A Decade-Long Review of the Virulence, Resistance, and Epidemiological Risks of Klebsiella pneumoniae in ICUs

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections in intensive care units (ICUs) represent a major clinical challenge, driven by factors such as patient comorbidities, invasive procedures, and prior antibiotic use. CRKP, a multidrug-resistant pathogen, has emerged as a significant threat to vulnerable populations, particularly those with immunosuppression or prolonged hospital stays. Additionally, the rise of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKP) strains, such as those carrying K1 and K2 capsule types, exacerbates infection severity, even in healthy individuals. These strains, often resistant to carbapenems, are associated with increased virulence, biofilm formation, and immune evasion. This review highlights the complex interplay between resistance and virulence factors, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced infection control, genomic surveillance, and the development of new therapeutic approaches. Addressing this growing threat requires tailored interventions, antimicrobial stewardship, and vaccine development to reduce transmission and improve patient outcomes in ICU settings.