Blocked pollen release prevents fruit formation in the halophyte Elaeagnus angustifolia in non-saline habitats

Blocked pollen release prevents fruit formation in the halophyte Elaeagnus angustifolia in non-saline habitats | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Blocked pollen release prevents fruit formation in the halophyte Elaeagnus angustifolia in non-saline habitats Jianrong Guo, Baoshan Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-48371/v3 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Sep, 2021 Read the published version in Environmental and Experimental Botany → Version 3 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background: Anther development affects the reproduction of flowering plants. Halophyte Elaeagnus angustifolia can bear fruits when grown in saline soils. However, no fruits are born in non-saline soils. The possible reasons and differences in E. angustifolia under two conditions were elucidated. Results: We examined features including pollen vitality and germination, in situ pollen germination after natural and hand pollination, anthers after pollen release, and the transcriptome in anthers. No significant difference was observed in pollen vitality or stigma receptivity in E. angustifolia in non-saline vs. saline habitats. However, no pollen tubes were present in styles, and pollen grains were abundant in E. angustifolia anthers under non-saline conditions. Notably, many pollen tubes formed in styles of E. angustifolia after hand pollination in the non-saline habitat. And the differentially expressed genes in anthers from saline vs. non-saline habitats were mainly related to phytohormones, cell wall secondary thickening, transcription factors and ion transport. Conclusions: E. angustifolia fail to form fruits in non-saline habitats due to poor anther pollen release. The induction and coordinated upregulation of genes related to anther cell wall formation and JA biosynthesis likely contribute to anther dehiscence in E. angustifolia in saline habitats, whereas anther dehiscence is blocked in plants grown in non-saline habitats. Plant Molecular Biology and Genetics Plant Physiology and Morphology Anther development Elaeagnus angustifolia flowering fruitless salinity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Background Over 800 million hectares of land worldwide are affected by salt, accounting for more than 6% of the world’s total land area [1-3]. A large amount of saline soil is present in China, which seriously reduces agricultural production [4]. Salt also limits the survival and growth of trees by reducing root survival and hindering the absorption of water and mineral elements [5, 6]. Halophytes have developed mechanisms to tolerate salinity, including salt exclusion to prevent salt absorption (e.g., Pistacia genus) [7]; salt secretion outside the plant body through glands (e.g., Tamarix spp.) [8]; and salt dilution to maintain a lower salt content in the cytoplasm (e.g., mangrove Bruguiera cylindrica ) [9]. Access to halophyte trees would be a benefit for cultivation to improve saline lands, develop saline agriculture, prevent soil erosion, and enhance urban afforestation in saline lands. Elaeagnus angustifolia L., a member of the Elaeagnaceae family, can grow in a wide range of environmental conditions [10]. This tree is deciduous, with unique silver-gray scales covering the leaves, flowers, and newly grown branchlets. E. angustifolia flowers, which are bisexual, yellow on the inside, silvery white on the outside, and fragrant, form and open in May and June. E. angustifolia fruit is edible and sweet, with a single seed [11], and the roots undergo nitrogen fixation [12]. Since this tree is resistant to salt and drought stress and is strongly adaptable, it is widely used for urban and road greening. E. angustifolia can grow and complete its life cycle in saline soil [13]. Many studies have focused on the utilization of E. angustifolia fruits, flowers [14, 15], and plant extracts [16-18]. In addition, the growth performance and salt tolerance of E. angustifolia at the seedling stage were recently investigated [19, 20]. However, little is known about the reproductive development of E. angustifolia in saline environments, especially compared to non-saline environments. Plants switch to the reproductive stage after completing vegetative growth when induced by environmental conditions such as low temperatures and a suitable photoperiod. Much progress has been made in uncovering the molecular mechanism of flower induction and initiation under these conditions [21-23]. In general, for non-halophytes, salinity inhibits plant growth and yields [24-26]. However, salinity has diverse effects on plant reproduction in halophytes. For example, the halophyte Suaeda salsa exhibits the highest biomass and yields when treated with high salinity during the reproductive phase [27-30]. NaCl (300 mM) treatment stimulates flowering in Plantago crassifolia but reduces seed number, with aborted seeds produced in half the spikes [31]. In the halophyte Crithmum maritimum , the inflorescence and flower number are significantly reduced by salinity treatment [32]. How specific plants adapt to high-salinity environments might be related to the ionic balance in leaves and roots, phytohormone balance in plant cells, and an efficient carbon supply [33-35]. Normal stamen development is important for completing the plant lifecycle, while defects in stamen development can lead to male sterility. Environmental factors such as drought and extreme temperature led to male sterility via inhibiting the development and function of anthers [36-40]. However, little is known about anther development in plants growing in a saline environment. Anther development is a precise and complex process, especially the meiosis of the microspore mother cell to produce microspores and pollens. Many genes play pivotal roles in this process and are expressed at different developmental stages. The anther development F-box gene in rice ( OsADF ) is essential for tapetum cell development and pollen formation [41]. In Arabidopsis, the processes of anther differentiation, anther wall development, anther dehiscence and pollen fertility are regulated by numerous related genes such as MYB transcription factors, RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE2 ( RPK2 ), and CALCINEURIN B-LIKE10 ( CBL10 ) [42, 43]. Phytohormones are also involved in stamen development [44]. The Arabidopsis ga1-3 mutant is male sterile with defective stamens and pollen development due to reduced gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis [45]. However, what genes are involved in the regulation of anther development in halophytes, and whether the expression levels of genes related to anther development are altered in halophytes grown in saline environments, remains unknown. E. angustifolia grown in saline lands in Shandong, Xinjiang, Gansu, and Ningxia of China forms flowers and bears numerous fruits. However, E. angustifolia grown in non-saline lands in Shandong (such as Ji’nan) forms only flowers without fruits, unless it is treated with NaCl, in which case it also bears fruits. In the current study, to explore why E. angustifolia flowers but does not form fruits in non-saline habitats, we performed transcriptome analysis of E. angustifolia anthers from plants grown in two habitats using high-throughput Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Our findings shed light on the relationship between salt tolerance and reproductive development in E. angustifolia and lay the foundation for identifying key factors specific to halophytes that contribute to anther development and fruit formation. Results E. angustifolia plants flower and bear fruits in the saline habitat and flower but do not bear fruits in the non-saline habitat We observed the flowering period and reproductive growth of E. angustifolia in two habitats. E. angustifolia flowers are bisexual, with 1–3 flower clusters per axil. The flowers are yellow on the inside, silvery white on the outside, and fragrant and are born from early May to late June. In both habitats, flower buds formed in E. angustifolia , and the flowers opened (Fig. 1a, b). After flowering, fruits bore in E. angustifolia in the saline habitat (Fig. 1c), one or two fruits each leaf axil. Whereas plants in the non-saline habitat had no fruits, and all of the flowers fell off of the plants (Fig. 1d). E. angustifolia plants grown in two habitats do not exhibit significant differences in pollen viability or stigma receptivity To determine whether the lack of fruit in E. angustifolia in the non-saline habitat was caused by pollen vitality, we dyed pollen collected from E. angustifolia in both habitats with Alexander’s solution. This stain dyes aborted pollen grains green and non-aborted pollen grains red. There was no difference in pollen vitality between the habitats: 80% of the pollen grains were viable (Fig. 2a, b). Pollen grains that germinated in vitro from plants grown in both non-saline and saline habitats were well developed, indicating they could germinate and form pollen tubes (Fig. 2c, d). To determine whether insufficient pollen tube growth led to the lack of fertilization of E. angustifolia in the non-saline habitat, we determined the pollen germination rate and pollen tube length. As shown in Fig. S1, the pollen germination rate (Fig. S1 a) of E. angustifolia from both habitats was approximately 50%, and there was no significant difference in pollen tube length (Fig. S1 b) between habitats. These results indicate that the flowering and lack of fruit in E. angustifolia in non-saline habitats were not caused by pollen dysplasia. To determine whether altered stigma receptivity prevents fruit formation in E. angustifolia in non-saline habitats, we measured peroxidase activity in stigmas, which represents stigma receptivity. As shown in Fig. 3b, E. angustifolia stigmas from the non-saline habitat were surrounded by blue staining and numerous bubbles, and there were no significant differences between these stigmas and stigmas from plants grown in the saline habitat (Fig. 3a). The stigmas of plants grown in both environments showed high receptivity, and the pollen vitality was high. These results indicate that pollen viability and stigma receptivity are not the reasons for the lack of fruit in E. angustifolia in the non-saline habitat. Stigmas from the non-saline habitat lack pollen and pollen tubes under natural conditions but contain numerous pollen tubes after hand pollination Under natural conditions, after self pollination, aniline blue staining of pistils revealed numerous pollen tubes in the styles and many pollen grains on the stigmas of plants grown in the saline habitat (Fig. 4a, d). By contrast, the styles of plants grown in the non-saline habitat had almost no pollen tubes in the styles and no pollen grains on stigmas (Fig. 4b, e). These results suggest that due to blocked anther dehiscence, no pollen grains reach the stigmas of plants in the non-saline habitat under natural conditions. At 4 h after hand pollination, many pollen tubes formed in the styles and many pollen grains were present on the stigmas of E. angustifolia grown in the non-saline habitat (Fig. 4c, f). Blocked anther dehiscence occurs in the non-saline habitat To further investigate whether blocked anther dehiscence led to the lack of fruit formation in the non-saline habitat, we observed flowers after anther dehiscence in plants from both habitats. As shown in Fig. 5a, the anthers were pale with almost no pollen grains in E. angustifolia in the saline habitat, as many pollen grains were released to the surfaces of the petals. However, in the non-saline habitat, the anthers were dark yellow and contained many pollen grains, and no pollen grains were present on the surfaces of the petals (Fig. 5b). To determine if the color difference of the anthers from saline vs. non-saline habitats was due to the presence of pollen grains, we observed anthers after pollen released by DIC microscopy. The anthers of plants grown in the saline habitat contained almost no pollen grains and had undergone dehiscence, with only a single layer of cells (Fig. 5c). By contrast, the anthers of plants grown in the non-saline habitat contained numerous pollen grains after anther dehiscence, and no obvious stomium was observed in the anthers (Fig. 5d). The anther sections of E. angustifolia before dehiscence in two habitats were further prepared, no significant difference in pollen amount in anthers of the two habitats, obvious crack in anthers from saline habitat were observed, while not in anthers from non-saline habitat (Fig. S2). It is speculated that the anthers of the E. angustifolia in saline habitat can dehisce and loose pollens when the pollen grains are mature. However, the pollination in E. angustifolia flowers in non-saline habitat was inhibited. Na + content increases in leaves but not flowers in the saline habitat Significantly (27.4%) ( P < 0.05) higher Na + contents were detected in the leaves of E. angustifolia grown in the saline vs. non-saline habitat, whereas no significant difference in Na + content was observed in the flowers of these plants (Fig. 6a). Moreover, there was no significant difference in K + content in the leaves or flowers of E. angustifolia plants grown in the saline vs. non-saline habitat (Fig. 6b). However, plant reproduction was not inhibited, but rather was improved, by the increased Na + content in leaves under saline conditions. Sequence assembly and quantitative real-time PCR validation To investigate the molecular mechanism involved in the differences in anther development and dehiscence in E. angustifolia under saline vs. non-saline conditions, we collected anthers during early development and subjected them to RNA-seq analysis. The number of clean reads obtained from the both groups is shown in Table S3. Genes with differential expression in anthers between the two groups were filtered based on an adjusted P value 1.5. The remaining genes were analyzed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that might lead to failed dehiscence in E. angustifolia anthers in the non-saline habitat. To validate the quality of the data obtained by RNA-seq, were subjected 11 DEGs involved in anther development to quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The results from qPCR were consistent with the RNA-seq results, indicating that the RNA-seq data were reliable (Fig. 7) and could be used for further analysis. Analysis and annotation of DEGs To evaluate the DEGs in E. angustifolia anthers under saline vs. non-saline conditions, we performed differential expression analysis using DESeq2 [46]. In total, 8,817 genes displayed significantly different expression levels between the saline and non-saline habitats. Among these, 5,063 were upregulated and 3,754 were downregulated in E. angustifolia anthers under saline vs. non-saline conditions (Fig. S3 a). To identify the likely biological pathways involving the DEGs in anthers between the two habitats, we performed functional analysis of the DEGs using the Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database [47]. In total, 1,919 DEGs were assigned to 116 KEGG pathways. These DEGs were mapped to many categories, such as “amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism”, “biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids”, and “flavonoid biosynthesis” (Fig. S3 b). The differences in the pathways might be related to mechanisms used to ensure anther development in E. angustifolia in saline habitats. Furthermore, many other DEGs were involved in the categories “ABC transporters” and “starch and sucrose metabolism”, perhaps contributing to the anther dehiscence and pollination of flowers in E. angustifolia under saline conditions. During plant reproduction, plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction play crucial roles in development and plant responses to stress. Many of the DEGs were also assigned to the categories plant hormone biosynthesis and plant signal transduction. DEGs involved in cell wall formation in E. angustifolia anthers During cell and anther development, cell wall formation is fundamentally important for protecting the cells from adverse conditions, especially the formation of secondary cell walls (SCWs). In the present study, we identified DEGs related to cell wall modification in the anthers of E. angustifolia plants grown under saline vs. non-saline conditions. Thirteen DEGs associated with cell wall modification were upregulated in E. angustifolia anthers from the saline vs. non-saline habitat. In particular, three (Cluster-2772.54625, Cluster-2772.45882 and Cluster-2772.41972) genes were inducibly expressed under the saline habitat (Table S4). Actin and tubulin participate in anther development [48]. Six DEGs encoding tubulin and one DEG encoding actin were upregulated and four of them (Cluster-2772.60317, Cluster-2772.61547, Cluster-2772.59057 and Cluster-2772.85525) were inducibly expressed under salinity (Table S4). Lipoxygenase (LOX) and allene oxide cyclase (AOC) are involved in anther dehiscence [49]. In E. angustifolia anthers, four DEGs encoding LOX and two DEGs encoding AOC were upregulated and DEGs (Cluster-2772.115415, Cluster-2772.82284 and Cluster-2772.46629) were inducibly expressed in the saline environment (Table 1). Lignin deposited in endothecium cells is essential prior to anther dehiscence [50]. In E. angustifolia anther from the saline habitat, three DEGs encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) were upregulated and one (Cluster-2772.88336) was inducibly expressed in the saline environment (Table 1). In addition, two DEGs encoding E3 SUMO-protein ligase SIZ1 involved in the functional regulation of the endothecium in anthers [51, 52] were upregulated in E. angustifolia anthers under saline conditions. Notably, one DEG (Cluster-2772.16029) encoding receptor protein kinase (RPK), which plays a key role in anther dehiscence, was inducibly expressed in the saline environment [42, 43]. These results suggest that salinity induces or enhances the gene expression for cell wall formation in E. angustifolia anther to maintain anther dehiscence. Table 1 Upregulated genes in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat related to the anther dehiscence pathway in conjunction with anther cell wall thickening and anther dehiscence based on RNA-seq. Gene ID Putative Function Non-saline readcount Saline readcount log2FC Regulated Lipoxygenase (LOX) Cluster-2772.115415 linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase 5 0 31.23 7.63 up Cluster-2772.82284 linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase 6 0 27.59 7.45 up Cluster-2772.122397 linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase 6 0.28 34.69 6.8 up Cluster-2772.88203 linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase 6 2.54 35.48 3.79 up Allen oxide cyclase (AOC) Cluster-2772.46629 allene oxide cyclase 2 0 130.73 9.69 up Cluster-2772.48391 allene oxide cyclase 3 553.73 1127.01 1.02 up Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) Cluster-2772.88336 cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 0 11.95 6.24 up Cluster-2772.89366 cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 249.78 699.19 1.48 up Cluster-2772.4671 cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 115.47 434.41 1.91 up Receptor protein kinase (RPK) Cluster-2772.16029 receptor protein kinase 1 0 188.45 10.22 up E3 SUMO-protein ligase SIZ1 Cluster-2772.41096 E3 SUMO-protein ligase SIZ1 OS=Arabidopsis thaliana GN=SIZ1 PE=1 SV=2 1.97 56.466 4.82 up Cluster-2772.69463 E3 SUMO-protein ligase SIZ1 OS=Arabidopsis thaliana GN=SIZ1 PE=1 SV=2 1.13 27.88 4.61 up DEGs involved in hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction in E. angustifolia Plant hormones play crucial roles in anther development. The expression levels of hormone-related genes correspond to higher concentrations of phytohormones or highly efficient signal transduction. To evaluate the possible reasons for the differences in anther development in E. angustifolia plants in non-saline vs. saline habitats, we identified three DEGs encoding the gibberellin receptor GID1, four DEGs encoding jasmonic acid-amino synthetase and two DEGs encoding auxin transporter-like protein, which were upregulated in plants grown in the saline environment. In particular, DEGs including Cluster-2772.3809, Cluster-25028.5, Cluster-2772.2343 and Cluster-2772.123259 were inducibly expressed in the saline environment (Table 2). Table 2 Upregulated genes in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat related to hormone synthesis and signal transduction based on RNA-seq. Gene ID Putative Function Non-saline readcount Saline readcount log2FC Regulated Gibberellin receptor GID1 Cluster-2772.3809 gibberellin receptor GID1B 0 122.30 9.60 up Cluster-2772.93098 gibberellin receptor GID1 109.87 