Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle in Khartoum State, Sudan.

Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle in Khartoum State, Sudan. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle in Khartoum State, Sudan. Wisal Abdalrahman Elmagzoub, Nabawia Mohamed Adam, Sanaa Mohamed Idris, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-44169/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Dec, 2020 Read the published version in Veterinary Sciences → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic wasting disease of mainly domestic and wild ruminants (mammals). It occurs worldwide causing significant economic losses through decreased productivity, low fertility, increased cull rates and mortality. It is an OIE listed disease of concern to trade in animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the current prevalence of MAP infection in cattle in Khartoum State. Results: The overall apparent prevalence of MAP infection was found to be 6.3% and 18.9% (95% CL) at animal and herd levels, respectively. All seropositive animals were cross-bred females of good body condition; most of them (>90%) were >3 years old and >50% were from medium sized herds in Omdurman. No significant association (X 2 >0.05) was found between seropositivity and animal herd data. Conclusion: The prevalence of MAP infection in Khartoum State is still low to medium compared to other parts of the world, but it is comparable to that reported from other African countries. Further studies with the view of designing wide national surveys in domestic ruminants and camels in other states of the country are needed for establishing control programmes. Large Animal Medicine Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Seroprevalence Sudan Figures Figure 1 Background Paratuberculosis (PTB) also known as Johne’s disease, is a chronic enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) affecting ruminants and wild mammals worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. It is an OIE listed disease of concern to trade in animals. The disease affects animals of all ages manifesting different clinical stages [ 3 – 5 ] causing decreased productivity, low fertility and increased susceptibility to infections [ 6 ]. Moreover, MAP is suspected to be involved in the aetiology of Crohn’s disease, a chronic diarrhoeal inflammatory bowel disease of humans, sharing some features with PTB [ 3 , 7 ]. Due to the serious economic impact of PTB on livestock production, control of MAP is very important wherever it occurs. This requires early detection of infected livestock and sufficient information of the rate of infection and associated risk factors in the population. Diagnosis of PTB is based on one or more of the following: detection of MAP or its DNA in tissues or faeces, detection of MAP antibodies and culture to isolate the organism. The suitability and sensitivity of the tests depend on the clinical stage of the disease [ 8 , 9 ]. Silent infection can be detected only by histopathology or MAP tissue culture, which takes a long time [ 10 , 11 ]. Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA), is a favourable and commonly used serological test to detect MAP antibodies in serum and milk in the subclinical stage of MAP infection and afterwards [ 3 , 10 ]. ELISA sensitivity may reach maximum of 50% [ 8 ] and the specificity can be improved by pre-treatment of samples with Mycobacterium pheli to absorb non-specific antibodies [ 12 ] and minimize possible false positives. Knowledge of the global distribution of PTB is important for establishing control programmes. The prevalence of PTB has been reported from different countries, mainly for bovine PTB. Herd level prevalence of up to 75.8% was reported in the Caribbean and Latin America [ 13 ]; >50% in Europe and North America [ 14 ]; 20.35%-41.7% in Asia [ 15 , 16 ]. Animal level prevalence ranging from 2.31–29.8% was also reported in Asia [ 15 – 18 ]. In Africa, reports on MAP infections in animals are rather scanty. Available published data show herd prevalence of 45.2% and 13% in Egypt and Uganda, respectively [ 19 , 20 ], and animal level prevalence of 9% in Uganda [ 20 ] and 5.26% in Tanzania [ 21 ]. Although PTB was first diagnosed in livestock in the Sudan more than 50 years ago [ 22 ], there has been little research and few reports about its incidences and prevalence. The first report on bovine PTB in the Sudan was from Khartoum with 53% prevalence based mainly on clinical disease [ 23 ]. A more recent study on bovine PTB in Khartoum State by Mohammed et al. (2010) revealed 66.7% and 10.2% at the herd and animal levels, respectively [ 24 ], but it was limited since it involved only few farms. The present study aimed at evaluating the current situation of PTB in dairy farms in Khartoum State by increasing the number of herds in a wider area. Results And Discussion In this study, antibodies against MAP have been demonstrated by ELISA in 7 out of 37 dairy herds tested in Khartoum State with an overall herd prevalence of 18.9% and animal level prevalence of 6.3%. Three of the positive herds were in Omdurman, which also had the highest prevalence at the animal level (33.3%); two positive herds were found in each of the other two localities. Summary of the results are presented in Table 1 . As the maximum sensitivity of ELISA is about 50%, the true estimation of seroprevalence could be higher than the obtained results. However, ELISA positive animals may or may not be MAP shedders, but precautions should be taken to minimize transmission of infection within the herd. Table 1 Prevalence of MAP antibodies in dairy cattle in Khartoum State Area Animal level Herd level Breed Total Local Cross No. Tested + ve No. Tested + ve No. Tested + ve No. Tested + ve No. % No. % No. % No. % Khartoum 7 0 0 44 2 3.9 51 2 3.9 11 2 18.2 Khartoum North 0 0 0 78 4 5.1 78 4 5.1 15 2 13.3 Omdurman 0 0 0 45 5 11.1 45 5 11.1 9 3 22.2 Total 7 0 0 168 11 6.3 175 11 6.3 37 6 17.1 All seropositive animals were cross-bred females of good body condition, most (> 90%) of them were above three years old and > 50% were from medium herd size (50–100 head). The chronic nature of MAP infection and the long incubation period render the infected animals apparently healthy for years before showing overt symptoms of the disease [ 25 ] which interpret our findings. The numbers of local cattle in the farms investigated was small and none of the tested animals was seropositive. Local breeds are poor milkers compared to exotic breeds or their crosses and. therefore, limited numbers of selected cows are included. However, PTB surveys should also include pastoral local herds in the Sudan. It is interesting that Chi-Square showed no significant association between these descriptive animal data and serostatus (Table 2 ). Table 2 Chi square results for association between cattle age, sex, herd size and body condition and prevalence of MAP antibodies in Khartoum State Result Age Body condition Herd size Sex > 3 < 3 Total Emaciat-ed Good Total L M S Total Female Male Total -ve Count 107 42 149 24 117 141 42 78 38 158 126 25 152 % within Result 71.8 28.2 100.0 17.0 83.0 100.0 26.6 49.4 24.1 100.0 83.6 16.4 100.0 % within category 91.5 97.7 93.1 100.0 91.4 92.8 95.5 92.9 92.7 93.5 92.6 96.2 93.3 % of Total 66.9 26.3 93.1 15.8 77.0 92.8 24.9 46.2 22.5 93.5 77.9 15.3 93.3 +ve Count 10 1 11 0 11 11 2 6 3 11 10 1 11 % within Result 90.9 9.1 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 18.2 54.5 27.3 100.0 90.9 9.1 100.0 % within category 8.5 2.3 6.9 0.0 8.6 7.2 4.5 7.1 7.3 6.5 7.4 3.8 6.7 % of Total 6.3 0.6 6.9 0.0 7.2 7.2 1.2 3.6 1.8 6.5 6.1 0.6 6.7 Total Count 117 43 160 24 128 152 44 84 41 169 136 26 163 % within Result 73.1 26.9 100.0 15.8 84.2 100.0 26.0 49.7 24.3 100.0 83.4 16.0 100.0 % within category 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 % of Total 73.1 26.9 100.0 15.8 84.2 100.0 26.0 49.7 24.3 100.0 83.4 16.0 100.0 *The chi square results showed that the association between cattle age and the prevalence of MAP antibodies was not significant (chi-value = 1.9, p > 0.05); similarly the association between the cattle body condition and the prevalence of such antibodies was insignificant (chi-value = 2.2, p > 0.05). Niether sex nor the herd size was significantly associated with the prevalence of MAP antibodies ( chi-value = 0.5, p > 0.05) and ( chi-value = 0.38, p > 0.05), respectively. The only reliable report from the Sudan on seroprevalence of bovine PTB to compare the current results with is that of Mohammed and others [ 24 ] who reported 66.7% and 10.2% prevalence at the herd and individual animal levels, respectively in Khartoum State. These rates are higher than that reported here, but our study seems to be more representative by involving greater number of herds distributed over a wider area of Khartoum State (Fig. 1). Moreover, they involved clinical cases, which when excluded, the apparently healthy animals would reveal a comparable animal-level prevalence (6.9%). Contrary to the current results they reported the lowest seropositivity in Omdurman. It is obvious that PTB in Sudan is poorly documented. Similarly, reports from African countries on MAP infections in animals are rather scanty [ 26 ]. However, the prevalence rates, herd or individual animal levels, reported from Egypt [ 19 ], Uganda [ 20 ], and Tanzania [ 21 ] are reasonably comparable with the present results. Global prevalence of PTB is high and the disease is well documented in many developed countries, where it causes tremendous economic losses. The prevalence rates of PTB obtained in this study seem to be low compared to that mentioned globally [ 13 , 15 – 18 ]. Generally, variation between results obtained by various authors may be influenced by stage of infection, animal age, shedding level of the organism, lactation, antibody concentration and varying sensitivity among different ELISAs [ 5 , 8 , 25 , 27 ]. These should be considered when comparing results on PTB prevalence. It has been stated that ELISA is more precise in determining herd level prevalence [ 8 ], however, combination of ELISA with culture or molecular assays for screening of MAP infection would be more reliable in investigating both animal and herd level prevalence. Conclusion The present study confirms that MAP infection occurs in dairy cattle in Khartoum State by using more representative samples. However, more studies with the view of designing wide national surveys in domestic ruminants and camels in other states are needed for establishing control programmes. Methods Study population Animals included in this study were local (Butana/ Kenana) and cross-bred (local x Friesian) cattle of both sexes and different ages selected through stratified random sampling from different dairy herds in three major areas in Khartoum State (Fig. 1): 11 herds in Khartoum, 17 in Khartoum North and 9 in Omdurman. Most of the animals were of good body condition. Blood collection A total of 174 animals (7 local and 167 cross-bred) selected from herds in the three major localities in the State; Khartoum (N = 51), Khartoum North (N = 78) and Omdurman (N = 45) were bled for serum. After disinfecting the site, blood was collected by jugular venipuncture in sterile vacutainers. The harvested sera were kept at -20° C till being tested. Breed of animals, sex, age, body condition and other herd information related to the sampled animals were noted. The Sudanese regulations of animal welfare have been followed during handling of animals and blood collection. ELISA procedure The obtained sera were tested for anti-MAP antibodies using IDEXX ELISA kits (IDEXX laboratories Inc. Westbrook, USA) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, the test samples and the provided controls were diluted 1:20 with the provided buffer containing Mycobacterium pheli and left (as pre-incubation) for 35 min. The plate coated with MAP antigen was incubated for 45 min with 100 µl of the diluted test samples and controls. The plate was then washed thrice, 100 µl of conjugate were added, left for 30 min and washed as before; 100 µl of TMB solution were added and left for 10 min followed by 100 µl of stop solution. The optical density of the plates was read at 450 nm in plate reader. According to manufacturer’s guidelines, the results were validated and then interpreted as positive and negative. Statistical analysis The results were analysed using SAS software version 9 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The data obtained were compared using the Pearson Chi-Square test. Abbreviations MAP Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis PTB Paratuberculosis OIE World Organization for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties) ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethics approval for the study was waived by Research Board of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Scientific Committee of the Institute for Studies and Promotion of Animal Exports, University of Khartoum. The samples were taken by authorized veterinarians according to the national veterinary and animal welfare regulations. Animal owners had given oral consent according to the national ethical regulations. Consent to publish Not applicable Availability of data and materials All data supporting our findings are contained within the manuscript. Competing interests All authors have no reported conflicts of interest. Funding This study is part of a research project (404935781) funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The funding agency has no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. Authors’ contributions Study design: NMA, SAA, MEM, KHE; samples and data collection: NMA; conducting ELISA, data preparation and analysis: WAE, SMI; statistical analysis: MEM; writing the first draft: WAE; preparing the final manuscript: WAE, AAG, KHE; critical revisions and editing: JBO, LO, MEM, AEW, EE. All authors read and agreed on the final draft. Acknowledgments The Dr. Mojahed Haroun provided assistance during sample collection; Dr. Islam Kamaleldin, Dr. Nehal Mohamed and Dr. Eiman Hassab Elrasoul of Detasi Company provided equipment facility. References Fawzy A, Zschöck M, Ewers C, Eisenberg T. Genotyping methods and molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) . Int J Vet Sci Med. 2018;6(2):258–64. Rathnaiah G, Zinniel DK, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR, Grohn YT, Collins MT, Barletta RG. Pathogenesis, Molecular Genetics, and Genomics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis , the Etiologic Agent of Johne's Disease . Front Vet Sci. 2017;4:187. Garvey M. