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of different types of coconut and frankincense oils against S. mutans biofilm growth. Besides, this study investigates the synergetic effect of the two oils against S. mutans biofilms. We hypothesized that coconut and frankincense oils, and their combination would significantly reduce the S. mutans biofilm growth. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Study design and sample size calculation In this study, four different types of organic coconut oil were used: (A) organic refined coconut oil, (B) fractionated liquid coconut oil (cocos nucifera), (C) organic virgin coconut oil, (D) organic extra virgin coconut oil. Also, two types of frankincense oil were used: (E) frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil, (F) uplifting frankincense pure essential oil. The details of the selected oils and their manufacturers’ information are found in Table 1 . Prior studies 19 – 21 indicated that the standard deviation for absorbance measurements associated with biofilm formation is roughly 0.15. As a result, this study was structured to attain an 80% power level for detecting a significant difference at a 5% significance threshold. To achieve this, three separate experiments were conducted, each involving 3 to 4 samples, culminating in a total of 9 to 12 samples per group. Table 1. List of coconut and frankincense oils used in this study. MANIFUCTURER COUNTRY PRODUCT NAME CONTENT OIL ORIGIN Packaged for NOW Foods Canada Liquid coconut oil Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) oil Malaysia Distributed by Marico Middle East FZE, Dubai, UAE Sri Lanka Virgin coconut iol 100% organic virgin coconut oil Sri Lanka Distributed by LA Tourangelle, INC. California USA Organic refined coconut oil Organic refined coconut oil USA Distributed by Nature’s Way Brands, LLC Green Bay, WI 54311 USA philippines Organic extra virgin Organic extra virgin coconut oil contains tree nuts philippines Distributed by Nature’s Truth LLC Bohemia, USA USA Uplifting Frankincense Pure Essential oil Pure rankincense oil (Boswellia serrata) USA Distributed by Frontier co-op po, Norway, USA USA Frankincense Pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil Caprylic/Capric triglyceride (fraction of coconut oil) 4% Boswellia sacra (Frankincense) oil USA 2.2 Preparation of the oils’ dilutions Each type of oil was mixed with brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth supplemented with 2% sucrose at the following dilutions: 1:3, 1:6, 1:12, 1:24, 1:48, 1:96, 1:192. The mixtures were used immediately after mixing. The experimental design included six main experimental groups according to the type of oil then another seven subgroups according to the dilution. A group consisting of BHI supplemented with 2% sucrose only was used as a control. 2.3 The impact of oils on S. mutans biofilms An overnight culture of S. mutans was prepared in BHI broth. The optical density (OD) of the culture was adjusted to 0.9 to standardize the bacterial concentration. All experimental and control samples were incubated with an overnight culture of S. mutans for 24 hours at a ratio of 20:1 (broth to bacterial culture). Subsequently, 10 μL of the adjusted S. mutans culture was added to 190 μL of either different type of oil dilution (oil mixed with BHI broth supplemented with 2% sucrose) at 1:3, 1:6, 1:12, 1:24, 1:48, 1:96, and 1:192 dilutions or the control group (BHI with 2% sucrose only) inside the wells of a 96-well plate. A sterility control of only BHI with 2% sucrose was also applied to detect any possible contamination. The 96-well plates were then incubated aerobically at 5% CO 2 for 24 hours. After incubation, the total absorbance (planktonic and biofilm) was measured at 595 nm using a spectrophotometer (SpectraMax M5, Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). 19 – 21 Following this, the planktonic cells were removed, and the remaining adherent biofilm was treated with 200 μL of 10% formaldehyde for 30 minutes. The wells were then rinsed three times with deionized water to eliminate residual formaldehyde. To visualize the biofilm, 200 μL of 0.5% crystal violet solution was added and left to stain for 30 minutes. Afterward, excess dye was removed through three additional washes, leaving only the stained biofilm. And the spectrophotometer measurement at 490 nm was used to estimate the biofilm absorbance. 19 – 21 2.4 Statistical analysis Data were expressed as means ± standard deviations, based on at least three biological replicates to provide descriptive statistics. The Shapiro-Wilk test was employed to assess the normality of the data distribution. To compare the effects of coconut and frankincense oils on the biofilm formation and total growth of S. mutans , one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests were utilized (using Sigma Plot 12.0; SYSTAT). A p-value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. 