224.51 1.03 up Cluster-2772.118690 gibberellin receptor GID1B 4.82 45.45 3.23 up Auxin influx carrier (AUX) Cluster-25028.5 auxin transporter-like protein 2 0 16.52 6.71 up Cluster-2772.5188 auxin transporter-like protein 5 28.69 104.27 1.85 up Jasmonic acid-amino synthetase JAR1 Cluster-2772.2343 jasmonic acid-amido synthetase 0 42.63 8.08 up Cluster-2772.123259 jasmonic acid-amino synthetase 0 16.31 6.69 up Cluster-14726.0 jasmonic acid-amino synthetase 16.57 50.32 1.61 up Cluster-2772.111141 jasmonic acid-amino synthetase 21.51 148.69 2.78 up DEGs encoding transcription factors in E. angustifolia anthers NAC, WRKY, and MYB TFs are involved in anther dehiscence in Arabidopsis [53-55]. In E. angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat, eleven DEGs encoding NAC TFs, nine encoding WRKY TFs and five DEGs encoding MYB TFs were upregulated compared to anthers from the non-saline habitat (Table 3). Moreover, NAC domain-containing protein 82, MYB 44, MYB6, MYB39 and WRKY40 were inducibly expressed in E. angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat. Table 3 Upregulated transcription factor genes in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat related to anther development and anther dehiscence based on RNA-seq. Gene ID Putative Function Non-saline readcount Saline readcount log2FC Regulated NAC transcription factor Cluster-2772.44244 NAC domain-containing protein 82 0 219.81 10.45 up Cluster-2772.65220 NAC domain-containing protein 83 0.28 836.79 11.41 up Cluster-2772.111726 NAC transcription factor 29 9.44 117.49 3.63 up Cluster-2772.111729 NAC transcription factor 56 21.88 172.22 2.97 up Cluster-19797.0 NAC domain-containing protein 72 6.29 43.42 2.78 up Cluster-2772.119476 NAC domain-containing protein 100 6.84 44.02 2.68 up Cluster-2772.115630 NAC domain-containing protein 21/22 33.18 207.40 2.64 up Cluster-2772.6230 NAC domain-containing protein 19 19.69 116.37 2.55 up Cluster-2772.57270 NAC domain-containing protein 14 114.54 674.13 2.55 up Cluster-2772.74382 NAC domain-containing protein 18 2.26 51.01 4.48 up Cluster-2772.70933 NAC transcription factor 25 1794.59 4527.70 1.33 up MYB transcription factor Cluster-2772.31676 transcription factor MYB44 0 171.53 10.09 up Cluster-2772.96288 transcription repressor MYB6 0 83.87 9.05 up Cluster-16009.0 transcription factor MYB39 0 19.22 6.93 up Cluster-2772.55623 transcription factor MYB12 25.44 217.93 3.09 up Cluster-2772.87414 transcription factor MYB108 15.15 110.38 2.86 up WRKY transcription factor Cluster-4331.1 WRKY transcription factor 40 0 57.76 8.52 up Cluster-2772.10112 WRKY transcription factor 21 0.84 53.12 5.96 up Cluster-2772.4494 WRKY transcription factor 15 2.61 76.79 4.88 up Cluster-2772.125225 WRKY transcription factor 33 3.15 50.99 4.01 up Cluster-8261.1 WRKY transcription factor 56 6.87 52.44 2.93 up Cluster-2772.46955 WRKY transcription factor 2 10.53 58.85 2.47 up Cluster-2772.53116 WRKY transcription factor 19 32.04 150.26 2.22 up Cluster-2772.182 WRKY transcription factor 30 23.71 100.41 2.08 up Cluster-2772.13133 WRKY transcription factor 65 34.27 118.31 1.78 up DEGs involved in sugar transport and metabolism in E. angustifolia anthers Sugar transport and metabolism play important roles in plant growth and development, especially during anther development. We detected enhanced and inducible expression of sugar transporter genes in E. angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat (Table S5). Three DEGs encoding sucrose synthase, one encoding sucrose phosphate synthase 1F and ten DEGs encoding sugar transporters or sugar transport proteins were upregulated in the anthers of plants of the saline habitat. In addition, eight of them (Cluster-2772.44272, Cluster-2772.44273, Cluster-2772.122621, Cluster-2772.17932, Cluster-2772.26904, Cluster-2772.115155, Cluster-2772.44021 and Cluster-2772.44963) were inducibly expressed in the saline habitat. DEGs involved in ion content and ROS scavenging in E. angustifolia anthers Altered levels of ions, especially Na + and K + , are a critical indicator of plants grown in a saline environment. The transmembrane transport of ions occurs via transporters and channels located in the membrane, such as NHX (Na + /H + antiporter), AKT (inward-rectifying K + channel), and KEA (K + efflux antiporter) proteins. In the anthers of plants from the saline habitat, four DEGs (Cluster-2772.37266, Cluster-2772.84379, Cluster-2772.125705, Cluster-2772.84388) encoding the Na + /H + exchanger on the plasma membrane and tonoplast were upregulated, with at least a 2.34-fold (up to 11.97-fold) higher expression in anthers from the saline vs. non-saline habitat (Table 4). In addition, Cluster-5936.0 (encoding potassium channel AKT1) was upregulated 3.37-fold and Cluster-2772.33146 (encoding KEA) was upregulated 1.42-fold in the anthers of plants from the saline habitat. The expression levels of several reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging-related genes were also higher in E. angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat, including genes encoding catalase (CAT), peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD); the expression levels of these genes were at least 1.32-fold (up to 9.42-fold) higher in the anthers of plants from the saline vs. non-saline habitat. In particular, NHX6, four catalases, two PODs and one SOD were inducibly expressed the saline habitat (Table 4). Significant ( P < 0.05) higher ROS content was detected in the anthers and the bloomed flowers of E. angustifolia grown in the saline vs. non-saline habitat, whereas no inhibition was observed in the flowers development of these plants (Fig. S4). The increased expression levels of ROS scavenging-related genes were likely responsible for the ROS homeostasis in E. angustifolia from saline habitat. Table 4 Upregulated genes in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat related to ion transport and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging based on RNA-seq. Gene ID Putative Function Non-saline readcount Saline readcount log2FC Regulated Sodium ion transport Cluster-2772.125705 Na + /H + exchanger 6 (NHX6) 0 12.83 6.34 up Cluster-2772.37266 Na + /H + antiporter 1 (NHX1) 16.25 150.05 3.20 up Cluster-2772.84379 Na + /H + exchanger 2 (NHX2) 55.32 369.82 2.73 up Cluster-2772.84388 Na + /H + exchanger 3 (NHX3) 10.24 52.07 2.34 up Potassium transport Cluster-5936.0 potassium channel AKT1-like 14.85 308.41 4.37 up Cluster-2772.33146 K + efflux antiporter 2 4.27 22.87 2.42 up Catalase (CAT) Cluster-2772.88012 catalase isozyme 1 0 40.70 8.01 up Cluster-2772.87140 catalase 0 6.91 5.45 up Cluster-2772.72350 catalase family protein 0 63.08 8.64 up Cluster-2772.46067 catalase 0 24.73 7.29 up Cluster-2772.72352 catalase family protein 1827.62 4796.81 1.39 up Peroxidase (POD) Cluster-2311.1 peroxidase 27-like 0 19.25 6.93 up Cluster-5540.0 peroxidase 51 0 9.40 5.89 up Cluster-2772.78073 peroxidase 55-like 72.78 559.71 2.94 up Cluster-2772.116977 peroxidase 57-like 22.13 2151.71 6.60 up Cluster-2772.108903 peroxidase 31-like 148.97 1606.99 3.43 up Cluster-20100.0 peroxidase 3-like 12.29 163.92 3.73 up Cluster-2772.50083 peroxidase 29 71.46 179.25 1.32 up Cluster-2772.123580 peroxidase N1-like 3.395 53.65 3.98 up Cluster-2772.48594 cationic peroxidase 1-like 327.05 8882.93 4.76 up Superoxide dismutase (SOD) Cluster-2772.115555 Iron/manganese superoxide dismutases 0 108.42 9.42 up Cluster-2772.40719 superoxide dismutase 2B-a 158.33 830.60 2.39 up Cluster-2772.105888 Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase 118.94 506.27 2.09 up Cluster-2772.43318 superoxide dismutase [Fe] 370.62 1074.87 1.53 up DEGs involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction in E. angustifolia anthers Organs falling off of plants are closely related to the ethylene content and signal transduction in plants. In order to investigate the relationship between the flowers falling and the ethylene, the DEGs involving in hormone ethylene, such as ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction, between anthers of two habitats were analyzed. Expression levels of three S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase A encoding DEGs, three 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACC synthase) encoding DEGs, and two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACC oxidase) encoding DEGs were all down-regulated in the anthers in saline habitat vs non-saline habitat (Table S6). Discussion How are plant growth and reproduction affected when halophytes are grown in non-saline soil? In the present study, when the halophyte E. angustifolia was grown in the saline habitat of Dongying, Shandong province, China, it grew well, bloomed normally, and bore fruits from the remaining flowers, thus completing its life cycle (Fig. 1a, c), which also occurred in the saline habitat of the Halophyte Garden in Ji’nan, Shandong province. However, although E. angustifolia plants grown in the non-saline habitat of Shandong Ji’nan Spring Park formed flower buds, the flowers opened but all of them fell off of the plant, and no fruits were born (Fig. 1b, d). And the falling of flowers might relate to the relative higher ethylene biosynthesis in the anthers of E. angustifolia in non-saline habitat than in the saline habitat (Fig. S5). These results indicate that salinity is likely a clue signal promoting for the reproduction of E. angustifolia . Similarly, when the halophyte S. salsa was grown in the presence of a certain concentration of NaCl, the seed yield increased and the seeds were larger compared to plants grown in the absence of NaCl [30]. Blocked anther dehiscence inhibits fertilization of E. angustifolia in non-saline habitats The development of male reproductive organs is reflected by pollen vitality. To explore whether flowers but no fruits formed in E. angustifolia plants grown in the non-saline habitat due to impaired pollen development, we examined pollen vitality in plants grown in both habitats. Alexander staining indicated that differences in pollen vitality were not the reason for the reproductive differences between the two habitats, as pollen vitality reached 80% under both conditions (Fig. 2a, b). An in vitro pollen germination assay showed that the pollen grains of E. angustifolia plants grown in the non-saline habitat were well developed, could germinate in vitro, and formed pollen tube (Fig. 2d). The pollen germination percentages in both habitats were >50% (Fig. S1 a), and there was no significant difference in pollen tube length between the two habitats (Fig. S1 b). These results indicate that the flowering and lack of fruit in E. angustifolia plants grown in the non-saline habitat was not caused by pollen dysplasia, as the pollen was well development and produced pollen tubes in vitro. Perhaps salinity helps maintain normal male reproductive development and allows E. angustifolia to finish its lifecycle. Indeed, S. salsa displayed enhanced anther development under NaCl vs. control conditions [56]. In addition to male reproductive organ development, plant reproduction is also influenced by the development of female reproductive organs [57]. We therefore examined the stigma receptivity of E. angustifolia plants from both habitats during the pollen vitality experiment. When the stigmas showed high receptivity (Fig. 3), the pollen also showed high vitality (Fig. 2), indicating that the pollen and stigma reached maturity simultaneously. However, there were no pollen tubes in the pistils of E. angustifolia plants from the non-saline habitat after natural pollination based on aniline blue staining (Fig. 4b), and no visible pollen grains on the stigmas were detected (Fig. 4e). Interestingly, following hand pollination, numerous pollen tubes formed in the styles of E. angustifolia plants from the non-saline habitat (Fig. 4c), with abundant pollen on the stigmas (Fig. 4f). Furthermore, many pollen grains were present in the anthers of E. angustifolia from the non-saline habitat after natural pollination (Fig. 5b, d), with no obvious cracks (Fig. 5d). By contrast, there were almost no pollen grains in the anthers of E. angustifolia plants from the saline habitat after anther dehiscence (Fig. 5a, c). Obvious crack in anthers of E. angustifolia in saline habitat were observed through the anther section results, while not in anthers of E. angustifolia in non-saline habitat (Fig. S2). It is speculated that the pollination in E. angustifolia flowers in non-saline habitat was inhibited. We conclude that the stigma could accept pollen and could form pollen tubes in the styles and that the flowering and lack of fruit in E. angustifolia in the non-saline habitat is due to poor anther dehiscence, which prevents the pollen from being released, thus inhibiting fertilization. To explore the molecular mechanism underlying the differences in anther development in E. angustifolia from saline vs. non-saline habitats, we performed RNA-seq analysis of these tissues. Ion and ROS balance in flowers promote anther development of E. angustifolia In general, salinity affects the survival and inhibits the growth of trees due to reduced root growth and material absorption [5, 6]. Non-halophytes are sensitive to salt stress [58-60]. In addition, salinity inhibits the reproduction of non-halophytes by decreasing fertility and reproductive organ formation [61, 62]. Salt stress specifically affects male gamete development, typically resulting in high levels of microspore abortion and the induction of male sterility [63, 64]. Salt treatment reduces fertility in rice [65]. However, the growth of halophytes is significantly enhanced by the presence of moderate salinity. The seed number of the halophyte Cakile maritime significantly increased in plants treated with 50–100 mM NaCl, which was also optimal for vegetative growth [66]. In the halophyte S. salsa , vegetative growth [67] and reproductive growth [30] are enhanced when the growth medium contains a certain concentration of NaCl. When grown in saline environments, plants induce measures to deal with the damage caused by salt ions [68]. Ion balance in plant cells is crucial for plant development under saline conditions, especially the maintenance of low levels of Na + in plant cells. Crop yield decreases when higher concentrations of Na + accumulate in plant cells [58]). Four genes encoding Na + /H + exchangers were expressed at higher levels in E. angustifolia anthers from the saline vs. non-saline habitat (Table 4). Three (NHX1, NHX2, and NHX3) of them were localized in the tonoplast, the other (NHX6) was localized in vesicle membrane, and all were associated with intracellular ion homeostasis and flowering [69]. Perhaps a constant concentration of Na + is maintained in E. angustifolia flowers in the saline habitat (Fig. 6a), thus plays important roles in improving anther development. Similarly, certain concentrations of salt ions (such as Na + and Cl - ) are maintained in the tissues of the halophyte S. salsa in the presence NaCl, which enhances reproduction [56]. Potassium plays a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism during plant reproduction [70]. We determined that a desirable concentration of K + was maintained in E. angustifolia flowers (Fig. 6b), perhaps due to the high expression of potassium channel gene EaAKT1 (Table 4). Additionally, a desirable K + concentration is beneficial for sugar transport in E. angustifolia anthers. A sufficient supply of materials for reproductive growth in E. angustifolia is maintained under salinity conditions, as revealed by the increased expression of genes related to sucrose synthase and sugar transport (Table S5). Finally, peroxidase plays vital roles in maintaining ROS homeostasis in plants, which is required for proper anther development. Arabidopsis mutants with non-functional PEROXIDASE9 ( PRX9 ) and PRX40 exhibit male sterility [71]. In the current study, 18 DEGs related to the ROS scavenging system (such as catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) were upregulated in E. angustifolia anthers in the saline vs. non-saline habitat, and some genes for ROS scavenging enzymes such as catalase isozyme 1, peroxidase 51 were induced by salinity (Table 4). These results indicate that the ROS scavenging enzymes of E. angustifolia are induced during growth under saline conditions, thus maintaining anther development. Successful dehiscence depends on cell wall development related-gene expression The process of anther dehiscence is affected by many factors and involves a series of steps, such as differentiation of the anther cellular layer, secondary cell wall thickening in the endothecium, dehydration, and stomium cell wall digestion [72]. In flowering plants, successful reproduction benefits from the establishment of the anther wall, which ensures the successful production and release of fertile pollen grains [73]. During anther development, lignin is deposited in endothecium cells in preparation for anther dehiscence. In Arabidopsis, CAD participates in lignin biosynthesis; mutants lacking a functional CAD gene exhibit failed anther dehiscence [50]. In E. angustifolia , three DEGs encoding CAD were upregulated in anthers under saline vs. non-saline conditions; in particular, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 was inducibly expressed upon exposure salinity (Table 1). The thickening of the endothecium in anthers is facilitated by receptor protein kinase (RPK) activity. Indeed, Arabidopsis rpk mutants show male sterility due to disrupted metabolism in the tapetum, along with the suppressed expression of RPK [51]. Similarly, expression of receptor protein kinase 1 ( RPK1 ) was induced by salinity, which perhaps contributes to the successful dehiscence of E. angustifolia anthers in the saline habitat. Just before anther dehiscence, the septum and endothecium were degenerated with the regulation of SIZ1 [52]. Indeed, the rice siz1 mutant and plants lacking SIZ1 activity exhibited a distinct phenotype including indehiscent anthers [52]. In E. angustifolia , two SIZ1 isoenzymes were expressed at higher levels in the anthers of plants from the saline vs. the non-saline habitat (Table 1), which might contribute to anther development and guarantee successful anther dehiscence. Finally, several genes related to cell wall modification were expressed at higher levels in E. angustifolia anthers from the saline vs. non-saline environment (Table S4). The high expression levels of these genes could facilitate anther development in E. angustifolia , ensuring the production of viable pollen and anther dehiscence. Successful dehiscence involves TFs and hormone related-gene expression Various TFs also play roles in anther dehiscence. For example, NAC TFs play important roles in the secondary thickening of cell walls, which is required for anther dehiscence in Arabidopsis [53, 74]. Indeed, the expression levels of 11 DEGs encoding NAC TFs were higher in E. angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat compared to the non-saline habitat (Table 3). Moreover, WRKY TFs play pivotal roles in fertility development. In Arabidopsis, male fertility is related to the expression level of WRKY27 , as too high or too low a level of WRKY27 expression leads to defective anther dehiscence [55]. In Arabidopsis, the development of stamens was also regulated by MYB TFs [54]. In E. angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat, nine DEGs encoding WRKY TFs and five DEGs encoding MYB TFs were expressed at higher levels compared to anthers from the non-saline habitat (Table 3). The successful anther development and dehiscence of E. angustifolia anthers in the saline habitat might be due, at least in part, to the relatively high expression levels of TF genes, particularly to inducible expression of NAC domain-containing protein 82, MYB 44, MYB6, MYB39 and WRKY40. In flowering plants, anther development is influenced by auxin and GA contents [75, 76]. For example, auxin plays a vital role in the coordination of anther dehiscence [77]. In Arabidopsis, stamen elongation and anther dehiscence are impaired by altered auxin transport [78]. Perhaps the induced expression of genes related to GA ( gibberellin receptor GID1 B ) and auxin transport ( auxin transporter-like protein 2 ) facilitate early anther development in E. angusti folia grown in the saline habitat (Table 2), allowing the plants to finish flowering and form fruits. Similarly, in the halophyte S. salsa , NaCl treatment promoted reproduction and increased the levels of auxin and GA in floral organs [79]. In Arabidopsis, anther dehiscence is also affected by a jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated pathway. JA biosynthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme jasmonic acid-amino synthetase (JAR) [49]. In addition, JA biosynthesis is correlated with auxin levels [80]. In E. angustifolia , two genes encoding JAR were expressed at higher levels and two genes encoding JAR