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis : A possible causative agent in human morbidity and risk to public health safety . Open Vet J. 2018;8(2):172–81. Gautam M, Ridler A, Wilson PR, Heuer C. Control of clinical paratuberculosis in New Zealand pastoral livestock. N Z Vet J. 2018;66(1):1–8. Nielsen SS: Immune - based diagnosis of paratuberculosis . In : Paratuberculosis, organism, Disease and control. Behr 1st edn . Edited by Behr MA , Collins DM . Wallingford Oxfordshire , UK : CABI Head Office ; 2010: 284 – 291 . Schwalm AK, Obiegala A, Pfeffer M, Sting R. Enhanced sensitivity and fast turnaround time in laboratory diagnosis for bovine paratuberculosis in faecal samples. J Microbiol Methods. 2018;152:39–47. Behr MA: Paratuberculosis and Crohn ' s disease . In : Paratuberculosis, organism, Disease and control. 1st edn . Edited by Behr MA , Collins DM . Wallingford Oxfordshire , UK : CABI Head Office ; 2010: 40 – 50 . Barkema HW, Jan Willem Hesselink, Shawn L.B. McKenna, and GB, Groenendaal H : Global prevalence of and Economics of Infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp . paratuberculosis in Ruminants . In : Paratuberculosis, organism, Disease and control. 1st edn . Edited by Behr MA , Collins DM . Wallingford Oxfordshire , UK : CABI Head Office ; 2010: 10 – 21 . Whittington RJ, Begg DJ. de Silva K, Purdie AC, Dhand NK, Plain KM: Case definition terminology for paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). BMC Vet Res 2017, 13(1):328. Radostits O, Gay C, Hinchcliff K, Constable P: Veterinary Medicine , 10th edition ; 2010. Stabel JR, Whitlock RH. An evaluation of a modified interferon-γ assay for the detection of paratuberculosis in dairy herds. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2001;79(1–2):69–81. Bannantine JP, Paustian ML, Kapur V, Eda3 S : Proteome and antigen of Mycobacterium avium subsp parartuberculosis. In : Paratuberculosis Organism, Disease, Control. 1st edn . Edited by Behr MA , Collins DM . Wallingford Oxfordshire , UK : CABI Head Office ; 2010: 94 – 109 . Fernandez-Silva JA, Correa-Valencia NM, Ramirez NF. Systematic review of the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle, sheep, and goats in Latin America and the Caribbean. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2014;46(8):1321–40. Manning EJB, Collins MT: Epidemiology of Paratuberculosis . In : Paratuberculosis Organism, Disease, Control. 1st edn . Edited by Behr MA , Collins DM . Wallingford Oxfordshire , UK : CABI Head Office ; 2010: 22 – 29 . Lee KW, Jung BY. Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in cattle in Korea . Vet Rec. 2009;165(22):661–2. Sun WW, Lv WF, Cong W, Meng QF, Wang CF, Shan XF, Qian AD: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Bovine Leukemia Virus Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Commercial Dairy and Beef Cattle in Northern and Northeastern China . Biomed Res Int 2015, 2015 : 315173 . Gurung RB, Begg DJ, Whittington RJ. A national serosurvey to determine the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle in Bhutan following detection of clinical cases. Vet Med Sci. 2018;4(4):288–95. Singh SV, Singh AV, Singh R, Sharma S, Shukla N, Misra S, Singh PK, Sohal JS, Kumar H, Patil PK et al: Sero-prevalence of bovine Johne's disease in buffaloes and cattle population of North India using indigenous ELISA kit based on native Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis 'Bison type' genotype of goat origin . Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 31 ( 5 ): 419–433 . Fawzy A, Prince A, Hassan AA, Fayed A, Zschöck M, Naga M, Omar M, Salem M, El-Sayed A. Epidemiological studies on Johne’s disease in ruminants and Crohn’s disease in humans in Egypt. Intl J Vet Sci Med. 2019;1(2):79–86. Okuni JB, Loukopoulos P, Reinacher M, Ojok L. Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis Antibodies in Cattle from Wakiso, Mpigi and Luwero Districts in Uganda . Int J Anim Vet Adv. 2011;3:156–60. Mpenda FN, Buza J. Seroprevalence of bovine paratuberculosis in Arusha, Northern Tanzania. Am J Res Comm. 2014;2:97–104. Chaudhary AQ, Fawi MT, Obeid HM. Johne’s disease in goats in the Sudan. Vet Rec. 1964;76:246–7. Fawi MT, Obeid HM. A note on Johne’s disease among cattle in the Sudan. Bull Epiz Dis Afri. 1964;12:437. Mohammed KB, El-Eragi A, Mohamed AZ. Seroprevalence of bovine paratuberculosis specific antibodies in Khartoum and Al-Jazeera States, Sudan. J Anim Vet Adv. 2010;9:2098–101. Mortier RA, Barkema HW. Susceptibility to and diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in dairy calves: A review . Prev Vet Med. 2015;121(3–4):189–98., De Buck J. Okuni JB, Hansen S, Eltom KH, Eltayeb E, Amanzada A, Omega JA, Czerny CP. Abd El Wahed A, Ojok L: Paratuberculosis: A Potential Zoonosis and a Neglected Disease in Africa . Microorganisms 2020, 8( 7 ). Nielsen SS, Enevoldsen C, Gröhn YT. The Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ELISA response by parity and stage of lactation . Prev Vet Med. 2002;54(1):1–10. Legend. to Fig. 1. Locations of dairy farms sampled for seroprevalence of Mycobacterium aviums subsp . paratuberculosis in Khartoum State . The map was created from google maps® using google ’ s account of KHE Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Dec, 2020 Read the published version in Veterinary Sciences → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-44169","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":1122906,"identity":"aafdfe01-fb44-4228-8e4f-c315e4b56a94","order_by":0,"name":"Wisal Abdalrahman Elmagzoub","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wisal","middleName":"Abdalrahman","lastName":"Elmagzoub","suffix":""},{"id":1122907,"identity":"53248e0a-14b7-4ff3-b43f-03c7832b50dc","order_by":1,"name":"Nabawia Mohamed Adam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum Faculty of Veterinary Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nabawia","middleName":"Mohamed","lastName":"Adam","suffix":""},{"id":1122908,"identity":"6fa9149a-a8d3-4e0d-b8cb-3036c3d810f2","order_by":2,"name":"Sanaa Mohamed Idris","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum Faculty of Veterinary Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sanaa","middleName":"Mohamed","lastName":"Idris","suffix":""},{"id":1122909,"identity":"cbc0046b-d5f3-44ec-bd16-e3acf1d3dbcc","order_by":3,"name":"Mohamed Elwaseela