Finite Element Analysis of Pullout Resistance and Progressive Failure of Strip Anchors in Strain-Softening Soils based on the Cosserat Continuum Method

Finite Element Analysis of Pullout Resistance and Progressive Failure of Strip Anchors in Strain-Softening Soils based on the Cosserat Continuum Method | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Finite Element Analysis of Pullout Resistance and Progressive Failure of Strip Anchors in Strain-Softening Soils based on the Cosserat Continuum Method Xiangji Ye, Wencheng Wei, Heng Zhang, Zezhou Ji, Hongxiang Tang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5012409/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Given the limited research on regularization mechanisms in finite element analysis of the ultimate pullout resistance of plate anchors, particularly considering soil strain softening, this paper employs a Cosserat continuum regularization mechanism combined with a Mohr-Coulomb matched Drucker-Prager constitutive model (MC-matched DP model) to address this issue. Implementing the User-Defined Element (UEL) function in ABAQUS, the numerical solution was developed and validated against existing literature to verify the accuracy of the MC-matched DP model for analyzing plate anchor pullout resistance. This study demonstrates that the Cosserat continuum model effectively resolves common issues such as numerical convergence difficulties and mesh dependency encountered in finite element calculations for softening soils. Subsequently, the model was applied to conduct a detailed analysis of the ultimate pullout resistance of plate anchors and the progressive failure process of the soil. Parametric analyses were performed to explore the combined effects of plate anchor inclination, burial depth, and degree of strain softening on ultimate resistance and failure mechanisms. Based on these analyses, an expression for the ultimate resistance coefficient N c , incorporating the influences of plate anchor inclination, burial depth, and strain softening, was formulated, providing a valuable reference for geotechnical engineers in practical applications. Physical sciences/Engineering/Civil engineering Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering Plate anchor Strain softening Cosserat continuum Ultimate resistance Progressive failure Finite element analysis. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 03 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 22 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Sep, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Sep, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 19 Sep, 2024 Editor invited by journal 11 Sep, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 10 Sep, 2024 First submitted to journal 01 Sep, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5012409","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":362889249,"identity":"9903e7b9-10ef-405a-bf87-728c065ad392","order_by":0,"name":"Xiangji Ye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CCCC First Harbour Consultants Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiangji","middleName":"","lastName":"Ye","suffix":""},{"id":362889250,"identity":"f19232dc-8f65-4438-b62c-325df4ec5b6c","order_by":1,"name":"Wencheng Wei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dalian University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wencheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Wei","suffix":""},{"id":362889251,"identity":"07f753e4-aa19-45c8-91ac-f6f3687133f1","order_by":2,"name":"Heng Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dalian University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Heng","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":362889252,"identity":"8cf8be46-4e3b-42d7-b9ad-d716e7a7f436","order_by":3,"name":"Zezhou Ji","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CCCC First Harbour Consultants Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zezhou","middleName":"","lastName":"Ji","suffix":""},{"id":362889253,"identity":"cae673dc-06a6-4a94-a454-82a8806aa9a0","order_by":4,"name":"Hongxiang Tang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZgYGG8Y+MJONCOU8EC1pjG0gihQth0nQYs9+9vDrwrbzsm0S+QcYPpQdZuCf3UDAFp68NOsZZ24bt0kkMzDOOHeYQeLOAUIOyzEz5qm4nQjSwszbdpjBQCKBgBb+N0AtBucgWv4SpUUix/gxT8UBiBZGorTceGPGzHMm2biN57HBwZ5z6TwSNwhoYe/PMf7M22Yn28+e+PDBjzJrOf4ZBLQAAZsEjHWAARJRBAHzB2JUjYJRMApGwQgGAD0EO5zCloLuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Dalian University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hongxiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Tang","suffix":""},{"id":362889254,"identity":"03b5604c-dd5a-4b6d-b673-1cc43f409d71","order_by":5,"name":"Xin zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CCCC First Harbour Consultants Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xin","middleName":"","lastName":"zhao","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-01 10:17:46","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5012409/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5012409/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88268-x","type":"published","date":"2025-02-14T15:57:53+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":76487605,"identity":"155492ee-7d94-4b50-b902-c7029eea98d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-17 16:09:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1117052,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5012409/v1_covered_f21a9c39-14d8-47cd-a563-798bad66c7b1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Finite Element Analysis of Pullout Resistance and Progressive Failure of Strip Anchors in Strain-Softening Soils based on the Cosserat Continuum Method","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Plate anchor, Strain softening, Cosserat continuum, Ultimate resistance, Progressive failure, Finite element analysis.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5012409/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5012409/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGiven the limited research on regularization mechanisms in finite element analysis of the ultimate pullout resistance of plate anchors, particularly considering soil strain softening, this paper employs a Cosserat continuum regularization mechanism combined with a Mohr-Coulomb matched Drucker-Prager constitutive model (MC-matched DP model) to address this issue. Implementing the User-Defined Element (UEL) function in ABAQUS, the numerical solution was developed and validated against existing literature to verify the accuracy of the MC-matched DP model for analyzing plate anchor pullout resistance. This study demonstrates that the Cosserat continuum model effectively resolves common issues such as numerical convergence difficulties and mesh dependency encountered in finite element calculations for softening soils. Subsequently, the model was applied to conduct a detailed analysis of the ultimate pullout resistance of plate anchors and the progressive failure process of the soil. Parametric analyses were performed to explore the combined effects of plate anchor inclination, burial depth, and degree of strain softening on ultimate resistance and failure mechanisms. Based on these analyses, an expression for the ultimate resistance coefficient \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e, incorporating the influences of plate anchor inclination, burial depth, and strain softening, was formulated, providing a valuable reference for geotechnical engineers in practical applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Finite Element Analysis of Pullout Resistance and Progressive Failure of Strip Anchors in Strain-Softening Soils based on the Cosserat Continuum Method","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-16 06:45:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5012409/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-10-07T03:37:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-03T16:30:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-22T05:42:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"71476777216503907053525811045323052145","date":"2024-09-20T14:38:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"309120409586093345680430911120360407885","date":"2024-09-20T13:34:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-09-20T13:24:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-09-19T10:08:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-09-11T10:55:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-09-10T14:01:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-09-01T10:16:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ffdafa91-9164-42a6-8530-773e90ea242b","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":38598500,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Civil engineering"},{"id":38598501,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-17T16:03:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5012409","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88268-x","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-02-14 15:57:53","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 14th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-16 06:45:05","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-88268-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88268-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5012409","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5012409","identity":"rs-5012409","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}