were induced in anthers from the saline habitat (Table 2), suggesting that these genes are involved in the anther dehiscence of E. angustifolia in saline habitat. Conclusions In the saline habitat, E. angustifolia grew well, bloomed, and underwent successful pollination to form fruits. By contrast, in the non-saline habitat, the plants bloomed, but all of the flowers fell off of the plants. There was no significant difference in pollen vitality or stigma receptivity in E. angustifolia flowers between the two habitats. However, the anthers significantly differed in these habitats after natural pollination. Numerous pollen grains were observed in E. angustifolia anthers in the non-saline habitat after pollen release. The lack of fruit in E. angustifolia in the non-saline habitat was due to poor pollen release, preventing the pollen from coming in contact with the stigma, thereby preventing pollination. In the saline habitat, the reproductive development of E. angustifolia was better due to successful anther development, along with the induced and enhanced expression of genes related to anther cell wall thickening and JA biosynthesis; these genes function in anther development and tapetum degeneration. The induced and increased expression levels of genes encoding a Na + /H + exchanger and potassium channel ensured that relatively low Na + and relatively high K + levels were present in anthers in the saline habitat. The increased Na + content in the leaves of E. angustifolia plants in the saline habitat possibly acts as a signal. On the one hand, Na + promotes the auxin-induced pathway in conjunction with JA biosynthesis, in which the anther dehiscence was properly regulated due to the induced and enhanced expression of genes such as LOX , AOC , and JAR . On the other hand, Na + induced or upregulated the expression of the related TF genes, such as those for MYB and NAC TFs, and the genes involving in the programmed thickening and degeneration of the anther wall, for example, the genes related to the lignin biosynthesis ( CAD ), the endothecium thickening ( RPK ), and the septum and endothecium degeneration ( SIZ1 ), finally caused the anther dehiscence in E. angustifolia plants in the saline habitat. Conversely, the anther dehiscence was blocked in E. angustifolia plants in the non-saline habitat due to the lack of appropriate leaf Na + and induction of anther dehiscence-related genes, thereby preventing anther dehiscence and pollen release. These findings are incorporated into a working model describing how anther dehiscence is regulated in E. angustifolia in saline and non-saline habitats (Fig. 8). This study lays the foundation for further investigating the regulation of salinity responses in halophytes during reproductive development. Methods Samples E. angustifolia trees (two separate individuals in each habitat with more than 10 years’ age were selected, and they were grew naturally without artificial fertilization and artificial watering) in Ji’nan Quancheng Park and Halophyte Garden in Dongying, China were analyzed in this study. Ji’nan Quancheng Park (N 36°40′; E117°00′) is a region with non-saline soils with a Na + content of ca. 0.014–0.015%, and mean annual precipitation of 650–700 mm, a relative lower pH and EC (6.9 and 29 mS cm -1 ) and a higher organic matter content (16.7 g kg -1 ) was detected (Table S1). Halophyte Garden (N 37°27′; E118°30′) is located in a region with typical saline and alkaline soil, with a Na + content of ca. 0.5–1.2% and mean annual precipitation of 570–690 mm, a relative higher pH and EC (7.9 and 982 mS cm -1 ) and a lower organic matter content (6.3 g kg -1 ) was detected (Table S1). During the growth period of E. angustifolia, particularly the flowering and fruiting periods, there was no significant difference in temperature, mean rainfall, or relative humidity between Ji’nan Quancheng Park and Halophyte Garden in Dongying. The samples used in the present study were planted by Shandong Normal University with the permission of Shandong province (China).The sample collection and the performance of experimental research on such plant were complied with the national guidelines of China. Observing the flowering process in E. angustifolia To identify the stage of reproductive growth that differs in E. angustifolia grown in the two habitats, flowers were observed during the reproductive period from April to June. The process of anthesis was observed every 3 days by visual observation and under a stereoscope (Nikon SMZ745T, Japan). Analysis of pollen development in E. angustifolia To determine whether pollen development and fertility differed between the two habitats, pollen grains were collected from fresh anthers immediately after anther dehiscence, and pollen viability was assessed as described in Alexander [81], allowing non-aborted and aborted pollen grains to be distinguished. Pollen germination was detected in vitro using 35 mm diameter plastic dishes containing germination medium [82]. After 2 h of incubation at 25 ºC in a germination chamber, the pollen grains were observed under a microscope (Nikon 80i Eclipse, Japan). A pollen grain was considered to germinate with the pollen tube length was double the grain diameter. At least five duplicates were performed per experiment, and pollen grains in five fields of vision were counted in each dish. Examining stigma receptivity in E. angustifolia During the pollen viability and in vitro germination tests, ten flowers from plants in both saline and non-saline habitats were selected randomly, and the stigmas were tested immediately for peroxidase activity as follows. Intact pistils were excised, placed into depression slides, and immersed in a mixture of freshly made benzidine and H 2 O 2 (1% benzidine in 60% ethanol, 3% hydrogen peroxide, and water, 4:11:22, by volume) to estimate stigma receptivity [83, 84]. In the presence of peroxidase, the benzidine is stained by oxidation when the hydrogen peroxide is broken down. If the stigma is receptive, it is surrounded by blue staining and many bubbles. Observation of pollen tube growth in situ To observe pollen tube growth in the style, after self pollination, the pistils of E. angustifolia under two habitats were excised, immersed in freshly prepared FAA (formalin: acetic acid: 50% ethanol, 1:1:18 by volume; FAA), and incubated for 24 h at 4°C. The samples were washed three times with PBS, incubated overnight in 8.0 M NaOH, and washed at least three times (1 h each time) with distilled water. The samples were stained in 0.1% aniline blue solution [85] for 30 min, loaded onto slides, and observed under a fluorescence microscope (ECLIPSE 80i, Nikon, Japan) with UV excitation of 330–380 nm. Observation of pollen germination in situ after hand pollination of E. angustifolia in the non-saline habitat For hand pollination, one day prior to anthesis, at 19:00 hours, flowers that were about to open were randomly selected. The anthers were artificially removed, and the emasculated flowers were placed over soaked florist’s foam at room temperature. The following day (anthesis), at 9:00 hours, the flowers were hand pollination with a paintbrush loaded with pollen and incubated at room temperature. Previous work carried out in peach showed that emasculation did not interfere with hand pollination [86]. At 4 h after artificial pollination, the pistils were collected and fixed in freshly prepared FAA as described previously. Observation of anthers after pollen release After pollen release, anthers were collected from E. angustifolia grown in two habitats and fixed in freshly prepared FAA for 24 h. Following incubation in HCG solution [87] (chloral hydrate: glycerol: gum arabic: distilled water=100 g: 5 ml: 7.5 g: 30 ml) for 40 min, the samples were observed by differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC, ECLIPSE 80i, Nikon, Japan). Quantification of ions in leaves and flowers At the same stage of anther development before flower blooming, the leaves and the flowers of the same leaf axils were collected from E. angustifolia trees grown in saline and non-saline habitats and subjected to ion detection (Na + and K + content). Na + and K + extraction and measurement were performed as described by Guo et al. [56]. Quantification of ROS in anthers and flowers To detect the ROS homeostasis in the flowers of E. angustifolia trees grown in saline and non-saline habitats, the anthers, flowers before bloom and in blooming were collected, and the ROS contents were detected using the Plant (ROS) Elisa Kit (RF1305). Total RNA extraction, library construction, and sequencing In order to obtain more related genes as possible that were participated in the regulation of the development and dehiscence of anthers in E. angustifolia , anther materials with earlier development stages were collected from E. angustifolia trees grown in saline and non-saline habitats and used for RNA sequencing. Three biological replicates were performed per treatment. Total RNA was extracted from anthers and the integrity and concentration of the RNA were measured as described by Guo et al. [56]. Sequencing libraries were generated using a NEBNext Ultra™ RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina following the manufacturer’s recommendations (NEB, USA). The final cDNA library was constructed using Illumina HiSeq™ 4000 at Novogene Technologies Co. Ltd., Beijing, China. Transcriptome assembly and detection of differentially expressed genes Final de novo transcriptome assembly was carried out based on the obtained clean reads using Trinity [88] with default parameters, followed by clustering with Corset [89]. The assembled unigenes, which were expressed in the anthers of E. angustifolia plants grown in saline and non-saline habitats, were annotated as previously described [56]. DEGs between anthers from saline vs. non-saline habitats were detected using DESeq. The threshold adjusted P values 1.5 was used to judge significant differences in gene expression. A unigene was generated based on each “cluster”. The assembled sequences were mapped by performing BLAST searches against seven databases as described in Guo et al. [56]. The raw data of RNA-seq have been deposited in SRA database with accession number SRR11446326, SRR11446325, SRR11446324, SRR11446323, SRR11446322 and SRR11446321. Quantitative real-time PCR To verify the result of RNA-Seq, 11 DEGs annotated to pathways involved in anther development were selected and subjected to qPCR. The primers used for qPCR were designed using Beacon Designer software (version 7.0) and are shown in Table S2. The ACTIN gene (Gene id: cluster-2772.56507) was used as the internal standard. qPCR and analysis of the results were carried out as described by Guo et al. [56]. Statistical analysis The results are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software (version 17) and one-way ANOVA; different letters in the figures indicate a significant difference of the means (at P < 0.05) based on Duncan’s test. Abbreviations CBL: CALCINEURIN B-LIKE; GA: gibberellic acid; RNA-seq: RNA-sequencing; DEGs: differentially expressed genes; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes; qPCR: Quantitative real-time PCR; SCWs: secondary cell walls; LOX: Lipoxygenase; AOC: allene oxide cyclase; ACC oxidase: aminocyclopropane carboxylate oxidase; RPK: receptor protein kinase; NHX: Na + /H + antiporter; AKT: inward-rectifying K + channel; KEA: K + efflux antiporter; PRX: PEROXIDASE; ROS: reactive oxygen species; CAT: catalase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; JA: jasmonic acid; JAR: jasmonic acid-amino synthetase; SD: standard deviation; Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate All experiments in the manuscript were performed at Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, and they are in compliance with relevant laws in China. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The data and materials that were analyzed in the current study could be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770288 to BW), the independent innovation and achievement transformation of special major key technical plans of Shandong Province (2017CXGC0313 to BW), the Natural Science Research Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2017MC003 to JG), and the Higher Educational Science and Technology Program of Shandong Province (J17KA136 to JG). The funding was used for experimental design, plant materials collection, experimental performance, analysis, and interpretation of data in writing the manuscript. Author ’ contributions JG and BW designed the experiments. JG performed the experiments. JG and BW wrote the manuscript. 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Salt-enhanced reproductive development of Suaeda salsa L. coincided with ion transporter gene upregulation in flowers and increased pollen K + content. Front Plant Sci. 2019:10:333. Onyemaobi I, Liu H, Siddique KHM, Yan G. Both male and female malfunction contributes to yield reduction under water stress during meiosis in bread wheat. Front Plant Sci. 2017;7:2071. Samineni S, Siddique KHM, Gaur PM, Colmer TD. Salt sensitivity of the vegetative and reproductive stages in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.): Podding is a particularly sensitive stage. Environ Exp Bot. 2011;71(2):260-8. Turner NC, Colmer TD, Quealy J, Pushpavalli R, Krishnamurthy L, Kaur J, Singh G, Siddique KHM, Vadez V. Salinity tolerance and ion accumulation in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) subjected to salt stress. Plant Soil. 2013;365(1):347-61. Deng YQ, Bao J, Yuan F, Liang X, Feng ZT, Wang BS. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide alleviates salt stress in wheat seedlings by decreasing Na + content. 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Plant Soil. 2004;262(1-2):179-89. Song J, Fan H, Zhao Y, Jia Y, Du X, Wang B. Effect of salinity on germination, seedling emergence, seedling growth and ion accumulation of a euhalophyte Suaeda salsa in an intertidal zone and on saline inland. Aquat Bot. 2008;88(4):331-7. Hasegawa PM. Sodium (Na + ) homeostasis and salt tolerance of plants. Environ Exp Bot. 2013;92:19-31. Bassil E, Blumwald E. The ins and outs of intracellular ion homeostasis: NHX-type cation/H( + ) transporters. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2014;22:1-6. Hu W, Loka DA, Fitzsimons TR, Zhou Z, Oosterhuis DM. Potassium deficiency limits reproductive success by altering carbohydrate and protein balances in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). Environ Exp Bot. 2018;145:87-94. Jacobowitz JR, Doyle WC, Weng J. PRX9 and PRX40 are extensin peroxidases essential for maintaining tapetum and microspore cell wall integrity during Arabidopsis anther development. Plant Cell. 2019;31(4):848-61. Scott RJ, Spielman M, Dickinson HG. Stamen Structure and Function. Plant Cell. 2004;16(suppl 1):S46-60. Piffanelli P, Ross JHE, Murphy DJ. Biogenesis and function of the lipidic structures of pollen grains. Sex Plant Reprod. 1998;11(2):65-80. Wilson ZA, Song J, Taylor B, Yang C. The final split: the regulation of anther dehiscence. J Exp Bot. 2011;62(5):1633-49. Larsson E, Viviansmith A, Offringa R, Sundberg E. Auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis ovules is anther-dependent at maturation and changes dynamically upon fertilization. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:1753. Mignolli F, Vidoz ML, Picciarelli P, Mariotti L. Gibberellins modulate auxin responses during tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit development. Physiol Plantarum. 2019;165(4):768-79. Cecchetti V, Altamura MM, Falasca G, Costantino P, Cardarelli M. Auxin regulates Arabidopsis anther dehiscence, pollen maturation, and filament elongation. Plant Cell. 2008;20(7):1760-74. Cecchetti V, Brunetti P, Napoli N, Fattorini L, Altamura MM, Costantino P, Cardarelli M. ABCB1 and ABCB19 auxin transporters have synergistic effects on early and late Arabidopsis anther development. J Integr Plant Biol. 2015;57(12):1089-98. Guo J, Lu C, Zhao F, Gao S, Wang B. Improved reproductive growth of euhalophyte Suaeda salsa under salinity is correlated with altered phytohormone biosynthesis and signal transduction. Funct Plant Biol. 2020;47(2):170-83. Cecchetti V, Altamura MM, Brunetti P, Petrocelli V, Falasca G, Ljung K, Costantino P, Cardarelli M. Auxin controls Arabidopsis anther dehiscence by regulating endothecium lignification and jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Plant J. 2013;74(3):411-22. Alexander MP. Differential staining of aborted and non aborted pollen. Stain Technol. 1969;44:117-22. Fan LM, Wang YF, Wang H, Wu WH. In vitro Arabidopsis pollen germination and characterization of the inward potassium currents in Arabidopsis pollen grain protoplasts. J Exp Bot. 2001;(361):1603-14. King JR. The peroxidase reaction as an indicator of pollen viability. Stain Technol. 1960;35(4):225-27. Galen C, Plowright RC. Testing the accuracy of using peroxidase activity to indicate stigma receptivity. Can J Bot. 1987;65(1):107-11. Sedgley M. Reduced pollen tube growth and the presence of callose in the pistil of the male floral stage of the avocado. Sci Hortic. 1977;7(1):27-36. Herrero M, Arbeloa A. Influence of the pistil on pollen tube kinetics in peach ( Prunus persica ). Am J Bot. 1989;76(10):1441-47. Meinke DW. Seed Development in Arabidopsis thaliana . Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Archive. 1994;27:253-95. Grabherr M, Haas BJ, Yassour M, Levin JZ, Thompson DA, Amit I, Adiconis X, Fan L, Raychowdhury R, Zeng Q. Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Nat Biotechnol. 2011;29(7):644-52. Davidson NM, Oshlack A. Corset: enabling differential gene expression analysis for de novoassembled transcriptomes. Genome Biol. 2014;15(7):410. Supplementary Files 1TableS1.docx ESM 1: Table S1 Soil characterization of where the samples of Elaeagnus angustifolia plants were collected. 2FigureS1.tif ESM 2: Fig. S1 Pollen germination (a) and pollen tube length (b) in Elaeagnus angustifolia grown in different habitats. Data are means (n=100) ± SD. The same letters indicate no significant difference at P<0.05. 3FigureS2.tif ESM 3: Fig. S2 Observation of anther sections of Elaeagnus angustifolia in different habitats. (a) The anther of E. angustifolia in saline habitats has only a thin layer of cells at the crack; (b) The anther of E. angustifolia in non-saline habitats has no obvious crack. 4TableS2.docx ESM 4: Table S2 Primer pairs used for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). 5TableS3.docx ESM 5: Table S3 Clean reads obtained from Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers and used for analysis. 6FigureS3.tif ESM 6: Fig. S3 Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (a) and statistical analysis of DEGs enriched in the top 20 KEGG pathways (b) in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from plants grown in the saline (S) and non-saline habitat (N). In the scatterplot, each dot represents a single gene. Red dots represent significantly upregulated genes; green dots represent significantly down-regulated genes; blue dots represent genes with no significant difference in expression between the saline and non-saline habitats. DEGs between the two groups were assigned to KEGG pathways by enrichment analysis. 7TableS4.docx ESM 7: Table S4 Upregulated genes in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat based on RNA-seq; the genes are related to cell wall modification and anther development. 8TableS5.docx ESM 8: Table S5. List of upregulated genes in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat based on RNA-seq; the genes are related to sucrose synthase and sugar transport. 9FigureS4.tif ESM 9: Fig. S4 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) content in the anthers and flowers of Elaeagnus angustifolia grown in the saline and non-saline habitat. Data are means (n=3) ± SD. Different letters indicate a significant difference at P<0.05. 10FigureS5.tif ESM 10: Fig. S5 Modulation of ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway genes in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat vs non-saline habitat. The values in parentheses with green and red represent the down- and up-regulated genes, respectively. 