Mukhtar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum Faculty of Agriculture","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"Elwaseela","lastName":"Mukhtar","suffix":""},{"id":1122910,"identity":"4f85307f-c827-4c9d-b4e3-4a84f93f8f88","order_by":4,"name":"Sanaa Abdelaziz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum Faculty of Veterinary Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sanaa","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdelaziz","suffix":""},{"id":1122911,"identity":"4a9505e0-fe83-438f-8843-38dc71830f7c","order_by":5,"name":"Julius Boniface Okuni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Julius","middleName":"Boniface","lastName":"Okuni","suffix":""},{"id":1122912,"identity":"4ad00a1a-50d4-4855-8208-418fdb2b2a7c","order_by":6,"name":"Lonzy Ojok","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lonzy","middleName":"","lastName":"Ojok","suffix":""},{"id":1122913,"identity":"2adbe215-e8a6-41d1-9115-899ddef2d56b","order_by":7,"name":"Ahmed Abd El Wahed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitat Leipzig","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"Abd El","lastName":"Wahed","suffix":""},{"id":1122914,"identity":"74dbe29f-c889-44e2-b968-3ca5eba8f039","order_by":8,"name":"ElSagad Eltayeb","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Neelain University Faculty of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"ElSagad","middleName":"","lastName":"Eltayeb","suffix":""},{"id":1122915,"identity":"c729f1b3-810e-478f-a052-4ad4369eb603","order_by":9,"name":"Ahmed Abdelrahim Gameel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum Faculty of Veterinary Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"Abdelrahim","lastName":"Gameel","suffix":""},{"id":1122916,"identity":"9a0c0a65-c4bf-4c52-92ad-08b516334261","order_by":10,"name":"Kamal Hassan Eltom","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA60lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQbmBiBlwwgkDRgYCoBsZpAoXi2MjUDVaVAtBsRrOYykhYGAFsn2xvYHH3POy/a3H97A8MPgcLQ5OwPjjQ94tEjzHGxsnLnttvGMM2kFjD0Gh3N3NjMwW87Ao0VOIrGxmXfb7cSGAznmP3iAWjYcZmCT5sGnRf4hSMu5xPnn3xgw/oFp+YPPYRKMIC0HEjfcyDFghtuC1/s9iY0zZ25LNt5441kBs4xBOlALY7NlDx4tEscPH/jwcZud7LzzyRsY31RY5244f/jgjR/4rMECQHE0CkbBKBgFo4AiAADKRVTS3gD9OAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3707-5087","institution":"University of Khartoum","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kamal","middleName":"Hassan","lastName":"Eltom","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-07-16 10:52:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-44169/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-44169/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040209","type":"published","date":"2020-12-21T18:59:53+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":1798787,"identity":"7abe3568-919c-4673-aa4c-16da52eff344","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-08-05 15:24:42","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":655301,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Locations of dairy farms sampled for seroprevalence of Mycobacterium aviums subsp. paratuberculosis in Khartoum State. The map was created from google maps® using google’s account of KHE","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-44169/v1/1.png"},{"id":15668144,"identity":"bb7346c6-d629-45a8-9418-f8429e8ce74a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-18 13:46:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1181891,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-44169/v1/519cd5ee-bd97-43ea-8eea-b4bb839b059a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSeroprevalence of \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium avium\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003eparatuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e in Dairy Cattle in Khartoum State, Sudan.\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":" \u003cp\u003eParatuberculosis (PTB) also known as Johne\u0026rsquo;s disease, is a chronic enteritis caused by \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium avium\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003eparatuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e (MAP) affecting ruminants and wild mammals worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. It is an OIE listed disease of concern to trade in animals. The disease affects animals of all ages manifesting different clinical stages [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] causing decreased productivity, low fertility and increased susceptibility to infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, MAP is suspected to be involved in the aetiology of Crohn\u0026rsquo;s disease, a chronic diarrhoeal inflammatory bowel disease of humans, sharing some features with PTB [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to the serious economic impact of PTB on livestock production, control of MAP is very important wherever it occurs. This requires early detection of infected livestock and sufficient information of the rate of infection and associated risk factors in the population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnosis of PTB is based on one or more of the following: detection of MAP or its DNA in tissues or faeces, detection of MAP antibodies and culture to isolate the organism. The suitability and sensitivity of the tests depend on the clinical stage of the disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Silent infection can be detected only by histopathology or MAP tissue culture, which takes a long time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA), is a favourable and commonly used serological test to detect MAP antibodies in serum and milk in the subclinical stage of MAP infection and afterwards [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. ELISA sensitivity may reach maximum of 50% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] and the specificity can be improved by pre-treatment of samples with \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium pheli\u003c/em\u003e to absorb non-specific antibodies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] and minimize possible false positives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of the global distribution of PTB is important for establishing control programmes. The prevalence of PTB has been reported from different countries, mainly for bovine PTB. Herd level prevalence of up to 75.8% was reported in the Caribbean and Latin America [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]; \u0026gt;50% in Europe and North America [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]; 20.35%-41.7% in Asia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Animal level prevalence ranging from 2.31\u0026ndash;29.8% was also reported in Asia [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. In Africa, reports on MAP infections in animals are rather scanty. Available