3. Results 3.1 Effect of different types of coconut and frankincense oils on S. mutans total growth Figure 1 illustrates the effect of coconut and frankincense oils on total growth. Organic refined coconut oil ( Figure 1A ) showed the absorbance values decrease with increasing concentrations, showing significant reduction ( p < 0.05) at the 1:12, 1:6, and 1:3 dilutions compared to the control. Similar downward trends were observed for cocos nucifera oil ( Figure 1B ), with significant reductions at all the dilutions except for the 1:192 dilution. For organic virgin coconut oil ( Figure 1C ), absorbance levels decline with increasing concentration, with significant reduction ( p < 0.05) starting from the 1:96 to 1:12 dilutions when compared to the control, but no significant change in the absorbance at 1:6, and 1:3 dilutions. In addition, organic extra virgin coconut oil ( Figure 1D ), particularly at the 1:48, 1:24, 1:12, 1:6, and 1:3 dilutions, showed significant reduction ( p < 0.05) in the total growth compared to the control. Figure 1. Effect of the coconut and frankincense oils on Streptococcus mutans total growth. The impact of (A) organic refined coconut oil (B) cocos nucifera, (C) organic virgin coconut oil, (D) organic extra virgin coconut oil, (E) frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil, and (F) uplifting frankincense pure essential oil on S. mutans total growth. Each group consisted of 3 wells, and the experiment was repeated three times (n = 9). Asterisks indicate a significant difference compared to the control samples with no treatment. Frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil ( Figure 1E ) showed a marked decrease in the OD across all concentrations, with the significant reduction at 1:24, 1:12, 1:6, and 1:3. Similarly, the uplifting frankincense pure essential oil ( Figure 1F ) demonstrated the most amount of total growth reduction, which was observed with increased concentration, especially at the 1:24, 1:12, 1:6, and 1:3 dilutions ( p < 0.05). 3.2 Effect of different types of coconut oil on biofilm only S. mutans Figure 2 illustrates the impact of oils on the biofilm growth of S. mutans. The organic refined coconut oil ( Figure 2A ) led to a decrease in biofilm absorbance as the concentration increased, with the only significant reductions observed at the 1:3 dilution ( p < 0.05). Cocos nucifera and organic virgin coconut oils ( Figure 2B & 2C ) exhibited a progressive decline in OD with higher concentrations, but the amount of reduction was not significant at any dilution. The organic extra virgin coconut oil ( Figure 2D ) showed only significant reduction ( p < 0.05) at the 1:3 dilution. Figure 2. Effect of the coconut and frankincense oils on Streptococcus mutans biofilms. The impact of (A) organic refined coconut oil (B) cocos nucifera, (C) organic virgin coconut oil, (D) organic extra virgin coconut oil, (E) frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil, and (F) uplifting frankincense pure essential oil on S. mutans biofilm formation. Each group consisted of 3 wells, and the experiment was repeated three times (n = 9). Asterisks indicate a significant difference compared to the control samples with no treatment. Among the frankincense oils, pure frankincense essential oil in fractionated coconut oil ( Figure 2E ) significantly increased the biofilm growth across most tested concentrations, with the strongest effects at 1:6, 1:12, and 1:3. Opposingly, the uplifting frankincense essential oil ( Figure 2F ) reduced the biofilm growth at all the dilutions except at the 1:48 dilution, with the only significant biofilm, inhibition at the 1:3 dilution ( p < 0.05). 3.3 Comparison between different types of coconut oil and frankincense oil on biofilm only S. mutans at 1:3 dilution Figure 3 illustrates the effects of various oils on S. mutans levels at the 1:3 dilution. The highest reduction observed in the group was treated with uplifting frankincense pure essential oil, which had an absorbance of 0.67 nm ± 0.12 nm, the lowest among all groups, and it was significantly lower ( p < 0.01) compared to the control (1.51 nm ± 0.07 nm). In addition, organic refined (0.96 nm ± 0.13 nm), organic virgin (1.21 nm ± 0.28 nm), and organic extra virgin (1.07 nm ± 0.17 nm) were associated with less biofilms compared to the control, but without a statistical significance. The group treated with frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil and cocos nucifera coconut oil were associated with anincrease in the biofilm growth compared to the control. Figure 3. Effect of different types of coconut and frankincense oils on Streptococcus mutans biofilms at the 1:3 dilution. Each group consisted of 3 wells, and the experiment was repeated three times (n = 9). Different letters indicate significant differences between the oils. 4. Discussion This study evaluated the antimicrobial effects of different coconut and frankincense oils preparations on S. mutans in both planktonic and biofilm forms. Notably, organic virgin coconut, extra virgin coconut, organic refined coconut, and uplifting frankincense essential oils showed the strongest inhibitory effects, particularly at higher concentrations. While the other oils were associated with no reduction against the S. mutans biofilms. Therefore, the hypothesis was partially accepted. The findings of this study highlight the potential of natural oils as alternative or adjunctive agents in oral health care, especially in reducing cariogenic bacteria. Given the rising interest in natural products and growing concerns about antimicrobial resistance, the use of compounds such as coconut oil and frankincense oil presents a promising alternative to conventional oral antiseptics. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes, while effective, are associated with drawbacks such as mucosal irritation, altered taste, and patient discomfort, particularly with long-term use. 22 , 23 Furthermore, widespread reliance on synthetic agents like chlorhexidine has raised concerns about the potential for promoting antimicrobial resistance. 24 In contrast, natural oils have not been linked to resistance development and may offer a safer profile. 25 They may also preserve the balance of the oral microbiome more effectively than alcohol-based products. 