11TableS6.docx ESM 11: Table S6 Differential expressed genes in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from saline and non-saline habitats based on analysis of RNA-seq; these genes are related to ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Sep, 2021 Read the published version in Environmental and Experimental Botany → Version 3 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-48371","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":4480890,"identity":"aa89fb06-d15b-426c-aba7-6107c7d332ed","order_by":0,"name":"Jianrong Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianrong","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":4480891,"identity":"dfd39093-7096-4ac3-9d5c-5cdaf49afc06","order_by":1,"name":"Baoshan Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAxiDn5n58AOStEhItrOlGeBViqHF4DyPggRRWsz5zxh+LvjFUGd8mAeov8YmmqAWyxk5xtIz+xgkzA7zHnjAcCwtt4Ggw27wbpDm7QFp4UswYGw4TISW82c3/wZpMW7mMZAgTsuB3G3SPD+A3mcmVovljPxv1rwNEpIzDgMDOYEYv5jzH0u+zfPHhp+///DhBx9qbAhrAQPGNmiMJBClHAz+EK90FIyCUTAKRiAAAA07OXXFx0WnAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0991-9190","institution":"Shandong Normal University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Baoshan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-07-24 10:14:32","currentVersionCode":3,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-48371/v3","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-48371/v3","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104566","type":"published","date":"2021-09-01T20:45:28+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":3530449,"identity":"ebab9224-3e59-4aaf-a3c5-9b5e09233544","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":252789,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Elaeagnus angustifolia plants have flowers with fruits in the saline habitat and no fruits in the non-saline habitat. The plants were observed from early May to late June 2010–2016. \n(a) Flowers at the full-bloom stage in the saline habitat.\n(b) Flowers at the full-bloom stage in the non-saline habitat.\n(c) Branches with fruits in the saline habitat.\n(d) Branches with no fruits in the non-saline habitat. \n\n","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/4f085f2ee536123cc52cd898.jpg"},{"id":3530451,"identity":"227e08d1-e285-4b25-98f9-ca55c9154e45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":516955,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"No significant difference in pollen viability and in vitro pollen germination in Elaeagnus angustifolia grown in saline (a, c) and non-saline (b, d) habitats. The aborted pollen grains were stained green, and the non-aborted pollen grains were stained red. \n(a) Staining of pollen grains from the saline habitat.\n(b) Staining of pollen grains from the non-saline habitat. \n(c) Pollen germination in vitro from the saline habitat.\n(d) Pollen germination in vitro from the non-saline habitat. \nAp, aborted pollen; Np, normal pollen; Po, pollen; Pt, pollen tube. Bar, 200 µm.\n\n","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/a0798a7f204566223d59daff.jpg"},{"id":3530453,"identity":"227c483d-9a4d-4c53-96f0-12df1df1bf27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":146673,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"No significant difference in stigma receptivity in Elaeagnus angustifolia grown in saline (a) and non-saline (b) habitats. St, stigma. Bar, 1000 µm.","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/8c66c384a9bb5bc6684d6263.jpg"},{"id":3530455,"identity":"baf94872-66ba-4e84-9bb4-0827181fd519","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":181531,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Stigmas of Elaeagnus angustifolia from the non-saline habitat lack pollen and pollen tubes under natural conditions but contain numerous pollen tubes after hand pollination. \nThe styles were stained with aniline blue and observed under a florescence microscope. \n(a, d) Elaeagnus angustifolia pistils from the saline habitat after natural pollination. \n(b, e) Elaeagnus angustifolia pistils from the non-saline habitat after natural pollination. \nNote that no pollen tubes were present in the style.\n(c, f) Elaeagnus angustifolia pistils from the non-saline habitat after hand pollination. \nSt, stigma; Po, pollen; Pt, pollen tubes. Bar, 1000 µm (a, b and c), 200 µm (d, e and f).\n\n","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/46a31d6e12096ba3bd7faa5d.jpg"},{"id":3530457,"identity":"dcab693a-1a8f-4eb2-8b3c-30fa31877abc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":197809,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"No pollen grains form in the anther in the saline habitat (a and c), whereas numerous pollen grains form in the non-saline habitat (b and d) of Elaeagnus angustifolia after anther dehiscence. \nPo, pollen; Pe, petal; An, anther; Pi, pistil; Ad, anther dehiscence. Bar, 1000 µm (a and b), 100 µm (c and d).\n","description":"","filename":"Figure5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/5cf9d697bd54da53d7ee314f.jpg"},{"id":3530459,"identity":"b458e746-8424-473b-b9d3-eb388d7d500e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":895068,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Na+ (a) and K+ (b) contents in the leaves and flowers of Elaeagnus angustifolia grown in the saline and non-saline habitat. Data are means (n=3) ± SD. Different letters indicate a significant difference at P\u003c0.05.","description":"","filename":"Figure6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/4dd01696ea7c9fa0fbcf509c.jpg"},{"id":3530461,"identity":"e58115c6-7ba3-4e7f-a351-380b45f1cfe4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":105001,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Validation of the RNA-seq results via quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The relative expression levels of 11 DEGs identified were analyzed by qPCR. The histogram displays the relative expression levels based on qPCR. Primers and annotations of the 11 DEGs are listed in Supplementary Table S2.","description":"","filename":"Figure7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/4a0dc3340db4658686ba5532.jpg"},{"id":3530463,"identity":"b8387a40-f300-46ee-9c01-4b7b95bfea30","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":190372,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Working model describing the regulation of anther dehiscence in Elaeagnus angustifolia in saline and non-saline habitats. In E. angustifolia grown in a saline habitat, reproduction is completed due to successful anther dehiscence, which is mediated by the induced and enhanced expression of genes related to anther cell wall thickening and JA biosynthesis. An appropriate Na+ content in the leaves acts as an inducing signal to enhance anther dehiscence by two possible pathways in E. angustifolia plants in the saline habitat. One is the auxin-induced pathway in conjunction with JA biosynthesis by inducing and up-regulating the expression of genes such as LOX, AOC, and JAR. The other pathway is the programmed thickening and degeneration of the anther wall via inducing or up-regulating the expression of genes involved in, for example, lignin biosynthesis (CAD), endothecium thickening (RPK), and septum and endothecium degeneration (SIZ1). By contrast, anther dehiscence was blocked in E. angustifolia plants in the non-saline habitat due to the lack of appropriate leaf Na+ and induction of anther dehiscence-related genes, thereby preventing anther dehiscence and pollen release. The sizes of the symbols for Na+ represent their relative contents in the leaves.","description":"","filename":"Figure8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/44287af4d7d7023dab24a13f.jpg"},{"id":15670042,"identity":"69b30aed-83ea-46f8-9bfa-6151304be7c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-18 13:56:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1783832,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/0d7f7e0c-fbd5-4be7-bd97-3aef612ef2d5.pdf"},{"id":3530448,"identity":"e7d522ae-3f6b-46a8-9280-197f6288076a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:47","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":17995,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ESM 1: Table S1 Soil characterization of where the samples of Elaeagnus angustifolia plants were collected. ","description":"","filename":"1TableS1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/efe6d5850db60be4689b7f0f.docx"},{"id":3530450,"identity":"6fe7784c-30b3-4031-85aa-989a1cbca6e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:47","extension":"tif","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":495548,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ESM 2: Fig. S1 Pollen germination (a) and pollen tube length (b) in Elaeagnus angustifolia grown in different habitats.\nData are means (n=100) ± SD. The same letters indicate no significant difference at P\u003c0.05.\n","description":"","filename":"2FigureS1.tif","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/8d754afcd44834343a32ce9d.tif"},{"id":3530452,"identity":"37c91b89-4abc-4384-aec5-185b12b57693","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:48","extension":"tif","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":4386612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ESM 3: Fig. S2 Observation of anther sections of Elaeagnus angustifolia in different habitats.\n(a) The anther of E. angustifolia in saline habitats has only a thin layer of cells at the crack; (b) The anther of E. angustifolia in non-saline habitats has no obvious crack.\n","description":"","filename":"3FigureS2.tif","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/e60619ebae4d84cf69635685.tif"},{"id":3530454,"identity":"36246cd6-5909-4c80-99c5-cd772a980373","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:48","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":18076,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ESM 4: Table S2 Primer pairs used for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).","description":"","filename":"4TableS2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/d5299bfb3ede4717789cafec.docx"},{"id":3530456,"identity":"12ce1a8e-05a5-4482-9f12-19e59b7bfd3b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:49","extension":"docx","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":17792,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ESM 5: Table S3 Clean reads obtained from Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers and used for analysis. ","description":"","filename":"5TableS3.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/243dfa94acd8fba7b08aa1f8.docx"},{"id":3530458,"identity":"01463819-6960-435e-8d49-fae09701cd5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:49","extension":"tif","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1814936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ESM 6: Fig. S3 Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (a) and statistical analysis of DEGs enriched in the top 20 KEGG pathways (b) in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from plants grown in the saline (S) and non-saline habitat (N). In the scatterplot, each dot represents a single gene. Red dots represent significantly upregulated genes; green dots represent significantly down-regulated genes; blue dots represent genes with no significant difference in expression between the saline and non-saline habitats. DEGs between the two groups were assigned to KEGG pathways by enrichment analysis. ","description":"","filename":"6FigureS3.tif","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/511573d212ba2a4ead3d668c.tif"},{"id":3530460,"identity":"67c1590f-20ae-4375-8971-6526a5b8db9d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:49","extension":"docx","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":19823,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ESM 7: Table S4 Upregulated genes in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat based on RNA-seq; the genes are related to cell wall modification and anther development. ","description":"","filename":"7TableS4.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/7d33cdd566ccdb9c74accdb3.docx"},{"id":3530462,"identity":"cf2ac3dc-21cd-467c-b47c-cd95a482bb89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:50","extension":"docx","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":18880,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ESM 8: Table S5. List of upregulated genes in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat based on RNA-seq; the genes are related to sucrose synthase and sugar transport. ","description":"","filename":"8TableS5.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/5be26d74466173d1b067fa72.docx"},{"id":3530464,"identity":"d8c44841-e2fb-4596-a698-3aebdbab6ff9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:50","extension":"tif","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":585284,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ESM 9: Fig. S4 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) content in the anthers and flowers of Elaeagnus angustifolia grown in the saline and non-saline habitat. Data are means (n=3) ± SD. Different letters indicate a significant difference at P\u003c0.05.","description":"","filename":"9FigureS4.tif","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/f8b2fe3de475478646745a3c.tif"},{"id":3530465,"identity":"a40f0e05-24f9-49d8-af0c-31309eb5a82d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:50","extension":"tif","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":317924,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ESM 10: Fig. S5 Modulation of ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway genes in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from the saline habitat vs non-saline habitat. The values in parentheses with green and red represent the down- and up-regulated genes, respectively.","description":"","filename":"10FigureS5.tif","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/acf23e4540e89a6f30e9e101.tif"},{"id":3530466,"identity":"b5d103d4-fd62-4f2b-ae4f-11780d24c2ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-12 10:27:51","extension":"docx","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":20834,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ESM 11: Table S6 Differential expressed genes in Elaeagnus angustifolia anthers from saline and non-saline habitats based on analysis of RNA-seq; these genes are related to ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction. ","description":"","filename":"11TableS6.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-48371/v3/9d8ac3aa5e1b40f69f5f2227.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eBlocked pollen release prevents fruit formation in the halophyte \u003cem\u003eElaeagnus angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in non-saline habitats\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eOver 800 million hectares of land worldwide are affected by salt, accounting for more than 6% of the world\u0026rsquo;s total land area [1-3]. A large amount of saline soil is present in China, which seriously reduces agricultural production [4]. Salt also limits the survival and growth of trees by reducing root survival and hindering the absorption of water and mineral elements [5, 6]. Halophytes have developed mechanisms to tolerate salinity, including salt exclusion to prevent salt absorption (e.g., \u003cem\u003ePistacia \u003c/em\u003egenus) [7]; salt secretion outside the plant body through glands (e.g., \u003cem\u003eTamarix\u003c/em\u003e spp.) [8]; and salt dilution to maintain a lower salt content in the cytoplasm (e.g., mangrove \u003cem\u003eBruguiera cylindrica\u003c/em\u003e) [9]. Access to halophyte trees would be a benefit for cultivation to improve saline lands, develop saline agriculture, prevent soil erosion, and enhance urban afforestation in saline lands.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eElaeagnus angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e L., a member of the \u003cem\u003eElaeagnaceae\u003c/em\u003e family, can grow in a wide range of environmental conditions [10]. This tree is deciduous, with unique silver-gray scales covering the leaves, flowers, and newly grown branchlets. \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e flowers, which are bisexual, yellow on the inside, silvery white on the outside, and fragrant, form and open in May and June. \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e fruit is edible and sweet, with a single seed [11], and the roots undergo nitrogen fixation [12]. Since this tree is resistant to salt and drought stress and is strongly adaptable, it is widely used for urban and road greening. \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e can grow and complete its life cycle in saline soil [13]. Many studies have focused on the utilization of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e fruits, flowers [14, 15], and plant extracts [16-18]. In addition, the growth performance and salt tolerance of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e at the seedling stage were recently investigated [19, 20]. However, little is known about the reproductive development of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in saline environments, especially compared to non-saline environments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlants switch to the reproductive stage after completing vegetative growth when induced by environmental conditions such as low temperatures and a suitable photoperiod. Much progress has been made in uncovering the molecular mechanism of flower induction and initiation under these conditions [21-23]. In general, for non-halophytes, salinity inhibits plant growth and yields [24-26]. However, salinity has diverse effects on plant reproduction in halophytes. For example, the halophyte \u003cem\u003eSuaeda salsa\u003c/em\u003e exhibits the highest biomass and yields when treated with high salinity during the reproductive phase [27-30]. NaCl (300 mM) treatment stimulates flowering in \u003cem\u003ePlantago crassifolia\u003c/em\u003e but reduces seed number, with aborted seeds produced in half the spikes [31]. In the halophyte \u003cem\u003eCrithmum maritimum\u003c/em\u003e, the inflorescence and flower number are significantly reduced by salinity treatment [32]. How specific plants adapt to high-salinity environments might be related to the ionic balance in leaves and roots, phytohormone balance in plant cells, and an efficient carbon supply [33-35].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNormal stamen development is important for completing the plant lifecycle, while defects in stamen development can lead to male sterility. Environmental factors such as drought and extreme temperature led to male sterility via inhibiting the development and function of anthers [36-40]. However, little is known about anther development in plants growing in a saline environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnther development is a precise and complex process, especially the meiosis of the microspore mother cell to produce microspores and pollens. Many genes play pivotal roles in this process and are expressed at different developmental stages. The anther development F-box gene in rice (\u003cem\u003eOsADF\u003c/em\u003e) is essential for tapetum cell development and pollen formation [41]. In Arabidopsis, the processes of anther differentiation, anther wall development, anther dehiscence and pollen fertility are regulated by numerous related genes such as \u003cem\u003eMYB\u003c/em\u003e transcription factors, \u003cem\u003eRECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE2\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eRPK2\u003c/em\u003e), and \u003cem\u003eCALCINEURIN B-LIKE10\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eCBL10\u003c/em\u003e) [42, 43]. Phytohormones are also involved in stamen development [44]. The Arabidopsis \u003cem\u003ega1-3\u003c/em\u003e mutant is male sterile with defective stamens and pollen development due to reduced gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis [45]. However, what genes are involved in the regulation of anther development in halophytes, and whether the expression levels of genes related to anther development are altered in halophytes grown in saline environments, remains unknown.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e grown in saline lands in Shandong, Xinjiang, Gansu, and Ningxia of China forms flowers and bears numerous fruits. However, \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e grown in non-saline lands in Shandong (such as Ji\u0026rsquo;nan) forms only flowers without fruits, unless it is treated with NaCl, in which case it also bears fruits. In the current study, to explore why \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e flowers but does not form fruits in non-saline habitats, we performed transcriptome analysis of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from plants grown in two habitats using high-throughput Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Our findings shed light on the relationship between salt tolerance and reproductive development in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e and lay the foundation for identifying key factors specific to halophytes that contribute to anther development and fruit formation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eplants flower and bear fruits in the saline habitat and flower but do not bear fruits in the non-saline habitat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe observed the flowering period and reproductive growth of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in two habitats. \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e flowers are bisexual, with 1\u0026ndash;3 flower clusters per axil. The flowers are yellow on the inside, silvery white on the outside, and fragrant and are born from early May to late June. In both habitats, flower buds formed in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e, and the flowers opened (Fig. 1a, b). After flowering, fruits bore in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in the saline habitat (Fig. 1c), one or two fruits each leaf axil. Whereas plants in the non-saline habitat had no fruits, and all of the flowers fell off of the plants (Fig. 1d).