published data show herd prevalence of 45.2% and 13% in Egypt and Uganda, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], and animal level prevalence of 9% in Uganda [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] and 5.26% in Tanzania [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Although PTB was first diagnosed in livestock in the Sudan more than 50\u0026nbsp;years ago [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], there has been little research and few reports about its incidences and prevalence. The first report on bovine PTB in the Sudan was from Khartoum with 53% prevalence based mainly on clinical disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. A more recent study on bovine PTB in Khartoum State by Mohammed et al. (2010) revealed 66.7% and 10.2% at the herd and animal levels, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], but it was limited since it involved only few farms. The present study aimed at evaluating the current situation of PTB in dairy farms in Khartoum State by increasing the number of herds in a wider area.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Results And Discussion","content":" \u003cp\u003eIn this study, antibodies against MAP have been demonstrated by ELISA in 7 out of 37 dairy herds tested in Khartoum State with an overall herd prevalence of 18.9% and animal level prevalence of 6.3%. Three of the positive herds were in Omdurman, which also had the highest prevalence at the animal level (33.3%); two positive herds were found in each of the other two localities. Summary of the results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. As the maximum sensitivity of ELISA is about 50%, the true estimation of seroprevalence could be higher than the obtained results. However, ELISA positive animals may or may not be MAP shedders, but precautions should be taken to minimize transmission of infection within the herd.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of MAP antibodies in dairy cattle in Khartoum State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerd level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. Tested\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+ ve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. Tested\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+ ve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. Tested\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+ ve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. Tested\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+ ve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKhartoum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKhartoum North\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOmdurman\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003eAll seropositive animals were cross-bred females of good body condition, most (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;90%) of them were above three years old and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50% were from medium herd size (50\u0026ndash;100 head). The chronic nature of MAP infection and the long incubation period render the infected animals apparently healthy for years before showing overt symptoms of the disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] which interpret our findings. The numbers of local cattle in the farms investigated was small and none of the tested animals was seropositive. Local breeds are poor milkers compared to exotic breeds or their crosses and. therefore, limited numbers of selected cows are included. However, PTB surveys should also include pastoral local herds in the Sudan. It is interesting that Chi-Square showed no significant association between these descriptive animal data and serostatus (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi square results for association between cattle age, sex, herd size and body condition and prevalence of MAP antibodies in Khartoum State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerd size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmaciat-ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-ve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% within Result\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% within category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Total\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+ve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% within Result\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% within category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Total\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% within Result\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% within category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Total\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"15\"\u003e*The chi square results showed that the association between cattle age and the prevalence of MAP antibodies was not significant (chi-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.9, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); similarly the association between the cattle body condition and the prevalence of such antibodies was insignificant (chi-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.2, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Niether sex nor the herd size was significantly associated with the prevalence of MAP antibodies ( chi-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and ( chi-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.38, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), respectively.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe only reliable report from the Sudan on seroprevalence of bovine PTB to compare the current results with is that of Mohammed and others [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] who reported 66.7% and 10.2% prevalence at the herd and individual animal levels, respectively in Khartoum State. These rates are higher than that reported here, but our study seems to be more representative by involving greater number of herds distributed over a wider area of Khartoum State (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). Moreover, they involved clinical cases, which when excluded, the apparently healthy animals would reveal a comparable animal-level prevalence (6.9%). Contrary to the current results they reported the lowest seropositivity in Omdurman.