26 Their multifunctional properties, including anti-cariogenic effects, low toxicity, and potential for long-term use, are valuable tools in preventive dentistry, particularly for individuals seeking holistic and gentler alternatives. 27 – 29 Dental biofilms are the pathogenic form for oral microbes when causing dental caries or other biofilm-induced diseases. 30 Opposite to their planktonic form, bacteria embedded within the biofilms are 1,000 resistant to therapeutic agents and bioactive compounds, which can complicate controlling the biofilm and reducing its pathogenicity. 31 , 32 Therefore, we intended in this study to investigate the effect of oils on S. mutans planktonic and biofilms forms to explore the potential of these oils against more different forms of oral microbes. Our findings support and expand upon existing evidence regarding the antimicrobial properties of coconut oil against S. mutans. Previous studies have attributed these effects to the high concentration of medium-chain fatty acids—particularly lauric acid—which disrupt bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and reduced viability. 10 Moreover, our observation that organic extra virgin coconut oil showed stronger biofilm reduction than other coconut oil types adds to findings by Alyami et al., 33 who emphasized medium-chain fatty acids ability to disrupt S. mutans within biofilms. This suggests that oil purity and extraction methods may influence antimicrobial efficacy, an area that has received limited attention in prior studies. By comparing different forms of coconut oil, our study refines current understanding and highlights the importance of oil quality in optimizing natural oral health interventions. In contrast to coconut oil, frankincense oil is less extensively studied for its antimicrobial effects against S. mutans , though initial evidence suggests potential activity. Previous studies have highlighted frankincense’s anti-inflammatory and biofilm-disrupting properties, but direct evidence targeting S. mutans remains limited. 34 , 35 Our findings help fill this gap by demonstrating that uplifting frankincense essential oil significantly reduced S. mutans biofilm levels, indicating promising antibacterial potential. However, the unexpected increase in OD observed with the pure frankincense essential oil in fractionated coconut oil suggests that formulation and carrier oils may influence efficacy. This highlights the complexity of essential oil interactions and the need for standardized preparations in oral applications. Compared to coconut oil, which has a well-established inhibitory effect on S. mutans in both planktonic and biofilm forms, 10 frankincense oil shows emerging but less consistent results. Thus, while our data supports its potential, further investigation is needed to clarify its mechanisms, optimal concentrations, and formulation for oral health use. The results of this study have potential applications in the creation of oral care products that include coconut and frankincense oils. Given their demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. mutans , these natural oils could be formulated into mouthwashes, toothpastes, or oil-based rinses aimed at caries prevention. Essential oils are already used in commercial dental products due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects and lower side effect profiles compared to synthetic agents like chlorhexidine. 36 Some mouthwashes contain a combination of essential oils, including eucalyptus, tea tree, and clove oils, which have been shown to be effective against plaque and gingivitis. 37 Moreover, their inclusion may appeal to patients seeking alcohol-free and holistic oral hygiene solutions, especially those with sensitivities to conventional formulations. To ensure clinical efficacy, future product development should focus on optimizing delivery systems and conducting in vivo studies. This study has some limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. First, the experiment was conducted in vitro , which may not fully replicate the complex conditions of the oral cavity, including salivary flow, oral microbiome diversity, and host immune responses. Second, the study focused solely on S. mutans , while other cariogenic and commensal microorganisms play significant roles in oral biofilm ecology and caries development. Third, although different types and concentrations of coconut and frankincense oils were tested, variability in oil composition due to sourcing, processing, and brand differences could affect reproducibility and generalizability. Additionally, the mechanism of action was not directly investigated, limiting insights into how the oils exert their antibacterial effects. Future studies incorporating multi-species biofilm models, and advanced imaging or molecular techniques would strengthen the evidence for the therapeutic potential of these natural oils. This study offered a comparative analysis of different types of coconut and frankincense oils against S. mutans , particularly in its biofilm form, which is clinically relevant for caries development. By highlighting the superior performance of organic extra virgin coconut oil and uplifting frankincense essential oil, the study identifies promising natural alternatives to conventional antimicrobials in oral care. Future research should build upon these findings through in vivo studies and clinical trials to assess real-world efficacy, safety, and patient compliance. Additionally, mechanistic studies exploring the specific bioactive compounds responsible for antimicrobial activity, such as lauric acid in coconut oil and boswellic acids in frankincense, would offer deeper insights. Expanding investigations to include multi-species biofilms and interactions within the oral microbiome could also better simulate clinical conditions. Finally, formulating standardized, stable delivery systems (e.g., mouthwashes, gels, or varnishes) will be critical for translating these natural products into practical oral health solutions. 