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e plants grown in two habitats do not exhibit significant differences in pollen viability or stigma receptivity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo determine whether the lack of fruit in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in the non-saline habitat was caused by pollen vitality, we dyed pollen collected from \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in both habitats with Alexander\u0026rsquo;s solution. This stain dyes aborted pollen grains green and non-aborted pollen grains red. There was no difference in pollen vitality between the habitats: 80% of the pollen grains were viable (Fig. 2a, b). Pollen grains that germinated in vitro from plants grown in both non-saline and saline habitats were well developed, indicating they could germinate and form pollen tubes (Fig. 2c, d).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo determine whether insufficient pollen tube growth led to the lack of fertilization of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in the non-saline habitat, we determined the pollen germination rate and pollen tube length. As shown in Fig. S1, the pollen germination rate (Fig. S1 a) of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia \u003c/em\u003efrom both habitats was approximately 50%, and there was no significant difference in pollen tube length (Fig. S1 b) between habitats. These results indicate that the flowering and lack of fruit in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in non-saline habitats were not caused by pollen dysplasia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo determine whether altered stigma receptivity prevents fruit formation in\u003cem\u003e E. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in non-saline habitats, we measured peroxidase activity in stigmas, which represents stigma receptivity. As shown in Fig. 3b, \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e stigmas from the non-saline habitat were surrounded by blue staining and numerous bubbles, and there were no significant differences between these stigmas and stigmas from plants grown in the saline habitat (Fig. 3a). The stigmas of plants grown in both environments showed high receptivity, and the pollen vitality was high. These results indicate that pollen viability and stigma receptivity are not the reasons for the lack of fruit in\u003cem\u003e E. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in the non-saline habitat.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStigmas from the non-saline habitat lack pollen and pollen tubes under natural conditions but contain numerous pollen tubes after hand pollination\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnder natural conditions, after self pollination, aniline blue staining of pistils revealed numerous pollen tubes in the styles and many pollen grains on the stigmas of plants grown in the saline habitat (Fig. 4a, d). By contrast, the styles of plants grown in the non-saline habitat had almost no pollen tubes in the styles and no pollen grains on stigmas (Fig. 4b, e). These results suggest that due to blocked anther dehiscence, no pollen grains reach the stigmas of plants in the non-saline habitat under natural conditions. At 4 h after hand pollination, many pollen tubes formed in the styles and many pollen grains were present on the stigmas of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e grown in the non-saline habitat (Fig. 4c, f).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlocked anther dehiscence occurs in the non-saline habitat \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further investigate whether blocked anther dehiscence led to the lack of fruit formation in the non-saline habitat, we observed flowers after anther dehiscence in plants from both habitats. As shown in Fig. 5a, the anthers were pale with almost no pollen grains in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in the saline habitat, as many pollen grains were released to the surfaces of the petals. However, in the non-saline habitat, the anthers were dark yellow and contained many pollen grains, and no pollen grains were present on the surfaces of the petals (Fig. 5b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo determine if the color difference of the anthers from saline vs. non-saline habitats was due to the presence of pollen grains, we observed anthers after pollen released by DIC microscopy. The anthers of plants grown in the saline habitat contained almost no pollen grains and had undergone dehiscence, with only a single layer of cells (Fig. 5c). By contrast, the anthers of plants grown in the non-saline habitat contained numerous pollen grains after anther dehiscence, and no obvious stomium was observed in the anthers (Fig. 5d). The anther sections of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e before dehiscence in two habitats were further prepared, no significant difference in pollen amount in anthers of the two habitats, obvious crack in anthers from saline habitat were observed, while not in anthers from non-saline habitat (Fig. S2). It is speculated that the anthers of the \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in saline habitat can dehisce and loose pollens when the pollen grains are mature. However, the pollination in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e flowers in non-saline habitat was inhibited.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNa\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e content increases in leaves but not flowers in the saline habitat \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSignificantly (27.4%) (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05) higher Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e contents were detected in the leaves of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e grown in the saline vs. non-saline habitat, whereas no significant difference in Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e content was observed in the flowers of these plants (Fig. 6a). Moreover, there was no significant difference in K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e content in the leaves or flowers of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants grown in the saline vs. non-saline habitat (Fig. 6b). However, plant reproduction was not inhibited, but rather was improved, by the increased Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e content in leaves under saline conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence assembly and quantitative real-time PCR\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003evalidation \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo investigate the molecular mechanism involved in the differences in anther development and dehiscence in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e under saline vs. non-saline conditions, we collected anthers during early development and subjected them to RNA-seq analysis. The number of clean reads obtained from the both groups is shown in Table S3. Genes with differential expression in anthers between the two groups were filtered based on an adjusted \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value \u0026lt;0.01 and |log\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e(fold change)| \u0026gt; 1.5. The remaining genes were analyzed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that might lead to failed dehiscence in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers in the non-saline habitat.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo validate the quality of the data obtained by RNA-seq, were subjected 11 DEGs involved in anther development to quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The results from qPCR were consistent with the RNA-seq results, indicating that the RNA-seq data were reliable (Fig. 7) and could be used for further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis and annotation of DEGs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the DEGs in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers under saline vs. non-saline conditions, we performed differential expression analysis using DESeq2 [46]. In total, 8,817 genes displayed significantly different expression levels between the saline and non-saline habitats. Among these, 5,063 were upregulated and 3,754 were downregulated in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers under saline vs. non-saline conditions (Fig. S3 a).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo identify the likely biological pathways involving the DEGs in anthers between the two habitats, we performed functional analysis of the DEGs using the Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database [47]. In total, 1,919 DEGs were assigned to 116 KEGG pathways. These DEGs were mapped to many categories, such as \u0026ldquo;amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;flavonoid biosynthesis\u0026rdquo; (Fig. S3 b). The differences in the pathways might be related to mechanisms used to ensure anther development in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in saline habitats. Furthermore, many other DEGs were involved in the categories \u0026ldquo;ABC transporters\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;starch and sucrose metabolism\u0026rdquo;, perhaps contributing to the anther dehiscence and pollination of flowers in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e under saline conditions. During plant reproduction, plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction play crucial roles in development and plant responses to stress. Many of the DEGs were also assigned to the categories plant hormone biosynthesis and plant signal transduction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDEGs involved in cell wall formation in\u003cem\u003e E. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring cell and anther development, cell wall formation is fundamentally important for protecting the cells from adverse conditions, especially the formation of secondary cell walls (SCWs). In the present study, we identified DEGs related to cell wall modification in the anthers of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants grown under saline vs. non-saline conditions. Thirteen DEGs associated with cell wall modification were upregulated in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline vs. non-saline habitat. In particular, three (Cluster-2772.54625, Cluster-2772.45882 and Cluster-2772.41972) genes were inducibly expressed under the saline habitat (Table S4). Actin and tubulin participate in anther development [48]. Six DEGs encoding tubulin and one DEG encoding actin were upregulated and four of them (Cluster-2772.60317, Cluster-2772.61547, Cluster-2772.59057 and Cluster-2772.85525) were inducibly expressed under salinity (Table S4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLipoxygenase (LOX) and allene oxide cyclase (AOC) are involved in anther dehiscence [49]. In \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers, four DEGs encoding LOX and two DEGs encoding AOC were upregulated and DEGs (Cluster-2772.115415, Cluster-2772.82284 and Cluster-2772.46629) were inducibly expressed in the saline environment (Table 1). Lignin deposited in endothecium cells is essential prior to anther dehiscence [50]. In \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anther from the saline habitat, three DEGs encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) were upregulated and one (Cluster-2772.88336) was inducibly expressed in the saline environment (Table 1). In addition, two DEGs encoding E3 SUMO-protein ligase SIZ1 involved in the functional regulation of the endothecium in anthers [51, 52] were upregulated in\u003cem\u003e E. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers under saline conditions. Notably, one DEG (Cluster-2772.16029) encoding receptor protein kinase (RPK), which plays a key role in anther dehiscence, was inducibly expressed in the saline environment [42, 43]. These results suggest that salinity induces or enhances the gene expression for cell wall formation in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anther to maintain anther dehiscence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eTable 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;Upregulated genes in \u003cem\u003eElaeagnus angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline habitat related to the anther dehiscence pathway in conjunction with anther cell wall thickening and anther dehiscence based on RNA-seq.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.9e+2pt;margin-left:-30.6pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eGene ID\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003ePutative Function\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eNon-saline readcount\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:14.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eSaline readcount\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003elog2FC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eRegulated\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 6.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.2pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eLipoxygenase (LOX)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.115415\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003elinoleate 9S-lipoxygenase 5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e31.23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e7.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.82284\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003elinoleate 9S-lipoxygenase 6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e27.59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e7.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.122397\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003elinoleate 9S-lipoxygenase 6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0.28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e34.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e6.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.88203\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003elinoleate 9S-lipoxygenase 6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e35.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e3.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 6.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eAllen oxide cyclase (AOC)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.46629\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eallene oxide cyclase 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e130.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e9.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.2pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.48391\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.2pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eallene oxide cyclase 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.2pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e553.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.2pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e1127.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.2pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e1.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 6.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.88336\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003ecinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e11.95\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e6.24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.89366\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003ecinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e249.78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e699.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e1.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.4671\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003ecinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e115.47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e434.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e1.91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width:6.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eReceptor protein kinase (RPK)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.16029\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003ereceptor protein kinase 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e188.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e10.22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 6.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eE3 SUMO-protein ligase SIZ1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.41096\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eE3 SUMO-protein ligase SIZ1 OS=Arabidopsis thaliana GN=SIZ1 PE=1 SV=2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e1.97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e56.466\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e4.82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.69463\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eE3 SUMO-protein ligase SIZ1 OS=Arabidopsis thaliana GN=SIZ1 PE=1 SV=2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e1.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e27.88\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e4.61\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:16.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDEGs involved in hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction in\u003cem\u003e E. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant hormones play crucial roles in anther development. The expression levels of hormone-related genes correspond to higher concentrations of phytohormones or highly efficient signal transduction. To evaluate the possible reasons for the differences in anther development in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants in non-saline vs. saline habitats, we identified three DEGs encoding the gibberellin receptor GID1, four DEGs encoding jasmonic acid-amino synthetase and two DEGs encoding auxin transporter-like protein, which were upregulated in plants grown in the saline environment. In particular, DEGs including Cluster-2772.3809, Cluster-25028.5, Cluster-2772.2343 and Cluster-2772.123259 were inducibly expressed in the saline environment (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eTable 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;Upregulated genes in \u003cem\u003eElaeagnus angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline habitat related to hormone synthesis and signal transduction based on RNA-seq.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.9e+2pt;margin-left:-30.6pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eGene ID\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003ePutative Function\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eNon-saline readcount\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:14.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eSaline readcount\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003elog2FC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eRegulated\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 6.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eGibberellin receptor GID1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCluster-2772.3809\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003egibberellin receptor GID1B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:21.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e122.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e9.60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:7.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:7.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:7.