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is obvious that PTB in Sudan is poorly documented. Similarly, reports from African countries on MAP infections in animals are rather scanty [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the prevalence rates, herd or individual animal levels, reported from Egypt [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], Uganda [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], and Tanzania [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] are reasonably comparable with the present results. Global prevalence of PTB is high and the disease is well documented in many developed countries, where it causes tremendous economic losses. The prevalence rates of PTB obtained in this study seem to be low compared to that mentioned globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenerally, variation between results obtained by various authors may be influenced by stage of infection, animal age, shedding level of the organism, lactation, antibody concentration and varying sensitivity among different ELISAs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. These should be considered when comparing results on PTB prevalence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been stated that ELISA is more precise in determining herd level prevalence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], however, combination of ELISA with culture or molecular assays for screening of MAP infection would be more reliable in investigating both animal and herd level prevalence.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe present study confirms that MAP infection occurs in dairy cattle in Khartoum State by using more representative samples. However, more studies with the view of designing wide national surveys in domestic ruminants and camels in other states are needed for establishing control programmes.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimals included in this study were local (Butana/ Kenana) and cross-bred (local x Friesian) cattle of both sexes and different ages selected through stratified random sampling from different dairy herds in three major areas in Khartoum State (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1): 11 herds in Khartoum, 17 in Khartoum North and 9 in Omdurman. Most of the animals were of good body condition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 174 animals (7 local and 167 cross-bred) selected from herds in the three major localities in the State; Khartoum (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;51), Khartoum North (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;78) and Omdurman (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45) were bled for serum. After disinfecting the site, blood was collected by jugular venipuncture in sterile vacutainers. The harvested sera were kept at -20\u0026deg; C till being tested. Breed of animals, sex, age, body condition and other herd information related to the sampled animals were noted. The Sudanese regulations of animal welfare have been followed during handling of animals and blood collection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eELISA procedure\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe obtained sera were tested for anti-MAP antibodies using IDEXX ELISA kits (IDEXX laboratories Inc. Westbrook, USA) according to manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions. Briefly, the test samples and the provided controls were diluted 1:20 with the provided buffer containing \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium pheli\u003c/em\u003e and left (as pre-incubation) for 35\u0026nbsp;min. The plate coated with MAP antigen was incubated for 45\u0026nbsp;min with 100\u0026nbsp;\u0026micro;l of the diluted test samples and controls. The plate was then washed thrice, 100\u0026nbsp;\u0026micro;l of conjugate were added, left for 30\u0026nbsp;min and washed as before; 100\u0026nbsp;\u0026micro;l of TMB solution were added and left for 10\u0026nbsp;min followed by 100\u0026nbsp;\u0026micro;l of stop solution. The optical density of the plates was read at 450\u0026nbsp;nm in plate reader. According to manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s guidelines, the results were validated and then interpreted as positive and negative.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results were analysed using SAS software version 9 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The data obtained were compared using the Pearson Chi-Square test.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eMAP \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium avium\u003c/em\u003e subspecies \u003cem\u003eparatuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePTB Paratuberculosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOIE World Organization for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval for the study was waived by Research Board of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Scientific Committee of the Institute for Studies and Promotion of Animal Exports, University of Khartoum. The samples were taken by authorized veterinarians according to the national veterinary and animal welfare regulations. Animal owners had given oral consent according to the national ethical regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent to publish\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data supporting our findings are contained within the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have no reported conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is part of a research project (404935781) funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The funding agency has no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy design: NMA, SAA, MEM, KHE; samples and data collection: NMA; conducting ELISA, data preparation and analysis: WAE, SMI; statistical analysis: MEM; writing the first draft: WAE; preparing the final manuscript: WAE, AAG, KHE; critical revisions and editing: JBO, LO, MEM, AEW, EE. All authors read and agreed on the final draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Dr. Mojahed Haroun provided assistance during sample collection; Dr. Islam Kamaleldin, Dr. Nehal Mohamed and Dr. Eiman Hassab Elrasoul of Detasi Company provided equipment facility.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eFawzy A, Zsch\u0026ouml;ck M, Ewers C, Eisenberg T. \u003cb\u003eGenotyping methods and molecular epidemiology of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium avium\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003esubsp.\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eparatuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e(MAP)\u003c/b\u003e. Int J Vet Sci Med. 2018;6(2):258\u0026ndash;64.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eRathnaiah G, Zinniel DK, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR, Grohn YT, Collins MT, Barletta RG. \u003cb\u003ePathogenesis, Molecular Genetics, and Genomics of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium avium\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003esubsp.\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eparatuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003ethe Etiologic Agent of Johne's Disease\u003c/b\u003e. Front Vet Sci. 2017;4:187.