5. Conclusion Certain coconut and frankincense oils, particularly organic refined, organic virgin, and extra virgin coconut oils, and uplifting frankincense essential oil, effectively reduced S. mutans biofilms in vitro. The highest amount of biofilm reduction was associated with uplifting frankincense essential oil, which reduced the biofilm growth by 2.5-fold. These findings support their potential use as natural agents for caries prevention and oral health care. Opposingly, cocos nucifera coconut oil and frankincense pure essential oil did not induce antibiofilm effects against S. mutans biofilms. Author contributions N.A., L.A., and S.A.: contributed to design, resources, acquisition and analysis, data curation, and drafted the manuscript, and critically revised the manuscript. J.F.A., T.A., N.N.A., and A.A.B.: contributed to the concept and design, acquisition, supervision, drafted the manuscript, and critically revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Institutional review board statement Not applicable. Informed consent statement Not applicable. Data availability statement Underlying data Figshare. Coconut oil.xlsx https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29875172.v2 38 This project contains the following underlying data: • An excel sheet that contains the full data for analysis Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU) for the use of equipment. References 1. Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, et al. : Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017; 3 : 17030. Publisher Full Text 2. Ng TC-H, Luo BW, Lam WY-H, et al. : Updates on Caries Risk Assessment-A Literature Review. Dent J (Basel). 2024; 12 (10): 312. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 3. 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Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 01 Sep 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates 3 Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia 5 Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia Nada Alghamdi Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software Lama Alshamrani Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software Safa Alboryah Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software Jomana Fayez Alsenan Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Turki Alshehri Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Naif N. Abogazalah Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 01 Sep 2025, 14:846 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.168621.1 Copyright © 2025 Alghamdi N et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Alghamdi N, Alshamrani L, Alboryah S et al. The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.168621.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 01 Sep 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Dewi N. Reviewer Report For: The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185811.r439638 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-846/v1#referee-response-439638 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 02 Jan 2026 Nurdiana Dewi , Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185811.r439638 1. The research structure and main data are relevant and supported by appropriate references, and the results demonstrate new findings regarding effects on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation 2. As the suggestions: The authors ... Continue reading READ ALL 1. The research structure and main data are relevant and supported by appropriate references, and the results demonstrate new findings regarding effects on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation 2. As the suggestions: The authors may wish to ensure that the reporting of sample size is consistent between the methods and results sections, as the methods describe 9–12 samples per group, whereas the results report only 9 samples per group. The authors may also wish to temper the statement in the discussion regarding the potential of coconut oil and frankincense oil as alternatives to conventional oral antiseptics, as the conclusions are based on experiments using a single bacterial species ( Streptococcus mutans ). Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Microbiology; Pediatric Dentistry I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Dewi N. Reviewer Report For: The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185811.r439638 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-846/v1#referee-response-439638 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Sari M. Reviewer Report For: The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185811.r439644 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-846/v1#referee-response-439644 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 29 Dec 2025 Morita Sari , Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185811.r439644 Comment (≈50 words): The study demonstrates acceptable reproducibility through clearly defined materials and treatment protocols. The experimental design is appropriate for evaluating biofilm inhibition, using relevant controls and comparative groups. Data presentation appears systematic and measurable; however, greater detail ... Continue reading READ ALL Comment (≈50 words): The study demonstrates acceptable reproducibility through clearly defined materials and treatment protocols. The experimental design is appropriate for evaluating biofilm inhibition, using relevant controls and comparative groups. Data presentation appears systematic and measurable; however, greater detail on sample size, replication frequency, and statistical analysis would further strengthen reliability and reproducibility. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: cariology, ecological caries, dental public health I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Sari M. Reviewer Report For: The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185811.r439644 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-846/v1#referee-response-439644 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Sánchez-Tito MA. Reviewer Report For: The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185811.r415947 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-846/v1#referee-response-415947 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 15 Oct 2025 Marco Antonio Sánchez-Tito , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima District, Lima Region, Peru Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185811.r415947 Introduction: Although Streptococcus mutans is a key microorganism in the development of dental caries, the manuscript should better reflect the complexity of the cariogenic process, emphasizing the diversity of bacterial species involved in the formation and maturation of dental biofilm, as well ... Continue reading READ ALL Introduction: Although Streptococcus mutans is a key microorganism in the development of dental caries, the manuscript should better reflect the complexity of the cariogenic process, emphasizing the diversity of bacterial species involved in the formation and maturation of dental biofilm, as well as the crucial role of quorum sensing mechanisms in regulating virulence and interspecies communication. Including several microbiological and molecular methods (e.g., culture-based assays, molecular identification, or biofilm quantification) with appropriate references would strengthen the methodological framework and demonstrate awareness of the multifactorial nature of caries pathogenesis. Material and Methods: In the Materials and Methods section, the authors should clearly specify the statistical software or computational method used for sample stimation. Additionally, the rationale for using only a negative control should be justified (why was a positive control not included?) The description of the bacterial culture conditions should also be corrected: the text should indicate that cultures were incubated anaerobically, not aerobically (likely a typographical error). In the statistical analysis subsection, it is unclear which variables or measurements were analyzed; these should be explicitly stated to ensure reproducibility and interpretability of the results Discussion In the Discussion, it would be valuable to address studies that have raised precautions regarding the cytotoxic effects of essential oils, as several reports have documented that, depending on the type and concentration, certain essential oils may exhibit cytotoxic or pro-oxidant effects on mammalian cells. This aspect should be acknowledged and contextualized by incorporating the following references, among others: Ahn C, Lee JH, Park MJ, Kim JW, Yang J, Yoo YM, Jeung EB. Cytostatic effects of plant essential oils on human skin and lung cells. Exp Ther Med. 2020 Mar;19(3):2008-2018. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.8460. Avanci-Júnior JA, Silva MF, Santos KFDP, Yoshida NC, Santos ÉL, Guterres ZR, Gouveia JG, Bogo D. Genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of essential oils from plants of the Cerrado and southern Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Braz J Biol. 2025 Sep 29;85:e292601. Orchard A, Kamatou G, Viljoen AM, Patel N, Mawela P, van Vuuren SF. The Influence of Carrier Oils on the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Essential Oils. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 Jan 14;2019:6981305. Incorporating these references would enhance the scientific rigor of the discussion and demonstrate a balanced interpretation of the antimicrobial potential and possible cytotoxic implications of essential oils in biomedical applications. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Biomaterials, Bioestatistics, Microbiololgy I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Sánchez-Tito MA. Reviewer Report For: The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185811.r415947 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-846/v1#referee-response-415947 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 01 Sep 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 1 01 Sep 25 read read read Marco Antonio Sánchez-Tito , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima District, Peru Morita Sari , Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia Nurdiana Dewi , Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, Indonesia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Dewi N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 02 Jan 2026 | for Version 1 Nurdiana Dewi , Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Dewi N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions 1. The research structure and main data are relevant and supported by appropriate references, and the results demonstrate new findings regarding effects on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation 2. As the suggestions: The authors may wish to ensure that the reporting of sample size is consistent between the methods and results sections, as the methods describe 9–12 samples per group, whereas the results report only 9 samples per group. The authors may also wish to temper the statement in the discussion regarding the potential of coconut oil and frankincense oil as alternatives to conventional oral antiseptics, as the conclusions are based on experiments using a single bacterial species ( Streptococcus mutans ). Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Microbiology; Pediatric Dentistry I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Dewi N. Peer Review Report For: The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185811.r439638) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-846/v1#referee-response-439638 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Sari M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 29 Dec 2025 | for Version 1 Morita Sari , Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Sari M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Comment (≈50 words): The study demonstrates acceptable reproducibility through clearly defined materials and treatment protocols. The experimental design is appropriate for evaluating biofilm inhibition, using relevant controls and comparative groups. Data presentation appears systematic and measurable; however, greater detail on sample size, replication frequency, and statistical analysis would further strengthen reliability and reproducibility. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise cariology, ecological caries, dental public health I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Sari M. Peer Review Report For: The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185811.r439644) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-846/v1#referee-response-439644 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Sánchez-Tito M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 15 Oct 2025 | for Version 1 Marco Antonio Sánchez-Tito , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima District, Lima Region, Peru 0 Views copyright © 2025 Sánchez-Tito M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Introduction: Although Streptococcus mutans is a key microorganism in the development of dental caries, the manuscript should better reflect the complexity of the cariogenic process, emphasizing the diversity of bacterial species involved in the formation and maturation of dental biofilm, as well as the crucial role of quorum sensing mechanisms in regulating virulence and interspecies communication. Including several microbiological and molecular methods (e.g., culture-based assays, molecular identification, or biofilm quantification) with appropriate references would strengthen the methodological framework and demonstrate awareness of the multifactorial nature of caries pathogenesis. Material and Methods: In the Materials and Methods section, the authors should clearly specify the statistical software or computational method used for sample stimation. Additionally, the rationale for using only a negative control should be justified (why was a positive control not included?) The description of the bacterial culture conditions should also be corrected: the text should indicate that cultures were incubated anaerobically, not aerobically (likely a typographical error). In the statistical analysis subsection, it is unclear which variables or measurements were analyzed; these should be explicitly stated to ensure reproducibility and interpretability of the results Discussion In the Discussion, it would be valuable to address studies that have raised precautions regarding the cytotoxic effects of essential oils, as several reports have documented that, depending on the type and concentration, certain essential oils may exhibit cytotoxic or pro-oxidant effects on mammalian cells. This aspect should be acknowledged and contextualized by incorporating the following references, among others: Ahn C, Lee JH, Park MJ, Kim JW, Yang J, Yoo YM, Jeung EB. Cytostatic effects of plant essential oils on human skin and lung cells. Exp Ther Med. 2020 Mar;19(3):2008-2018. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.8460. Avanci-Júnior JA, Silva MF, Santos KFDP, Yoshida NC, Santos ÉL, Guterres ZR, Gouveia JG, Bogo D. Genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of essential oils from plants of the Cerrado and southern Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Braz J Biol. 2025 Sep 29;85:e292601. Orchard A, Kamatou G, Viljoen AM, Patel N, Mawela P, van Vuuren SF. The Influence of Carrier Oils on the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Essential Oils. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 Jan 14;2019:6981305. Incorporating these references would enhance the scientific rigor of the discussion and demonstrate a balanced interpretation of the antimicrobial potential and possible cytotoxic implications of essential oils in biomedical applications. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Biomaterials, Bioestatistics, Microbiololgy I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Sánchez-Tito MA. Peer Review Report For: The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :846 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185811.r415947) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-846/v1#referee-response-415947 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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