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:21.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:7.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:7.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCluster-2772.93098\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003egibberellin receptor GID1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e109.87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e224.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e1.03\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family: \"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCluster-2772.118690\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003egibberellin receptor GID1B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e4.82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e45.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e3.23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width:6.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eAuxin influx carrier (AUX)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCluster-25028.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eauxin transporter-like protein 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e16.52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e6.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 4.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCluster-2772.5188\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eauxin transporter-like protein 5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e28.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e104.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e1.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width:6.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:20.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eJasmonic acid-amino synthetase\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;JAR1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.2343\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003ejasmonic acid-amido synthetase\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:21.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e42.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e8.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family: \"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.123259\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003ejasmonic acid-amino synthetase\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e16.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e6.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:8.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:8.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:8.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:8.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:8.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-14726.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003ejasmonic acid-amino synthetase\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e16.57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e50.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e1.61\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.111141\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:171.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003ejasmonic acid-amino synthetase\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e21.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e148.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDEGs encoding transcription factors in\u003cem\u003e E. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNAC, WRKY, and MYB TFs are involved in anther dehiscence in Arabidopsis [53-55]. In \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline habitat, eleven DEGs encoding NAC TFs, nine encoding WRKY TFs and five DEGs encoding MYB TFs were upregulated compared to anthers from the non-saline habitat (Table 3). Moreover, NAC domain-containing protein 82, MYB 44, MYB6, MYB39 and WRKY40 were inducibly expressed in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline habitat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eUpregulated transcription factor genes in \u003cem\u003eElaeagnus angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline habitat related to anther development and anther dehiscence based on RNA-seq.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.9e+2pt;margin-left:-30.6pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eGene ID\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003ePutative Function\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eNon-saline readcount\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:14.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eSaline readcount\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003elog2FC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eRegulated\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width:6.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eNAC transcription factor\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:14.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.44244\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNAC domain-containing protein 82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e219.81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e10.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.65220\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNAC domain-containing protein 83\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0.28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e836.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e11.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.111726\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNAC transcription factor 29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e9.44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e117.49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e3.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.111729\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNAC transcription factor 56\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e21.88\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e172.22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-19797.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNAC domain-containing protein 72\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e6.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e43.42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.119476\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNAC domain-containing protein 100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e6.84\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e44.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.115630\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNAC domain-containing protein 21/22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e33.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e207.40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.6230\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNAC domain-containing protein 19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e19.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e116.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.57270\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNAC domain-containing protein 14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e114.54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e674.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.74382\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNAC domain-containing protein 18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e51.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e4.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:99.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.70933\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:2.25in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNAC transcription factor 25\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e1794.59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e4527.70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e1.33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width:6.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eMYB transcription factor\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.31676\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003etranscription factor MYB44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e171.53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e10.09\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.96288\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003etranscription repressor MYB6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e83.87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e9.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-16009.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003etranscription factor MYB39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e19.22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e6.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.55623\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003etranscription factor MYB12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e25.44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e217.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e3.09\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.87414\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003etranscription factor MYB108\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e15.15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e110.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.86\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width:6.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eWRKY transcription factor\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-4331.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eWRKY transcription factor 40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e57.76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e8.52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.10112\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eWRKY transcription factor 21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0.84\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e53.12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e5.96\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.4494\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eWRKY transcription factor 15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.61\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e76.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e4.88\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.125225\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eWRKY transcription factor 33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e3.15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e50.99\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e4.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-8261.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eWRKY transcription factor 56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e6.87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e52.44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.46955\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eWRKY transcription factor 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e10.53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e58.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.53116\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eWRKY transcription factor 19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e32.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e150.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.182\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eWRKY transcription factor 30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e23.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e100.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e2.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.13133\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eWRKY transcription factor 65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e34.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e118.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e1.78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:22.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDEGs involved in sugar transport and metabolism in\u003cem\u003e E. angustifolia \u003c/em\u003eanthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSugar transport and metabolism play important roles in plant growth and development, especially during anther development. We detected enhanced and inducible expression of sugar transporter genes in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline habitat (Table S5). Three DEGs encoding sucrose synthase, one encoding sucrose phosphate synthase 1F and ten DEGs encoding sugar transporters or sugar transport proteins were upregulated in the anthers of plants of the saline habitat. In addition, eight of them (Cluster-2772.44272, Cluster-2772.44273, Cluster-2772.122621, Cluster-2772.17932, Cluster-2772.26904, Cluster-2772.115155, Cluster-2772.44021 and Cluster-2772.44963) were inducibly expressed in the saline habitat.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDEGs involved\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e in ion content and ROS scavenging in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia \u003c/em\u003eanthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAltered levels of ions, especially Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, are a critical indicator of plants grown in a saline environment. The transmembrane transport of ions occurs via transporters and channels located in the membrane, such as NHX (Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e antiporter), AKT (inward-rectifying K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e channel), and KEA (K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e efflux antiporter) proteins. In the anthers of plants from the saline habitat, four DEGs (Cluster-2772.37266, Cluster-2772.84379, Cluster-2772.125705, Cluster-2772.84388) encoding the Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e exchanger on the plasma membrane and tonoplast were upregulated, with at least a 2.34-fold (up to 11.97-fold) higher expression in anthers from the saline vs. non-saline habitat (Table 4). In addition, Cluster-5936.0 (encoding potassium channel AKT1) was upregulated 3.37-fold and Cluster-2772.33146 (encoding KEA) was upregulated 1.42-fold in the anthers of plants from the saline habitat. The expression levels of several reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging-related genes were also higher in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline habitat, including genes encoding catalase (CAT), peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD); the expression levels of these genes were at least 1.32-fold (up to 9.42-fold) higher in the anthers of plants from the saline vs. non-saline habitat. In particular, NHX6, four catalases, two PODs and one SOD were inducibly expressed the saline habitat (Table 4). Significant (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05) higher ROS content was detected in the anthers and the bloomed flowers of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e grown in the saline vs. non-saline habitat, whereas no inhibition was observed in the flowers development of these plants (Fig. S4). The increased expression levels of ROS scavenging-related genes were likely responsible for the ROS homeostasis in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e from saline habitat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eUpregulated genes in \u003cem\u003eElaeagnus angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline habitat related to ion transport and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging based on RNA-seq.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.9e+2pt;margin-left:-30.6pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:1.5in;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:36.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eGene ID\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:153.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:36.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003ePutative Function\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:36.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eNon-saline readcount\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:36.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:14.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eSaline readcount\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:36.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003elog2FC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:36.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eRegulated\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 6.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eSodium ion transport\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.125705\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNa\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e exchanger 6 (NHX6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e12.83\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e6.34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.37266\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNa\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e antiporter 1 (NHX1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e16.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e150.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e3.20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.84379\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNa\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e exchanger 2 (NHX2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e55.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e369.82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e2.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.84388\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eNa\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e exchanger 3 (NHX3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e10.24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e52.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e2.34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width:6.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003ePotassium transport\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-5936.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003epotassium channel AKT1-like\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e14.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e308.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e4.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:1.5in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.33146\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:153.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eK\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e efflux antiporter 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e4.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e22.87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e2.42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 6.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCatalase (CAT)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCluster-2772.88012\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:153.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003ecatalase isozyme 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e40.70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e8.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCluster-2772.87140\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003ecatalase\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e6.91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e5.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCluster-2772.72350\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003ecatalase family protein\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e63.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e8.64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCluster-2772.46067\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003ecatalase\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e24.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e7.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:7.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:7.