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eGarvey M. \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium avium\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003esubspecies\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eparatuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cb\u003eA possible causative agent in human morbidity and risk to public health safety\u003c/b\u003e. Open Vet J. 2018;8(2):172\u0026ndash;81.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eGautam M, Ridler A, Wilson PR, Heuer C. Control of clinical paratuberculosis in New Zealand pastoral livestock. N Z Vet J. 2018;66(1):1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eNielsen SS: \u003cb\u003eImmune\u003c/b\u003e-\u003cb\u003ebased diagnosis of paratuberculosis\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eIn\u003c/b\u003e: Paratuberculosis, organism, Disease and control. \u003cb\u003eBehr 1st edn\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eEdited by Behr MA\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eCollins DM\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eWallingford Oxfordshire\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eUK\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eCABI Head Office\u003c/b\u003e; 2010: \u003cb\u003e284\u003c/b\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cb\u003e291\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eSchwalm AK, Obiegala A, Pfeffer M, Sting R. Enhanced sensitivity and fast turnaround time in laboratory diagnosis for bovine paratuberculosis in faecal samples. J Microbiol Methods. 2018;152:39\u0026ndash;47.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eBehr MA: \u003cb\u003eParatuberculosis and Crohn\u003c/b\u003e'\u003cb\u003es disease\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eIn\u003c/b\u003e: Paratuberculosis, organism, Disease and control. \u003cb\u003e1st edn\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eEdited by Behr MA\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eCollins DM\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eWallingford Oxfordshire\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eUK\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eCABI Head Office\u003c/b\u003e; 2010: \u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eBarkema HW, Jan Willem Hesselink, Shawn L.B. McKenna, \u003cb\u003eand\u003c/b\u003e GB, Groenendaal \u003cb\u003eH\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eGlobal prevalence of and Economics of Infection with\u003c/b\u003e Mycobacterium avium \u003cb\u003esubsp\u003c/b\u003e. paratuberculosis \u003cb\u003ein Ruminants\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eIn\u003c/b\u003e: Paratuberculosis, organism, Disease and control. \u003cb\u003e1st edn\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eEdited by Behr MA\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eCollins DM\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eWallingford Oxfordshire\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eUK\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eCABI Head Office\u003c/b\u003e; 2010: \u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cb\u003e21\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eWhittington RJ, Begg DJ. \u003cb\u003ede\u003c/b\u003e Silva K, Purdie AC, Dhand NK, Plain KM: Case definition terminology for paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). BMC Vet Res 2017, 13(1):328.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eRadostits O, Gay C, Hinchcliff K, Constable P: \u003cb\u003eVeterinary Medicine\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003e10th edition\u003c/b\u003e; 2010.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eStabel JR, Whitlock RH. An evaluation of a modified interferon-γ assay for the detection of paratuberculosis in dairy herds. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2001;79(1\u0026ndash;2):69\u0026ndash;81.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eBannantine JP, Paustian ML, Kapur V, \u003cb\u003eEda3 S\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eProteome and antigen of\u003c/b\u003e Mycobacterium avium \u003cb\u003esubsp\u003c/b\u003e parartuberculosis. \u003cb\u003eIn\u003c/b\u003e: Paratuberculosis Organism, Disease, Control. \u003cb\u003e1st edn\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eEdited by Behr MA\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eCollins DM\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eWallingford Oxfordshire\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eUK\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eCABI Head Office\u003c/b\u003e; 2010: \u003cb\u003e94\u003c/b\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cb\u003e109\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eFernandez-Silva JA, Correa-Valencia NM, Ramirez NF. Systematic review of the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle, sheep, and goats in Latin America and the Caribbean. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2014;46(8):1321\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eManning EJB, Collins MT: \u003cb\u003eEpidemiology of Paratuberculosis\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eIn\u003c/b\u003e: Paratuberculosis Organism, Disease, Control. \u003cb\u003e1st edn\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eEdited by Behr MA\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eCollins DM\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eWallingford Oxfordshire\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eUK\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eCABI Head Office\u003c/b\u003e; 2010: \u003cb\u003e22\u003c/b\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cb\u003e29\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eLee KW, Jung BY. \u003cb\u003eSeroprevalence of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium avium\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003esubspecies\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eparatuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003ein cattle in Korea\u003c/b\u003e. Vet Rec. 2009;165(22):661\u0026ndash;2.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eSun WW, Lv WF, Cong W, Meng QF, Wang CF, Shan XF, Qian AD: Mycobacterium avium \u003cb\u003esubspecies\u003c/b\u003e paratuberculosis \u003cb\u003eand Bovine Leukemia Virus Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Commercial Dairy and Beef Cattle in Northern and Northeastern China\u003c/b\u003e. Biomed Res Int 2015, \u003cb\u003e2015\u003c/b\u003e:\u003cb\u003e315173\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eGurung RB, Begg DJ, Whittington RJ. A national serosurvey to determine the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle in Bhutan following detection of clinical cases. Vet Med Sci. 2018;4(4):288\u0026ndash;95.