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCluster-2772.72352\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003ecatalase family protein\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e1827.62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e4796.81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e1.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 6.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003ePeroxidase (POD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2311.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eperoxidase 27-like\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e19.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e6.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-5540.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eperoxidase 51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.78073\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eperoxidase 55-like\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e2.94\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.116977\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n 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style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e2151.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e6.60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.108903\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eperoxidase 31-like\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e148.97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e1606.99\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e3.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-20100.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eperoxidase 3-like\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e12.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e163.92\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New 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17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eperoxidase 29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e71.46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e179.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e1.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.123580\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eperoxidase N1-like\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e3.395\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e53.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e3.98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.48594\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003ecationic peroxidase 1-like\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e327.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e8882.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e4.76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 6.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eSuperoxide dismutase (SOD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.115555\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eIron/manganese superoxide dismutases\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:21.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e108.42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e9.42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:21.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;background:white;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.40719\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003esuperoxide dismutase 2B-a\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:21.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e158.33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e830.60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e2.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eCluster-2772.105888\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCu/Zn-superoxide dismutase\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:21.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e118.94\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e506.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e2.09\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003eCluster-2772.43318\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003esuperoxide dismutase [Fe]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e370.62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e1074.87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;'\u003e1.53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDEGs involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction in\u003cem\u003e E. angustifolia \u003c/em\u003eanthers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrgans falling off of plants are closely related to the ethylene content and signal transduction in plants. In order to investigate the relationship between the flowers falling and the ethylene, the DEGs involving in hormone ethylene, such as ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction, between anthers of two habitats were analyzed. Expression levels of three S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase A encoding DEGs, three 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACC synthase) encoding DEGs, and two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACC oxidase) encoding DEGs were all down-regulated in the anthers in saline habitat vs non-saline habitat (Table S6).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eHow are plant growth and reproduction affected when halophytes are grown in non-saline soil? In the present study, when the halophyte \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e was grown in the saline habitat of Dongying, Shandong province, China, it grew well, bloomed normally, and bore fruits from the remaining flowers, thus completing its life cycle (Fig. 1a, c), which also occurred in the saline habitat of the Halophyte Garden in Ji\u0026rsquo;nan, Shandong province. However, although \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants grown in the non-saline habitat of Shandong Ji\u0026rsquo;nan Spring Park formed flower buds, the flowers opened but all of them fell off of the plant, and no fruits were born (Fig. 1b, d). And the falling of flowers might relate to the relative higher ethylene biosynthesis in the anthers of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in non-saline habitat than in the saline habitat (Fig. S5). These results indicate that salinity is likely a clue signal promoting for the reproduction of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e. Similarly, when the halophyte \u003cem\u003eS. salsa \u003c/em\u003ewas grown in the presence of a certain concentration of NaCl, the seed yield increased and the seeds were larger compared to plants grown in the absence of NaCl [30].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlocked anther dehiscence inhibits fertilization of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia \u003c/em\u003ein non-saline habitats\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe development of male reproductive organs is reflected by pollen vitality. To explore whether flowers but no fruits formed in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants grown in the non-saline habitat due to impaired pollen development, we examined pollen vitality in plants grown in both habitats. Alexander staining indicated that differences in pollen vitality were not the reason for the reproductive differences between the two habitats, as pollen vitality reached 80% under both conditions (Fig. 2a, b). An in vitro pollen germination assay showed that the pollen grains of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants grown in the non-saline habitat were well developed, could germinate in vitro, and formed pollen tube (Fig. 2d). The pollen germination percentages in both habitats were \u0026gt;50% (Fig. S1 a), and there was no significant difference in pollen tube length between the two habitats (Fig. S1 b). These results indicate that the flowering and lack of fruit in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants grown in the non-saline habitat was not caused by pollen dysplasia, as the pollen was well development and produced pollen tubes in vitro. Perhaps salinity helps maintain normal male reproductive development and allows \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e to finish its lifecycle. Indeed, \u003cem\u003eS. salsa\u003c/em\u003e displayed enhanced anther development under NaCl vs. control conditions [56].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to male reproductive organ development, plant reproduction is also influenced by the development of female reproductive organs [57]. We therefore examined the stigma receptivity of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants from both habitats during the pollen vitality experiment. When the stigmas showed high receptivity (Fig. 3), the pollen also showed high vitality (Fig. 2), indicating that the pollen and stigma reached maturity simultaneously. However, there were no pollen tubes in the pistils of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants from the non-saline habitat after natural pollination based on aniline blue staining (Fig. 4b), and no visible pollen grains on the stigmas were detected (Fig. 4e). Interestingly, following hand pollination, numerous pollen tubes formed in the styles of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants from the non-saline habitat (Fig. 4c), with abundant pollen on the stigmas (Fig. 4f). Furthermore, many pollen grains were present in the anthers of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e from the non-saline habitat after natural pollination (Fig. 5b, d), with no obvious cracks (Fig. 5d). By contrast, there were almost no pollen grains in the anthers of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants from the saline habitat after anther dehiscence (Fig. 5a, c). Obvious crack in anthers of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in saline habitat were observed through the anther section results, while not in anthers of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in non-saline habitat (Fig. S2). It is speculated that the pollination in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e flowers in non-saline habitat was inhibited.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe conclude that the stigma could accept pollen and could form pollen tubes in the styles and that the flowering and lack of fruit in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in the non-saline habitat is due to poor anther dehiscence, which prevents the pollen from being released, thus inhibiting fertilization. To explore the molecular mechanism underlying the differences in anther development in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e from saline vs. non-saline habitats, we performed RNA-seq analysis of these tissues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIon and ROS balance in flowers promote anther development of\u003cem\u003e E. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn general, salinity affects the survival and inhibits the growth of trees due to reduced root growth and material absorption [5, 6]. Non-halophytes are sensitive to salt stress [58-60]. In addition, salinity inhibits the reproduction of non-halophytes by decreasing fertility and reproductive organ formation [61, 62]. Salt stress specifically affects male gamete development, typically resulting in high levels of microspore abortion and the induction of male sterility [63, 64]. Salt treatment reduces fertility in rice [65]. However, the growth of halophytes is significantly enhanced by the presence of moderate salinity. The seed number of the halophyte \u003cem\u003eCakile maritime\u003c/em\u003e significantly increased in plants treated with 50\u0026ndash;100 mM NaCl, which was also optimal for vegetative growth [66]. In the halophyte \u003cem\u003eS. salsa\u003c/em\u003e, vegetative growth [67] and reproductive growth [30] are enhanced when the growth medium contains a certain concentration of NaCl.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen grown in saline environments, plants induce measures to deal with the damage caused by salt ions [68]. Ion balance in plant cells is crucial for plant development under saline conditions, especially the maintenance of low levels of Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e in plant cells. Crop yield decreases when higher concentrations of Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e accumulate in plant cells [58]). Four genes encoding Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e exchangers were expressed at higher levels in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline vs. non-saline habitat (Table 4). Three (NHX1, NHX2, and NHX3) of them were localized in the tonoplast, the other (NHX6) was localized in vesicle membrane, and all were associated with intracellular ion homeostasis and flowering [69]. Perhaps a constant concentration of Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e is maintained in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e flowers in the saline habitat (Fig. 6a), thus plays important roles in improving anther development. Similarly, certain concentrations of salt ions (such as Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and Cl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e) are maintained in the tissues of the halophyte \u003cem\u003eS. salsa\u003c/em\u003e in the presence NaCl, which enhances reproduction [56]. Potassium plays a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism during plant reproduction [70]. We determined that a desirable concentration of K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e was maintained in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e flowers (Fig. 6b), perhaps due to the high expression of potassium channel gene \u003cem\u003eEaAKT1\u003c/em\u003e (Table 4). Additionally, a desirable K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e concentration is beneficial for sugar transport in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers. A sufficient supply of materials for reproductive growth in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e is maintained under salinity conditions, as revealed by the increased expression of genes related to sucrose synthase and sugar transport (Table S5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, peroxidase plays vital roles in maintaining ROS homeostasis in plants, which is required for proper anther development. Arabidopsis mutants with non-functional \u003cem\u003ePEROXIDASE9\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003ePRX9\u003c/em\u003e) and \u003cem\u003ePRX40\u003c/em\u003e exhibit male sterility [71]. In the current study, 18 DEGs related to the ROS scavenging system (such as catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) were upregulated in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers in the saline vs. non-saline habitat, and some genes for ROS scavenging enzymes such as catalase isozyme 1, peroxidase 51 were induced by salinity (Table 4). These results indicate that the ROS scavenging enzymes of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e are induced during growth under saline conditions, thus maintaining anther development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSuccessful dehiscence depends on cell wall development related-gene expression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe process of anther dehiscence is affected by many factors and involves a series of steps, such as differentiation of the anther cellular layer, secondary cell wall thickening in the endothecium, dehydration, and stomium cell wall digestion [72]. In flowering plants, successful reproduction benefits from the establishment of the anther wall, which ensures the successful production and release of fertile pollen grains [73]. During anther development, lignin is deposited in endothecium cells in preparation for anther dehiscence. In Arabidopsis, CAD participates in lignin biosynthesis; mutants lacking a functional \u003cem\u003eCAD\u003c/em\u003e gene exhibit failed anther dehiscence [50]. In \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e, three DEGs encoding CAD were upregulated in anthers under saline vs. non-saline conditions; in particular, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 was inducibly expressed upon exposure salinity (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe thickening of the endothecium in anthers is facilitated by receptor protein kinase (RPK) activity. Indeed, Arabidopsis\u003cem\u003e rpk \u003c/em\u003emutants show male sterility due to disrupted metabolism in the tapetum, along with the suppressed expression of \u003cem\u003eRPK\u003c/em\u003e [51]. Similarly, expression of \u003cem\u003ereceptor protein kinase 1\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eRPK1\u003c/em\u003e) was induced by salinity, which perhaps contributes to the successful dehiscence of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers in the saline habitat. Just before anther dehiscence, the septum and endothecium were degenerated with the regulation of SIZ1 [52]. Indeed, the rice \u003cem\u003esiz1\u003c/em\u003e mutant and plants lacking \u003cem\u003eSIZ1\u003c/em\u003e activity exhibited a distinct phenotype including indehiscent anthers [52]. In\u003cem\u003e E. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e, two SIZ1 isoenzymes were expressed at higher levels in the anthers of plants from the saline vs. the non-saline habitat (Table 1), which might contribute to anther development and guarantee successful anther dehiscence. Finally, several genes related to cell wall modification were expressed at higher levels in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline vs. non-saline environment (Table S4). The high expression levels of these genes could facilitate anther development in\u003cem\u003e E. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e, ensuring the production of viable pollen and anther dehiscence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSuccessful dehiscence involves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e TFs and hormone related-gene expression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVarious TFs also play roles in anther dehiscence. For example, NAC TFs play important roles in the secondary thickening of cell walls, which is required for anther dehiscence in Arabidopsis [53, 74]. Indeed, the expression levels of 11 DEGs encoding NAC TFs were higher in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline habitat compared to the non-saline habitat (Table 3). Moreover, WRKY TFs play pivotal roles in fertility development. In Arabidopsis, male fertility is related to the expression level of \u003cem\u003eWRKY27\u003c/em\u003e, as too high or too low a level of\u003cem\u003e WRKY27\u003c/em\u003e expression leads to defective anther dehiscence [55]. In Arabidopsis, the development of stamens was also regulated by MYB TFs [54]. In \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers from the saline habitat, nine DEGs encoding WRKY TFs and five DEGs encoding MYB TFs were expressed at higher levels compared to anthers from the non-saline habitat (Table 3). The successful anther development and dehiscence of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers in the saline habitat might be due, at least in part, to the relatively high expression levels of TF genes, particularly to inducible expression of NAC domain-containing protein 82, MYB 44, MYB6, MYB39 and WRKY40.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn flowering plants, anther development is influenced by auxin and GA contents [75, 76]. For example, auxin plays a vital role in the coordination of anther dehiscence [77]. In Arabidopsis, stamen elongation and anther dehiscence are impaired by altered auxin transport [78]. Perhaps the induced expression of genes related to GA (\u003cem\u003egibberellin receptor GID1 B\u003c/em\u003e) and auxin transport (\u003cem\u003eauxin transporter-like protein 2\u003c/em\u003e) facilitate early anther development in \u003cem\u003eE. angusti\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efolia\u003c/em\u003e grown in the saline habitat (Table 2), allowing the plants to finish flowering and form fruits. Similarly, in the halophyte \u003cem\u003eS. salsa\u003c/em\u003e, NaCl treatment promoted reproduction and increased the levels of auxin and GA in floral organs [79].