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eSingh SV, Singh AV, Singh R, Sharma S, Shukla N, Misra S, Singh PK, Sohal JS, Kumar H, Patil PK et al: \u003cb\u003eSero-prevalence of bovine Johne's disease in buffaloes and cattle population of North India using indigenous ELISA kit based on native\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium avium\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003esubspecies\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eparatuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e'Bison type' genotype of goat origin\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cem\u003eComp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis\u003c/em\u003e 2008, \u003cb\u003e31\u003c/b\u003e(\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e):\u003cb\u003e419\u0026ndash;433\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eFawzy A, Prince A, Hassan AA, Fayed A, Zsch\u0026ouml;ck M, Naga M, Omar M, Salem M, El-Sayed A. Epidemiological studies on Johne\u0026rsquo;s disease in ruminants and Crohn\u0026rsquo;s disease in humans in Egypt. Intl J Vet Sci Med. 2019;1(2):79\u0026ndash;86.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eOkuni JB, Loukopoulos P, Reinacher M, Ojok L. \u003cb\u003eSeroprevalence of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium avium\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003esubspecies\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eparatuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003eAntibodies in Cattle from Wakiso, Mpigi and Luwero Districts in Uganda\u003c/b\u003e. Int J Anim Vet Adv. 2011;3:156\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eMpenda FN, Buza J. Seroprevalence of bovine paratuberculosis in Arusha, Northern Tanzania. Am J Res Comm. 2014;2:97\u0026ndash;104.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eChaudhary AQ, Fawi MT, Obeid HM. Johne\u0026rsquo;s disease in goats in the Sudan. Vet Rec. 1964;76:246\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eFawi MT, Obeid HM. A note on Johne\u0026rsquo;s disease among cattle in the Sudan. Bull Epiz Dis Afri. 1964;12:437.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eMohammed KB, El-Eragi A, Mohamed AZ. Seroprevalence of bovine paratuberculosis specific antibodies in Khartoum and Al-Jazeera States, Sudan. J Anim Vet Adv. 2010;9:2098\u0026ndash;101.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eMortier RA, Barkema HW. \u003cb\u003eSusceptibility to and diagnosis of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium avium\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003esubspecies\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eparatuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003einfection in dairy calves: A review\u003c/b\u003e. Prev Vet Med. 2015;121(3\u0026ndash;4):189\u0026ndash;98., \u003cb\u003eDe\u003c/b\u003e Buck J.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eOkuni JB, Hansen S, Eltom KH, Eltayeb E, Amanzada A, Omega JA, Czerny CP. Abd \u003cb\u003eEl\u003c/b\u003e Wahed A, Ojok L: \u003cb\u003eParatuberculosis: A Potential Zoonosis and a Neglected Disease in Africa\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cem\u003eMicroorganisms\u003c/em\u003e 2020, 8(\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eNielsen SS, Enevoldsen C, Gr\u0026ouml;hn YT. \u003cb\u003eThe\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium avium\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003esubsp.\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eparatuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003eELISA response by parity and stage of lactation\u003c/b\u003e. Prev Vet Med. 2002;54(1):1\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eLegend. to Fig. 1.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocations of dairy farms sampled for seroprevalence of\u003c/b\u003e Mycobacterium aviums \u003cb\u003esubsp\u003c/b\u003e. paratuberculosis \u003cb\u003ein Khartoum State\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eThe map was created from google maps\u0026reg; using google\u003c/b\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003cb\u003es account of KHE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, Seroprevalence, Sudan","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-44169/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-44169/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground: Paratuberculosis, caused by \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium avium \u003c/em\u003esubspecies\u003cem\u003e paratuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e (MAP), is a chronic wasting disease of mainly domestic and wild ruminants (mammals). It occurs worldwide causing significant economic losses through decreased productivity, low fertility, increased cull rates and mortality. It is an OIE listed disease of concern to trade in animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the current prevalence of MAP infection in cattle in Khartoum State.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults: The overall apparent prevalence of MAP infection was found to be 6.3% and 18.9% (95% CL) at animal and herd levels, respectively. All seropositive animals were cross-bred females of good body condition; most of them (\u0026gt;90%) were \u0026gt;3 years old and \u0026gt;50% were from medium sized herds in Omdurman. No significant association (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026gt;0.05) was found between seropositivity and animal herd data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusion: The prevalence of MAP infection in Khartoum State is still low to medium compared to other parts of the world, but it is comparable to that reported from other African countries. Further studies with the view of designing wide national surveys in domestic ruminants and camels in other states of the country are needed for establishing control programmes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle in Khartoum State, Sudan.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-08-05 15:24:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-44169/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1fcd99b8-d92c-4657-bd59-a90209285a3a","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 5th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":239887,"name":"Large Animal Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-07-22T18:59:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-44169","link":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040209","journal":{"identity":"veterinary-sciences","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Veterinary Sciences"},"publishedOn":"2020-12-21 18:59:53","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 21st, 2020"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-08-05 15:24:41","video":"","vorDoi":"10.3390/vetsci7040209","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040209","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-44169","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-44169","identity":"rs-44169","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"-HB7Z8yhvgn0wM9Nzuekk","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}