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Arabidopsis, anther dehiscence is also affected by a jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated pathway. JA biosynthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme jasmonic acid-amino synthetase (JAR) [49]. In addition, JA biosynthesis is correlated with auxin levels [80]. In \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e, two genes encoding JAR were expressed at higher levels and two genes encoding JAR were induced in anthers from the saline habitat (Table 2), suggesting that these genes are involved in the anther dehiscence of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia \u003c/em\u003ein saline habitat.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the saline habitat, \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e grew well, bloomed, and underwent successful pollination to form fruits. By contrast, in the non-saline habitat, the plants bloomed, but all of the flowers fell off of the plants. There was no significant difference in pollen vitality or stigma receptivity in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e flowers between the two habitats. However, the anthers significantly differed in these habitats after natural pollination. Numerous pollen grains were observed in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers in the non-saline habitat after pollen release. The lack of fruit in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in the non-saline habitat was due to poor pollen release, preventing the pollen from coming in contact with the stigma, thereby preventing pollination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the saline habitat, the reproductive development of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e was better due to successful anther development, along with the induced and enhanced expression of genes related to anther cell wall thickening and JA biosynthesis; these genes function in anther development and tapetum degeneration. The induced and increased expression levels of genes encoding a Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e exchanger and potassium channel ensured that relatively low Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and relatively high K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e levels were present in anthers in the saline habitat. The increased Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e content in the leaves of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants in the saline habitat possibly acts as a signal. On the one hand, Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e promotes the auxin-induced pathway in conjunction with JA biosynthesis, in which the anther dehiscence was properly regulated due to the induced and enhanced expression of genes such as \u003cem\u003eLOX\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAOC\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eJAR\u003c/em\u003e. On the other hand, Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e induced or upregulated the expression of the related TF genes, such as those for MYB and NAC TFs, and the genes involving in the programmed thickening and degeneration of the anther wall, for example, the genes related to the lignin biosynthesis (\u003cem\u003eCAD\u003c/em\u003e), the endothecium thickening (\u003cem\u003eRPK\u003c/em\u003e), and the septum and endothecium degeneration (\u003cem\u003eSIZ1\u003c/em\u003e), finally caused the anther dehiscence in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants in the saline habitat. Conversely, the anther dehiscence was blocked in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants in the non-saline habitat due to the lack of appropriate leaf Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and induction of anther dehiscence-related genes, thereby preventing anther dehiscence and pollen release. These findings are incorporated into a working model describing how anther dehiscence is regulated in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in saline and non-saline habitats (Fig. 8). This study lays the foundation for further investigating the regulation of salinity responses in halophytes during reproductive development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSamples\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e trees (two separate individuals in each habitat with more than 10 years\u0026rsquo; age were selected, and they were grew naturally without artificial fertilization and artificial watering) in Ji\u0026rsquo;nan Quancheng Park and Halophyte Garden in Dongying, China were analyzed in this study. Ji\u0026rsquo;nan Quancheng Park (N 36\u0026deg;40\u0026prime;; E117\u0026deg;00\u0026prime;) is a region with non-saline soils with a Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e content of ca. 0.014\u0026ndash;0.015%, and mean annual precipitation of 650\u0026ndash;700 mm, a relative lower pH and EC (6.9 and 29 mS cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and a higher organic matter content (16.7 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) was detected (Table S1). Halophyte Garden (N 37\u0026deg;27\u0026prime;; E118\u0026deg;30\u0026prime;) is located in a region with typical saline and alkaline soil, with a Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e content of ca. 0.5\u0026ndash;1.2% and mean annual precipitation of 570\u0026ndash;690 mm, a relative higher pH and EC (7.9 and 982 mS cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and a lower organic matter content (6.3 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) was detected (Table S1). During the growth period of\u003cem\u003e E. angustifolia,\u003c/em\u003e particularly the flowering and fruiting periods, there was no significant difference in temperature, mean rainfall, or relative humidity between Ji\u0026rsquo;nan Quancheng Park and Halophyte Garden in Dongying. The samples used in the present study were planted by Shandong Normal University with the permission of Shandong province (China).The sample collection and the performance of experimental research on such plant were complied with the national guidelines of China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObserving the flowering process in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo identify the stage of reproductive growth that differs in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e grown in the two habitats, flowers were observed during the reproductive period from April to June. The process of anthesis was observed every 3 days by visual observation and under a stereoscope (Nikon SMZ745T, Japan). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis of pollen development in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo determine whether pollen development and fertility differed between the two habitats, pollen grains were collected from fresh anthers immediately after anther dehiscence, and pollen viability was assessed as described in Alexander [81], allowing non-aborted and aborted pollen grains to be distinguished. Pollen germination was detected in vitro using 35 mm diameter plastic dishes containing germination medium [82]. After 2 h of incubation at 25 \u0026ordm;C in a germination chamber, the pollen grains were observed under a microscope (Nikon 80i Eclipse, Japan). A pollen grain was considered to germinate with the pollen tube length was double the grain diameter. At least five duplicates were performed per experiment, and pollen grains in five fields of vision were counted in each dish. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamining stigma receptivity in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the pollen viability and in vitro germination tests, ten flowers from plants in both saline and non-saline habitats were selected randomly, and the stigmas were tested immediately for peroxidase activity as follows. Intact pistils were excised, placed into depression slides, and immersed in a mixture of freshly made benzidine and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (1% benzidine in 60% ethanol, 3% hydrogen peroxide, and water, 4:11:22, by volume) to estimate stigma receptivity [83, 84]. In the presence of peroxidase, the benzidine is stained by oxidation when the hydrogen peroxide is broken down. If the stigma is receptive, it is surrounded by blue staining and many bubbles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObservation of pollen tube growth in situ \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo observe pollen tube growth in the style, after self pollination, the pistils of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e under two habitats were excised, immersed in freshly prepared FAA (formalin: acetic acid: 50% ethanol, 1:1:18 by volume; FAA), and incubated for 24 h at 4\u0026deg;C. The samples were washed three times with PBS, incubated overnight in 8.0 M NaOH, and washed at least three times (1 h each time) with distilled water. The samples were stained in 0.1% aniline blue solution [85] for 30 min, loaded onto slides, and observed under a fluorescence microscope (ECLIPSE 80i, Nikon, Japan) with UV excitation of 330\u0026ndash;380 nm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObservation of pollen germination in situ after hand pollination of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in the non-saline habitat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor hand pollination, one day prior to anthesis, at 19:00 hours, flowers that were about to open were randomly selected. The anthers were artificially removed, and the emasculated flowers were placed over soaked florist\u0026rsquo;s foam at room temperature. The following day (anthesis), at 9:00 hours, the flowers were hand pollination with a paintbrush loaded with pollen and incubated at room temperature. Previous work carried out in peach showed that emasculation did not interfere with hand pollination [86]. At 4 h after artificial pollination, the pistils were collected and fixed in freshly prepared FAA as described previously.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObservation of anthers after pollen release \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter pollen release, anthers were collected from \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e grown in two habitats and fixed in freshly prepared FAA for 24 h. Following incubation in HCG solution [87] (chloral hydrate: glycerol: gum arabic: distilled water=100 g: 5 ml: 7.5 g: 30 ml) for 40 min, the samples were observed by differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC, ECLIPSE 80i, Nikon, Japan).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuantification of ions in leaves and flowers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the same stage of anther development before flower blooming, the leaves and the flowers of the same leaf axils were collected from \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e trees grown in saline and non-saline habitats and subjected to ion detection (Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e content). Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e extraction and measurement were performed as described by Guo et al. [56].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuantification of ROS in anthers and flowers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo detect the ROS homeostasis in the flowers of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e trees grown in saline and non-saline habitats, the anthers, flowers before bloom and in blooming were collected, and the ROS contents were detected using the Plant (ROS) Elisa Kit (RF1305).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal RNA extraction, library construction, and sequencing \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to obtain more related genes as possible that were participated in the regulation of the development and dehiscence of anthers in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e, anther materials with earlier development stages were collected from \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e trees grown in saline and non-saline habitats and used for RNA sequencing. Three biological replicates were performed per treatment. Total RNA was extracted from anthers and the integrity and concentration of the RNA were measured as described by Guo et al. [56]. Sequencing libraries were generated using a NEBNext Ultra\u0026trade; RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina following the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s recommendations (NEB, USA). The final cDNA library was constructed using Illumina HiSeq\u0026trade; 4000 at Novogene Technologies Co. Ltd., Beijing, China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTranscriptome assembly and detection of differentially expressed genes \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinal \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e transcriptome assembly was carried out based on the obtained clean reads using Trinity [88] with default parameters, followed by clustering with Corset [89]. The assembled unigenes, which were expressed in the anthers of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e plants grown in saline and non-saline habitats, were annotated as previously described [56]. DEGs between anthers from saline vs. non-saline habitats were detected using DESeq. The threshold adjusted \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e values \u0026lt; 0.01 and |log\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e(fold change)| \u0026gt; 1.5 was used to judge significant differences in gene expression. A unigene was generated based on each \u0026ldquo;cluster\u0026rdquo;. The assembled sequences were mapped by performing BLAST searches against seven databases as described in Guo et al. [56]. The raw data of RNA-seq have been deposited in SRA database with accession number SRR11446326, SRR11446325, SRR11446324, SRR11446323, SRR11446322 and SRR11446321.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuantitative real-time PCR \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo verify the result of RNA-Seq, 11 DEGs annotated to pathways involved in anther development were selected and subjected to qPCR. The primers used for qPCR were designed using Beacon Designer software (version 7.0) and are shown in Table S2. The \u003cem\u003eACTIN\u003c/em\u003e gene (Gene id: cluster-2772.56507) was used as the internal standard. qPCR and analysis of the results were carried out as described by Guo et al. [56].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results are presented as means \u0026plusmn; standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software (version 17) and one-way ANOVA; different letters in the figures indicate a significant difference of the means (at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05) based on Duncan\u0026rsquo;s test.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCBL: CALCINEURIN B-LIKE; GA: gibberellic acid; RNA-seq: RNA-sequencing; DEGs: differentially expressed genes; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes; qPCR: Quantitative real-time PCR; SCWs: secondary cell walls; LOX: Lipoxygenase; AOC: allene oxide cyclase; ACC oxidase: aminocyclopropane carboxylate oxidase; RPK: receptor protein kinase; NHX: Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e antiporter; AKT: inward-rectifying K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e channel; KEA: K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e efflux antiporter; PRX: PEROXIDASE; ROS: reactive oxygen species; CAT: catalase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; JA: jasmonic acid; JAR: jasmonic acid-amino synthetase; SD: standard deviation;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll experiments in the manuscript were performed at Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, and they are in compliance with relevant laws in China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data and materials that were analyzed in the current study could be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770288 to BW), the independent innovation and achievement transformation of special major key technical plans of Shandong Province (2017CXGC0313 to BW), the Natural Science Research Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2017MC003 to JG), and the Higher Educational Science and Technology Program of Shandong Province (J17KA136 to JG). The funding was used for experimental design, plant materials collection, experimental performance, analysis, and interpretation of data in writing the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJG and BW designed the experiments. JG performed the experiments. JG and BW wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMunns R. Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. New Phytol. 2005;167(3):645-63.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRengasamy P. World salinization with emphasis on Australia. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(5):1017-23.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlowers TJ, Colmer TD. 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Genome Biol. 2014;15(7):410.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anther development, Elaeagnus angustifolia, flowering, fruitless, salinity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-48371/v3","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-48371/v3","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Anther development affects the reproduction of flowering plants. Halophyte\u003cem\u003e Elaeagnus angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e can bear fruits when grown in saline soils. However, no fruits are born in non-saline soils. The possible reasons and differences in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e under two conditions were elucidated. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e We examined features including pollen vitality and germination, in situ pollen germination after natural and hand pollination, anthers after pollen release, and the transcriptome in anthers. No significant difference was observed in pollen vitality or stigma receptivity in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in non-saline vs. saline habitats. However, no pollen tubes were present in styles, and pollen grains were abundant in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e anthers under non-saline conditions. Notably, many pollen tubes formed in styles of \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e after hand pollination in the non-saline habitat. And the differentially expressed genes in anthers from saline vs. non-saline habitats were mainly related to phytohormones, cell wall secondary thickening, transcription factors and ion transport. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e fail to form fruits in non-saline habitats due to poor anther pollen release. The induction and coordinated upregulation of genes related to anther cell wall formation and JA biosynthesis likely contribute to anther dehiscence in \u003cem\u003eE. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e in saline habitats, whereas anther dehiscence is blocked in plants grown in non-saline habitats.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Blocked pollen release prevents fruit formation in the halophyte Elaeagnus angustifolia in non-saline habitats","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":3,"date":"2020-11-12 10:27:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-48371/v3","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":2,"date":"2020-10-21 18:20:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-48371/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2020-08-03 15:39:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-48371/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9064dd46-4368-4d2e-ba76-927c907813ac","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 12th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":1054843,"name":"Plant Molecular Biology and Genetics"},{"id":1054844,"name":"Plant Physiology and Morphology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-07-27T20:45:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-48371","link":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104566","journal":{"identity":"environmental-and-experimental-botany","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Environmental and Experimental Botany"},"publishedOn":"2021-09-01 20:45:28","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 1st, 2021"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-11-12 10:27:45","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104566","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104566","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v3","identity":"rs-48371","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-48371","identity":"rs-48371","version":["v3"]},"buildId":"GqpaHPwrfC8PjnIFayRh5","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}